In the previous chapter we introduced mappings on groups, and we
called them *endomappings*. We also introduced the operation of
pointwise addition `+' for endomappings. Now we are able to use these
mappings together with pointwise addition `+' and composition `\*' to
construct left nearrings. These nearrings satisfy the distributive
law $x * (y + z) = x * y + x * z$.
A *transformation nearring* is a set of mappings on a group $G$ that
is closed under pointwise addition of mappings, under forming the
additive inverse and under functional composition. For more
information we suggest \cite{Pilz:Nearrings}, \cite{meldrum85:NATLWG},
and \cite{Clay:Nearrings},
The algorithms used can be found in \cite{aichingereckernoebauer00:TUOCINT} and \cite{aichingerea00:CWN}.
The elements of a transformation nearring are given as endomappings on
the group $G$ (cf. Chapter ``Functions on groups that are not
necessarily homomorphisms: EndoMappings'').
For a (possibly empty) list <endomaplist> of endomappings on a group
<G>, the constructor function `TransformationNearRingByGenerators' returns the
nearring generated by these mappings. All of them must be
endomappings on the group <G>.
If a transformation nearring is known to be additively generated by a
set of endomappings on a group (as for example the distributively
generated nearrings $E(G)$, $A(G)$ and $I(G)$), the function
`Trans\-formation\-NearRing\-By\-Additive\-Generators' allows to
construct this nearring. The only difference between
`TransformationNearRingByGenerators' and
`Trans\-formation\-NearRing\-By\-Additive\-Generators' is that
`Trans\-formation\-NearRing\-By\-Additive\-Generators' is much faster.
The function `IsFullTransformationNearRing' returns `true' if the
transformation nearring <tfmnr> is the nearring of all mappings over
the group.
\beginexample
gap> g := CyclicGroup ( 4 );
<pc group of size 4 with 2 generators>
gap> m := MapNearRing ( g );
TransformationNearRing(<pc group of size 4 with 2 generators>)
gap> gens := Filtered ( AsList ( m ),
> f -> IsFullTransformationNearRing (
> TransformationNearRingByGenerators ( g, [ f ] )));;
gap> Length(gens);
12 \endexample
\>PolynomialNearRing( <G> )
`PolynomialNearRing' returns the nearring of all polynomial functions on <G>.
\beginexample
gap> P := PolynomialNearRing ( GTW16_6 );
PolynomialNearRing( 16/6 )
gap> Size ( P );
256 \endexample
\>EndomorphismNearRing( <G> )
`EndomorphismNearRing' returns the nearring generated by all endomorphisms
on <G>.
`CompatibleFunctionNearRing' returns the nearring of all compatible functions
on the group <G>. A function $m:G \rightarrow G$ is compatible iff for every normal
subgroup $N$ of $G$ and all $g,h \in G$ if $g$ and $h$ are in the same coset of $N$
then their images under $m$ are in the same coset of $G$.
\>ZeroSymmetricCompatibleFunctionNearRing( <G> )
`ZeroSymmetricCompatibleFunctionNearRing' returns the nearring of all zerosymmetric
compatible functions on the group <G>. This function is also called by
`CompatibleFunctionNearRing'.
\>IsCompatibleEndoMapping( <m> )
`IsCompatibleEndoMapping' returns `true' iff <m> is a compatible function on its
source.
\>Is1AffineComplete( <G> )
A group <G> is called 1-affine complete, iff every compatible function on <G> is
polynomial. `Is1AffineComplete' returns `true' iff <G> is 1-affine complete.
\>CentralizerNearRing( <G>, <endos> )
`CentralizerNearRing' returns the nearring of all functions
$m:G \rightarrow G$ such that for all endomorphisms $e$ in <endos> the
equality $m \circ e = e \circ m$ holds.
`RestrictedEndomorphismNearRing' returns the nearring generated by all
endomorphisms $e$ on $G$ with $e(G) \subseteq U$.
\beginexample
gap> G := GTW16_8;
16/8
gap> U := First ( NormalSubgroups ( G ),
> x -> Size (x) = 2 );
Group([ ( 1, 5)( 2,10)( 3,11)( 4,12)( 6,15)( 7,16)( 8, 9)(13,14) ])
gap> HGU := RestrictedEndomorphismNearRing (G, U);
RestrictedEndomorphismNearRing( 16/8, Group(
[ ( 1, 5)( 2,10)( 3,11)( 4,12)( 6,15)( 7,16)( 8, 9)(13,14) ]) )
gap> Size (HGU);
8
gap> IsDistributiveNearRing ( HGU );
true
gap> Filtered ( AsList ( HGU),
> x -> x = x * x );
[ <mapping: 16/8 -> 16/8 > ] \endexample
\>LocalInterpolationNearRing( <tfmnr>, <m> )
`LocalInterpolationNearRing' returns the nearring of all mappings on
$G$ that can be interpolated at any set of $m$ places by a mapping in
<tfmnr>, where $G$ is the domain and codomain of the elements in
<tfmnr>.
