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< title>GAP (LieRing) - Chapter 1: Introduction</ title>
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<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7DFB63A97E67C0A1">1 <span class="Heading">Introduction</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1_mj.html#X8749E1888244CC3D">1.1 <span class="Heading">Preliminaries</span></a>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1_mj.html#X865892E97C9D1E6D">1.2 <span class="Heading">The free Lie ring </span></a>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7994DA6587ABDA2D">1.3 <span class="Heading">The Lazard correspondence </span></a>
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<h3>1 <span class="Heading">Introduction</span></h3>
<p><a id="X8749E1888244CC3D" name="X8749E1888244CC3D"></a></p>
<h4>1.1 <span class="Heading">Preliminaries</span></h4>
<p>A Lie ring <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> is a <span class="SimpleMath">\(\mathbb{Z}\)</span>-module equipped with a multiplication, denoted by a bracket <span class="SimpleMath">\([~,~]\)</span> with</p>
<ul>
<li><p><span class="SimpleMath">\([x,x]=0\)</span> for all <span class="SimpleMath">\(x\)</span> in <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span>,</p>
</li>
<li><p><span class="SimpleMath">\([x,[y,z]]+[z,[x,y]]+[y,[z,x]]=0\)</span> for all <span class="SimpleMath">\(x,y,z\)</span> in <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Contrary to Lie algebras (which are defined over a field), Lie rings may have torsion elements, i.e., elements <span class="SimpleMath">\(x \neq 0\)</span> such that <span class="SimpleMath">\(mx=0\)</span> for some <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\in \mathbb{Z}\)</span>.</p>
<p>We say that a Lie ring is finite-dimensional if it is finitely-generated as abelian group. All functions of this package deal with finite-dimensional Lie rings.</p>
<p>Here is an example of a Lie ring <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> of order <span class="SimpleMath">\(5^6\)</span>. As abelian group <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> is generated by <span class="SimpleMath">\(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5\)</span>. We have <span class="SimpleMath">\(5x_i=0\)</span> for <span class="SimpleMath">\(i=1,\ldots,4\)</span>, and <span class="SimpleMath">\(25x_5=0\)</span>. Furthermore,</p>
<p class="center">\[
[x_1,x_4] = 4x_2+5x_5,~ [x_3,x_4] = 4x_1,~ [x_3,x_5]=4x_2,~
[x_4,x_5]=4x_3.
\]</p>
<p>One of the main functions of this package constructs a Lie ring given by a multiplication table (as above) from a finite presentation. The Lie ring above can be obtained as follows.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= FreeLieRing( Integers, ["a","b"] );</span>
<Free algebra over Integers generators: a, b >
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a:= L.1; b:= L.2;</span>
a
b
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">S:= [ 5*a-(b*a)*a-((b*a)*b)*b,5*b];</span>
[ (5)*a+(-1)*(a,(a,b))+(b,(b,(a,b))), (5)*b ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">K:= FpLieRing( L, S : maxdeg:= 4 );</span>
<Lie ring with 5 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">v:=BasisVectors( Basis(K) );</span>
[ v_1, v_2, v_3, v_4, v_5 ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">v[1]*v[4];</span>
4*v_2+5*v_5
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Torsion( Basis(K) );</span>
[ 5, 5, 5, 5, 25 ]
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X865892E97C9D1E6D" name="X865892E97C9D1E6D"></a></p>
<h4>1.2 <span class="Heading">The free Lie ring </span></h4>
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> be a set of letters, which we denote by <span class="SimpleMath">\( x_1,\ldots,x_n\)</span>. Then the free magma <span class="SimpleMath">\(M(X)\)</span> on <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> is defined to be the set of all bracketed expressions in the elements of <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span>. More precisely, we have that <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> is a subset of <span class="SimpleMath">\(M(X)\)</span> and if <span class="SimpleMath">\(a,b\in M(X)\)</span>, then also <span class="SimpleMath">\((a,b)\in M(X)\)</span>. The free magma has a natural binary operation <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\)</span> with <span class="SimpleMath">\(m(a,b) = (a,b)\)</span>.</p>
