<h3>4 <span class="Heading">
Presentations of Numerical Semigroups
</span></h3>
<p>In this chapter we explain how to compute a minimal presentation of a numerical semigroup. Recall that a minimal presentation is a minimal generating system of the kernel congruence of the factorization map of the numerical semigroup. If <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span> is a numerical semigroup minimally generated by <span class="SimpleMath">\(\{n_1,\ldots,n_e\}\)</span>, then the factorization map is the epimorphism <span class="SimpleMath">\(\varphi: \mathbb{N}^e\to S\)</span>, <span class="SimpleMath">\((x_1,\ldots,x_e)\mapsto x_1n_1+\dots+ x_en_e\)</span>; its kernel is the congruence <span class="SimpleMath">\(\{ (a,b) \mid \varphi(a)=\varphi(b)\}\)</span>.</p>
<p>The set of minimal generators is stored in a set, and so it may not be arranged as the user gave them. This may affect the arrangement of the coordinates of the pairs in a minimal presentation, since every coordinate is associated to a minimal generator.</p>
<h4>4.1 <span class="Heading">Presentations of Numerical Semigroups</span></h4>
<p>In this section we provide a way to compute minimal presentations of a numerical semigroup. These presentations are constructed from some special elelements in the semigroup (Betti elemenents) whose associated graphs are nonconnected. A generalization of these graphs are the simplicial complexes called shaded sets of an element.</p>
<p>If the variable <var class="Arg">NumSgpsUseEliminationForMinimalPresentations</var> is set to true, then minimal presentations are computed via binomial ideals and elimination.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MinimalPresentation</code>( <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MinimalPresentationOfNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup. The output is a list of lists with two elements. Each list of two elements represents a relation between the minimal generators of the numerical semigroup. If <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{ \{x_1,y_1\},\ldots,\{x_k,y_k\}\} \)</span> is the output and <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{m_1,\ldots,m_n\} \)</span> is the minimal system of generators of the numerical semigroup, then <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{x_i,y_i\}=\{\{a_{i_1},\ldots,a_{i_n}\},\{b_{i_1},\ldots,b_{i_n}\}\}\)</span> and <span class="SimpleMath">\( a_{i_1}m_1+\cdots+a_{i_n}m_n= b_{i_1}m_1+ \cdots +b_{i_n}m_n.\)</span></p>
<p>Any other relation among the minimal generators of the semigroup can be deduced from the ones given in the output.</p>
<p>The algorithm implemented is described in <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBRos96">[Ros96a]</a> (see also <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBRGS99">[RG99b]</a>).</p>
<p>The first element in the list means that <span class="SimpleMath">\( 1\times 3+1\times 7=2\times 5 \)</span>, and the others have similar meanings.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ GraphAssociatedToElementInNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">n</var>, <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup and <var class="Arg">n</var> is an element in <var class="Arg">S</var>.</p>
<p>The output is a pair. If <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{m_1,\ldots,m_n\} \)</span> is the set of minimal generators of <var class="Arg">S</var>, then the first component is the set of vertices of the graph associated to <var class="Arg">n</var> in <var class="Arg">S</var>, that is, the set <span class="SimpleMath">\(\{ m_i \ |\ n-m_i\in S\} \)</span>, and the second component is the set of edges of this graph, that is, <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{ \{m_i,m_j\} \ |\ n-(m_i+m_j)\in S\}.\)</span></p>
<p>This function is used to compute a minimal presentation of the numerical semigroup <var class="Arg">S</var>, as explained in <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBRos96">[Ros96a]</a>.</p>
<p>The output is the set of elements in <var class="Arg">S</var> whose associated graph is nonconnected <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBGS-O">[GO10]</a>.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMinimalRelationOfNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">p</var>, <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup and <var class="Arg">p</var> is a pair (a relation) of lists of integers. Determines if the pair <var class="Arg">p</var> is a minimal relation in a minimal presentation of <var class="Arg">S</var>.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ AllMinimalRelationsOfNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup. The output is the union of all minimal presentations of <var class="Arg">S</var>. Notice that if [x,y] is a minimal relator, then either [x,y] or [y,x] will be in the output, but not both.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ DegreesOfPrimitiveElementsOfNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup.</p>