\beginexample
gap> P := PolynomialNearRing ( GTW8_5 );
PolynomialNearRing( 8/5 )
gap> L := LocalInterpolationNearRing ( P, 2 );
LocalInterpolationNearRing( PolynomialNearRing( 8/5 ), 2 )
gap> Size ( L ) / Size ( P );
16 \endexample
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{The group a transformation nearring acts on}
\>Gamma( <tfmnr> )
The function `Gamma' returns the group on which the mappings of the
nearring <tfmnr> act.
\beginexample
gap> Gamma ( PolynomialNearRing ( CyclicGroup ( 25 ) ) );
<pc group of size 25 with 2 generators>
gap> IsCyclic (last);
true \endexample
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{Transformation nearrings and other nearrings}
\>AsTransformationNearRing( <nr> )
Provided that <nr> is not already a transformation nearring,
`AsTransformationNearRing' returns a transformation nearring that is isomorphic
to the nearring <nr>.
\beginexample
gap> L := LibraryNearRing (GTW8_3, 12);
LibraryNearRing(8/3, 12)
gap> Lt := AsTransformationNearRing ( L );
< transformation nearring with 3 generators >
gap> Gamma ( Lt );
8/3 x C_2 \endexample
\>AsExplicitMultiplicationNearRing( <nr> )
Provided that <nr> is not already an explicit multiplication nearring
(i. e. a transformation nearring), `AsExplicitMultiplicationNearRing' returns
an explicit multiplication nearring that is isomorphic to the nearring <nr>.
`NoetherianQuotient' returns the set of all mappings $t$ in <tfmnr>
with $t(`source') \subseteq `target'$.
\beginexample
gap> G := SymmetricGroup ( 4 );
Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] )
gap> V := First ( NormalSubgroups ( G ), x -> Size ( x ) = 4 );
Group([ (1,4)(2,3), (1,3)(2,4) ])
gap> P := InnerAutomorphismNearRing ( G );
InnerAutomorphismNearRing( Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) )
gap> N := NoetherianQuotient ( P, V, G );
NoetherianQuotient( Group([ (1,4)(2,3), (1,3)(2,4) ]) ,Sym(
[ 1 .. 4 ] ) )
gap> Size ( P ) / Size ( N );
54 \endexample
\>CongruenceNoetherianQuotient( <P>, <A>, <B>, <C> )!{for nearrings of polynomial functions}
`CongruenceNoetherianQuotient' returns the ideal of all those mappings in <P> that
map every element of the group Gamma(P) into <C>, and maps two elements that
are congruent modulo <B> into elements that are congruent modulo <A>. Input conditions: (1) <P> is the nearring of polynomial functions on a group G,
(2) <A> is a normal subgroup of G,
(3) <B> is a normal subgroup of G,
(4) <C> is a normal subgroup of G,
(5) [C,B] is less or equal to A. \beginexample
gap> G := GTW8_4;
8/4
gap> P := PolynomialNearRing (G);
PolynomialNearRing( 8/4 )
gap> A := TrivialSubgroup (G);
Group(())
gap> B := DerivedSubgroup (G);
Group([ (1,3)(2,4) ])
gap> C := G;
8/4
gap> I := CongruenceNoetherianQuotient (P, A, B, C);
< nearring ideal >
gap> Size (P/I);
2 \endexample
`CongruenceNoetherianQuotientForInnerAutomorphismNearRings' returns the ideal of all those mappings in <I> that
map every element of the group Gamma(I) into <C>, and maps two elements that
are congruent modulo <B> into elements that are congruent modulo <A>. Input conditions: (1) <P> is the nearring of polynomial functions on a group G,
(2) <A> is a normal subgroup of G,
(3) <B> is a normal subgroup of G,
(4) <C> is a normal subgroup of G,
(5) [C,B] is less or equal to A. \beginexample
gap> G := GTW8_4;
8/4
gap> I := InnerAutomorphismNearRing (G);
InnerAutomorphismNearRing( 8/4 )
gap> A := TrivialSubgroup (G);
Group(())
gap> B := DerivedSubgroup (G);
Group([ (1,3)(2,4) ])
gap> C := G;
8/4
gap> j := CongruenceNoetherianQuotientForInnerAutomorphismNearRings (I,A,B,C);
< nearring ideal >
gap> Size (I/j);
2 \endexample
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