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<div"><a ="hap6html#X7FF8A8057E0BFAFD"> span ="eading>Semisimple ofSemisimple Algebras/>/a>
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<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X8147807D7B92C613">6.1-1 ProjectionMatrix</a></span>
<="nocss"> nbsp<span href".html#X806713FE83F21540">6.1-2 Branching</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span>
</
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">&java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
< class=ContSS>br /><pan=nocssnbsp;;/span<href"chap6.tml#">6.-2 SSSTypes/><span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X832B17BA819FB057">6.2-3 LieAlgebraAndSubalgebras</a></span>
<span""/java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [33, 32) out of bounds for length 137
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7C81C2B57D94EC2B">6.2-5 SubalgebrasInclusion</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href=" =""< =java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [43, 42) out of bounds for length 164
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7AAE2B317A4B7D9F">6.2-7 AreLinearlyEquivalentSubalgebras</a></span>
<span<iv ="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html# class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X8147807D7B92C613/<
<=ContSS>br /span =nocss>nbsp;;/> href"hap6hX7A3EAA637F94D973"6.210 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [137, 136) out of bounds for length 147
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X798DF4D67DE56EB1">6.2-11 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [190, 125) out of bounds for length 190
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7D31AA9780B054C1">6.2-12 LieAlgebraOfClosedSet</a></span>
</div>/div>
</div>
<h3>6 <span class="Heading">Semisimple Subalgebras of Semisimple Lie Algebras</span></h3>
<p>This chapter containsspan=ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6h#java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [104, 103) out of bounds for length 146
<h5>6.1-1 =><r> java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [39, 38) out of bounds for length 154
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class=<panjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 11) out of bounds for length 139
<p>Here <var class="Arg">L</var> and <var class="Arg">K</var> are semisimple Lie algebras with the following properties: <var class="Arg">K</var> is contained in <var class="Arg">L</var>, the Cartan subalgebra of <var class="Arg">L</var>, as returned java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 253 out of bounds for length 135
<div<span class=ContSS">>span class="">&;nbsp;/span< href=.tml#7A3EAA637F94D973>.-10 </a></>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">   =".htmljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [105, 103) out of bounds for length 141
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [6, 5) out of bounds for length 134
<="java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [23, 22) out of bounds for length 106
<spanclass="GAPprompt">/span> <span class="GAPinput">Dimension(K);</span> 63
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SemiSimpleType(K);</span> "A7"
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ProjectionMatrix( L, K );</span>
[ [ 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 ], [ 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], [ 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, , ,-, 0] [00,, 010
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1 ], [ -1, -2, -2, -3, -2, -1, 0 ] ]
</pre></div>
<<p>Here <var class="Arg">L</var> and <var class="Arg">K</var> are as in the previous function, and <var
<div classspanclass=">>/pan><span "java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [62, 60) out of bounds for length 134
<p>Here <var class="Arg">L</var> is <p>Here <var class="Arg">L</var> is aGAPprompt><span>span ="L,L..7,.68,.69L70L.126] );/>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; SSSTypes</code>( )</td><td class=" ,1, ,0 ,1 12] 2 ,0, ,0 ,12 ]
<p>This returns a list of the types of the semisimple Lie algebras of which the database contains the classification of the 10 ,0, 0,1,-3/ ,[,00, ,0,1,3/ ,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 61 out of bounds for length 61
<div class="func"><table class="func" width[0 ,0,0, 0 ,12] [1,0 ,000,-12]]
<p>Here <var class="Arg">type</var> is a string describing the type of a semisimple Lie algebra. A simple type is a capital letter (A, B, C, D, E, F, or G) followedpre>/>
<p><a id="java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 12 out of bounds for length 0
<>
<div class="func<iv class=f"< ="=100"<<class"dleft"<code="func"8227;RegularSemisimpleSubalgebras> varclass"rg"><var>)/>tdclass"dright"&;ttributenbsp)td>tr/>/
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [58, 2) out of bounds for length 1004
<div class="example"><pre>
# Semisimple subalgebras of the Lie algebra of type D4:
<span class="GAPprompt">java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 27 out of bounds for length 0
<span class<pan class"">&;/pan>< =GAPinput>:=SimpleLieAlgebra(""6,ationals;/>
&; algebraof 28 overCF3);
< class""gap;/ spanclass"APinput>()<span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Length(sub);</span19 44
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g:= InclusionsGraph( "D4" );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SemiSimpleType( K[5] ); </span>
[ 12, 1 ]
# We see that the java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 0
ever equivalent