<p>The output is the set of elements <span class="SimpleMath">\(s\)</span> in <var class="Arg">S</var> such that there exists a minimal solution to <span class="SimpleMath">\(msg\cdot x-msg\cdot y = 0\)</span>, such that <span class="SimpleMath">\(x,y\)</span> are factorizations of <span class="SimpleMath">\(s\)</span>, and <span class="SimpleMath">\(msg\)</span> is the minimal generating system of <var class="Arg">S</var>. Betti elements are primitive, but not the way around in general.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ ShadedSetOfElementInNumericalSemigroup</code>( <var class="Arg">n</var>, <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup and <var class="Arg">n</var> is an element in <var class="Arg">S</var>.</p>
<p>The output is a simplicial complex <span class="SimpleMath">\(C\)</span>. If <span class="SimpleMath">\( \{m_1,\ldots,m_n\} \)</span> is the set of minimal generators of <var class="Arg">S</var>, then <span class="SimpleMath">\(L \in C\)</span> if <span class="SimpleMath">\(n-\sum_{i\in L} m_i\in S\)</span> (<a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBSzW">[SW86]</a>).</p>
<p>This function is a generalization of the graph associated to <var class="Arg">n</var>.</p>
<h4>4.2 <span class="Heading">Binomial ideals associated to numerical semigroups</span></h4>
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span> be a numerical semigroup, and let <span class="SimpleMath">\(K\)</span> be a field. Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(\{n_1,\dots,n_e\}\)</span> be a set of minimal generators of <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span>, and let <span class="SimpleMath">\(K[x_1,\dots,x_e]\)</span> be the ring of polynomial in the indeterminates <span class="SimpleMath">\(x_1,\dots,x_e\)</span> and with coefficients in <span class="SimpleMath">\(K\)</span>. Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(K[t]\)</span> be the ring of polynomials in <span class="SimpleMath">\(t\)</span> with coefficients in <span class="SimpleMath">\(K\)</span>.</p>
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(\varphi: K[x_1,\dots,x_e] \to K[t]\)</span> be the ring homomorphism determined by <span class="SimpleMath">\(\varphi(x_i)=t^{n_i}\)</span> for all <span class="SimpleMath">\(i\)</span>. The image of this morphism is usually known as the <em>semigroup ring associated</em> to <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span>. The kernel is the <em>(binomial) ideal associated</em> to <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span>. According to <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBMR0269762">[Her70]</a>, from the exponents of the binomials in this ideal we can recover a presentation of <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span> and viceversa.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ BinomialIdealOfNumericalSemigroup</code>( [<var class="Arg">K</var>, ]<var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>The argument <var class="Arg">K</var> is optional; when it is not supplied, the field of rational numbers is taken as base field. <var class="Arg">S</var> is a numerical semigroup. The output is the binomial ideal associated to <var class="Arg">S</var>.</p>
<p>A numerical semigroup <span class="SimpleMath">\(S\)</span> is uniquely presented if for any two minimal presentations <span class="SimpleMath">\(\sigma\)</span> and <span class="SimpleMath">\(\tau\)</span> and any <span class="SimpleMath">\((a,b)\in \sigma\)</span>, either <span class="SimpleMath">\((a,b)\in \tau\)</span> or <span class="SimpleMath">\((b,a)\in \tau\)</span>, that is, there is essentially a unique minimal presentation (up to arrangement of the components of the pairs in it).</p>
<p>The output is true if <var class="Arg">S</var> has uniquely presented. The implementation is based on <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBGS-O">[GO10]</a>.</p>
<p>The output is true if <var class="Arg">S</var> has a generic presentation, that is, in every minimal relation all generators occur. These semigroups are uniquely presented (see <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBB-GS-G">[BGG11]</a>).</p>
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