<p>The elements of the free magma have a degree which is defined as <span class="SimpleMath">\(\deg(a,b) = \deg(a)+\deg(b)\)</span>. The degree of the elements of <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> can be set to be any positive integer. (Usually this is 1, but it is possible to use different degrees for the elements of <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span>.)</p>
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(R\)</span> be a ring; then the free algebra <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span> on <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> over <span class="SimpleMath">\(R\)</span> is the <span class="SimpleMath">\(R\)</span>-span of <span class="SimpleMath">\(M(X)\)</span>. The product on <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span> is obtained by bilinearly extending the map <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\)</span>.</p>
<p>The elements of <span class="SimpleMath">\(M(X)\)</span> are called monomials of <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span>. We use the following ordering on them. The elements of <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span> are ordered arbitrarily. Then <span class="SimpleMath">\( (a,b) < (c,d)\)</span> if <span class="SimpleMath">\(\deg(a,b) < \deg(c,d)\)</span>. If these two numbers are equal, then <span class="SimpleMath">\( (a,b) < (c,d)\)</span> if <span class="SimpleMath">\(a < c\)</span>, and in case <span class="SimpleMath">\(a=c\)</span>, if <span class="SimpleMath">\(b < d\)</span>. Using this ordering we can speak of leading monomial, and leading coefficient of an element of <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span>. Using these notions one can develop a Groebner basis theory for ideals in <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span> (see <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBcicgra1">[CdG07]</a> and <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBcicgra2">[CdG09]</a>).</p>
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(J\)</span> be the ideal of <span class="SimpleMath">\(A_R(X)\)</span> generated by all elements</p>
<ul>
<li><p><span class="SimpleMath">\((a,a)\)</span>,</p>
</li>
<li><p><span class="SimpleMath">\((a,b)+(b,a)\)</span>,</p>
</li>
<li><p><span class="SimpleMath">\((a,(b,c))+(c,(a,b))+(b,(c,a))\)</span>,</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>for <span class="SimpleMath">\(a,b,c\in M(X)\)</span>. Set <span class="SimpleMath">\(L_R(X) = A_R(X)/J\)</span>, which is called the free Lie ring over <span class="SimpleMath">\(R\)</span> generated by <span class="SimpleMath">\(X\)</span>.</p>
<p>The free Lie ring is one of the central objects of this package. It can be defined over the integers, or over a field. The free Lie rings that can be constructed using this package rewrite their elements using anticommutativity. The Jacobi identity is not used for rewriting; this is because that would lead to expression swell, and sometimes tedious rewriting of elements to a form in which that can no longer be recognised. So, strictly speaking, we work with the free anticommutative algebra.</p>
<p><a id="X7994DA6587ABDA2D" name="X7994DA6587ABDA2D"></a></p>
<h4>1.3 <span class="Heading">The Lazard correspondence </span></h4>
<p>Using the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (or BCH) formula one can define an associative multiplication on a nilpotent Lie ring of order <span class="SimpleMath">\(p^n\)</span> and nilpotency class <span class="SimpleMath">\( < p \)</span>. This makes the Lie ring into a <span class="SimpleMath">\(p\)</span>-group of the same order and nilpotency class. The BCH-formula also has inverses, which can be used to define an addition and a Lie bracket on a <span class="SimpleMath">\(p\)</span>-group of class <span class="SimpleMath">\( < p \)</span>. These make the group into a Lie ring of the same order and nilpotency class.</p>
<p>These two operations are mutually inverse, and so define an equivalence of the categories of <span class="SimpleMath">\(p\)</span>-groups of class <span class="SimpleMath">\( < p \)</span> and nilpotent Lie rings of the same order and nilpotency class. This equivalence is known as the <em>Lazard correspondence</em> (see <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBkhukhro98">[Khu98]</a>). This package has functions for performing this correspondence, i.e., to make a <span class="SimpleMath">\(p\)</span>-group into a Lie ring and vice versa. For the algorithms used we refer to <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBcicgravl">[CdGVL11]</a>.</p>
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