<">gap&;/><class=G> ,sub[35,[,,,])</java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [104, 103) out of bounds for length 104
[ [ [ 1, 0, 1 ] ],<= =>/<p
<;</span <spanclass=GAPinput>Branching( L sub[36] [,,1,0] ;<span>
[ [ [ 0, 1, func"<table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ LieAlgebraAndSubalgebras</code>( <var class="Arg">type</var> )</td><td class="p>Here <var class="Arg">type</var> is a string describing the type of a semisimple Lie algebra. A simple type is a capital letter (A, B, C, D, E, F, or G) followed by a positive integer/>.In typeis of types by .: < classA""2C3 "> function is if each typethatoccursin var"">type<> or to. two: <"Arg"java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [544, 543) out of bounds for length 1093
</pre></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; SubalgebrasInclusion</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">K1</var>, <var class="Arg">K2</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var classjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">s:= LieAlgebraAndSubalgebras( "C3" );;</span>
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [60, 5) out of bounds for length 97
[ [ 10, 1 ], [ 11, 1 ], [ 12, 1 ], [ 8, 2 ], [ 10, 2 ], [ 11, 2 ], [ 11, 3 ],
[ 13, 3 ], [ 8, 4 ], [ 13, 4#Semisimple subalgebras of the Lie algebra of type D4: 0,7 ] [ 0,8 ] [159 ] [ 9,10], [1410] [14,11],java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 68 out of bounds for length 68
[15,12 ,[0,13 ], 15 ,[015]]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"># there are the edges [ 14, 10] and [ 10, 2 ]; hence a java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 122 out of bounds for length 46
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Length(sub);</span>
<:= s.liealg<span>
<Lie algebra of dimension 21 over class=GAPprompt>&t;/>< =GAPinput>[1];/java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 74 out of bounds for length 74
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sub:= s.subalgs;;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap
< 3 &;
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Basis(K)[1] in span =">><span span =GAPinput": (g,x - [10); := (m x - [2 )/
true
</pre></div>
<p< id"82458" =><
<h5>6 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [30, 29) out of bounds for length 68
<class""<classfunc" width=100%>tr> class=tdleft"<">#;DynkinIndex<code> var "rg><var,< java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [158, 157) out of bounds for length 245
<p>Here <var class="Arg">K</var> is a semisimple subalgebra of the <em>simple</em> Lie algebra <var class="Arg [ , ,
<div class="example"><pre[[ [0 ,0] ,0,0]] 11]]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">/>/>
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [8, 5) out of bounds for length 98
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">m:= Filtered( g, x -> x[1]=0 );; i:= List
[ 63, 498, 665,
<prompt>ap&t<span> <span class=GAPinput"L=s.;/spanjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 82 out of bounds for length 82
<Lie of dimension105 over Rationals>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sub:= s.subalgs;;</span>
<span classdiv class=example">pre> "A1,"C3" "A1 B3", "6" "3 C4" "2 C5" "1 C6"]
< class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">DynkinIndex( sub[665], L ); </span>
[ 74]
</pre></div>
<h5>6.2<pan class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"># there are the edges [ 14, 10] and [ 10, 2<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"># second algebra is contained in the 14-thspan class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= s.liealg;</span>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="&t;ie algebra of dimension 3 over Rationals>
<p="rg"L<var>is semisimple algebra, and < class=Arg>1</var> <arclass=Arg"<var>are subalgebras. It is assumed that the Cartan subalgebras (as returned by <var class="Arg">CartanSubalgebra</var>) of <var class="Arg">K1</var>, <var class="Arg">K2</java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 4 out of bounds for length 4
<div class="example"><pre>
# findsubalgebras indatabase are
# equivalent to regular subalgebras:
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 5 out of bounds for length 0
<span class=GAPprompt>gap&t;/pan span class"">: LieAlgebraAndSubalgebras C");/>
<">gt;/pan><span class="reg=RegularSemisimpleSubalgebrasL);/pan
<span"APprompt">ap<span>span =APinputm= Filtered g -gt; x1= ; :=List(m > x] ;/>
<span class="GAPprompt 63 498 ,804,819,821
<span class="span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= s.liealg;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">>< =G>gap&t;/> span class"GAPinput>:=s.;;<span>
<span class=GAPprompt>apg;<span>< =G>List(sub{i, SemiSimpleType ); </span>
[ 2, 24, 93, 111, 105, 82, 106, 81, 41, 109,["1,"C3, "1 B3""6""3 C4""2 C5"A1 C6" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 56 out of bounds for length 56 100, 102, 64, 108, 84, 28, 117, 107, 116, 96, 101, 63, 115, 114, 95, 113 ]
</re</div>
<h5>6.2-java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="p> < class="rg"L<var is a Lie, var =Arg"K1/> <arclass=Arg>K2<> are subalgebras.It is assumedthattheCartansubalgebras (as returned byvar ="rg">CartanSubalgebra</>) of <var class="rg>K1</var>, var ="rg>K2<var>contained in Cartan subalgebra of <ar ="Arg"L/>(therwise<varclass="Arg">fail</var> is returned). This function returns <var class="Arg">true</var> if <var class="Arg">K1</var>, <var class="Arg">K2</var> are linearly equivalent, <var class="Arg">false </var> otherwise.</p>
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [79, 4) out of bounds for length 221
<>are thatto listsubalgebrasof semisimpleLiealgebrain a file, and in a new session, read it again. In the first function <var class="Arg">r</var> is a record as produced by <code class="func">LieAlgebraAndSubalgebras</code> (<a href="chap6.html#X832B17BA819FB057"><span class="RefLink">6.2-3</span></a>). It returns a record that can be saved in a file. (It is not advisable to print it on the screen.) In the second function <var class="Arg">d</var> is a record that is output by <code class="func<span class="GAPprompt">gap&t;<span> <span ="APinput">posn:= [];;</span>
<p>We give two examples; in the first one we create a new database entry, and save it to a file. In the second example we read it and add it to the database.</p>
<div class="example"><pre><p><a id"X7B1A01FE86A7718F" name="X7B1A01FE86A7718F"></a></p>
<span class="GAPprompt">java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
<span class="GAPpromptjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
<panclass=">&;/span> < =GAPinput">PrintTo"A2B2,": "d"\";/>
</pre></div>
<div class=
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Read("A2B2");</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">AddToDatabase( d );</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SSSTypes();</span>
[ "A1", "A2", "B2", "G2", "A3", "B3", "C3", "A4", "B4", "C4", "D4<p>We give two examples; in the first one we create a new database entry, and save it to a file. In the second example we read it and add it to the database.</p> "A5", "B5", "C5", "D5", "A6", > ( ;<
D7E" " B8, ,"" E" A2 B2"]
</pre></div>
<p
<h5>6.2-9 ClosedSubsets</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100 ">&<span<=GAPinputAddToDatabase )<span
< < classA"R<> a root system. Asubset <span =>< of<varclass=""R<> said to be all<=>,∈S/>wethat<=SimpleMath>+<span inclass=""S<span>< class"SimpleMath>+< is root. the var =""R<>to Weyl. other closed of<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [513, 512) out of bounds for length 795
<p><a id="<> <var class="rg>R/> a .Aspan ="<>the of<"Arg></> said be closed if all<span =S",∈S<span>we have <span =S"a/>liesin<class"</> <"java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [330, 329) out of bounds for length 795
<h5>6.2-10 DecompositionOfClosedSet</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; DecompositionOfClosedSet</code>( <var class="Arg">c</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var class="Arg">c</var> is a closed set of roots of some root system. We have that <var class="Arg">c</var> is the disjoint java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 138) out of bounds for length 0
<classexample>pre
<span class=" ="&<spanspan ="Length()<span
<root system of java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [6, 5) out of bounds for length 77
<span [ ,1,0000,1,1 ][01,2,0] ,11 ]
<span class=" [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] [ 1 2,2 0 ],[ 1, 1 2,,1 ], [0 1,2,2]
[ [ [ 1,12, 2 , [1,2,3,1 ] [1, 2,2,2 ,[12,3 ]
] ,11, 1 ,
[ 1, 2, 2, 0 ], [ 1, 1, 2, 1 ], [ 0, 1, 2, 2 ], [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ],
[ 1, 2, java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
, 3,4, 2 ,[2 ,42 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 40 out of bounds for length 40
</pre></div>
<p><a id="p>Here <var class="Arg</> is a closed set of roots some system.We have that < class=A"cvarthejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [133, 132) out of bounds for length 697
<h5>6.2-11 IsSpecialClosedSet</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; IsSpecialClosedSet</code>( <var class="Arg">c</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></
<p>Here <var class="Arg">c</var> is a closed set of roots of some root system.<root oftype>java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 30 out of bounds for length 30
<p><a id="p>Here <var classArg"c<varisa java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [48, 44) out of bounds for length 393
<h5>6.2-12 LieAlgebraOfClosedSet</h5>
<div class="java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 16 out of bounds for length 0
<p>Here <var class="Arg">L</var> is a semisimple Lie algebra and <var class<pan class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">R:= RootSystem("F",4);</span>
< class="<pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap>f
&t;ie ofdimension52 Rationals&;
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">R:= RootSystem( L );<
&t;system of 4&t;
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">c:= ClosedSubsets(R);; </span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span
[[ 1,0,10 , [0, 1 ,1] [1 , 11 ,[0 , ,1]
[ 1, 1, 1, 1 ],>.2- LieAlgebraOfClosedSet>
[ 2, 1,divclass"unc"<class="func" width=100%>tr< ">code class="func"&8227;LieAlgebraOfClosedSet<code>(<ar class="Arg></var,< classArg></ )/td>td ="tdright"(nbspo <td>/>/>/>
[ 2, 1, 4, 2 ], [ 2, 1, 4, 3 ], [ 2, 2, 4, 3 ], iealgebra and <var class="Arg">c</var> is a closed set of roots of its root system. This function returns the subalgebra of <var class="Arg">L</var> spanned a the java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 219 out of bounds for length 0
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Kspan class=GAPprompt"gap>/span>< ="">=RootSystem(L );/pan>
<Lie algebra of dimension 20 overspan class=GAPprompt"gap&t;/span>< =""c: ClosedSubsets(R);;</panjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 92 out of bounds for length 92
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 77 out of bounds for length 66
[ <Lie algebra of dimension 3 over Rationals>,
<two-sided ideal in <Lie algebra of dimension 20 over Rationals>,
(dimension 17)> ]
/pre></div>
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