% \Chapter{Ideals, factors, and direct products of nearrings} %
An *ideal* of a nearring $(N,+,*)$ is a subset $I$ such that
$I$ is a normal subgroup of $(N,+)$, and
for all $i \in I$, $n,m \in N$, we have
$(m+i)*n - m*n \in I$ and $n*i \in I$. Ideals are in
one-to-one correspondence to the congruence relations
on $(N,+,*)$.
A *right ideal* of a nearring $(N,+,*)$ is a subset $I$ such that
$I$ is a normal subgroup of $(N,+)$, and
for all $i \in I$, $n,m \in N$, we have
$(m+i)*n - m*n \in I$. Right ideals are in
one-to-one correspondence to the congruence relations
on $(N,+, \{\lambda_m | m \in M \} )$, where
$\lambda_m (n) := n*m$. Hence, right ideals
describe the congruences of the $N$-group
$N_N$.
A *left ideal* of a nearring $(N,+,*)$ is a subset $I$ such that
$I$ is a normal subgroup of $(N,+)$, and
for all $i \in I$, $n \in N$, we have
$n*i \in I$.
For all sorts of nearrings direct products $A \times B$ can be constructed. The
result is again a nearring. In the case that both <A> and <B>
are `TransformationNearRings', the result will be a `TransformationNearRing'
acting on the direct product of the groups <A> and <B> act on. In any other
case the result is an `ExplicitMultiplicationNearRing', even if one of the
factors is a `TransformationNearRing'. In any case, the elements of a direct
product are *not* pairs or tuples. %\beginexample % gap> M1 := MapNearRing( GTW4_2 ); % TransformationNearRing(4/2) % gap> M2 := MapNearRing( GTW8_4 ); % TransformationNearRing(8/4) % gap> D := DirectProductNearRing( M1, M2 ); % DirectProductNearRing( TransformationNearRing(4/2), % TransformationNearRing(8/4) ) % gap> Gamma( D ); % Group([ (1,2), (3,4), (5,6,7,8), (6,8) ]) % gap> Random( D ); % [ 24, 18, 19, 24, 17, 22, 23, 19, 8, 2, 3, 8, 1, 6, 7, 3, 24, 18, 19, % 24, 17, 22, 23, 19, 8, 2, 3, 8, 1, 6, 7, 3 ] on Group( % [ (1,2), (3,4), (5,6,7,8), (6,8) ]) % gap> D!.factors; % [ TransformationNearRing(4/2), TransformationNearRing(8/4) ] %\endexample % The function `Gamma' returns the group on which the % `TransformationNearRing' acts. Here the resulting nearring is % again a nearring of `GroupTransformations'. The direct factors can % be read from `D!.factors'. \beginexample
gap> A := LibraryNearRing( GTW8_2, 12 );
LibraryNearRing(8/2, 12)
gap> B := LibraryNearRing( GTW12_4, 13 );
LibraryNearRing(12/4, 13)
gap> D := DirectProductNearRing( A, B );
DirectProductNearRing( LibraryNearRing(8/2, 12),
LibraryNearRing(12/4, 13) )
gap> SetName( D, "A x B" );
gap> D;
A x B \endexample
In this case the result is an `ExplicitMultiplicationNearRing'.
It is a good idea to give a shorter name to the nearring <D>, because
we will investigate one of its ideals in the next section.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{Ideals and factors}
We go on with the last example of the previous section and try to
compute a left ideal which is generated by two elements, namely the
second and the twenty-fifth in the sorted list of elements. The {\GAP}
function `list\{[ poss ]\}' constructs a list of those elements
of the list `list' the position in the list `list' of which is
in the list `poss'. For short, `elms\{[2,25]\}' is a list which
contains the second and the twenty-fifth element of the list `elms'. \beginexample
gap> elms := AsSortedList( D );;
gap> gens := elms{[2,25]};
[ (( 8, 9,10)), ((3,5)(4,6)) ]
gap> L := NearRingLeftIdealByGenerators( D, gens );
< nearring left ideal > \endexample
Now we can start investigating <I>. We can compute its size and test
if it is an ideal. \beginexample
gap> Size( L );
24
gap> IsNearRingRightIdeal( L );
true
gap> L;
< nearring ideal of size 24 > \endexample
So <L> is a two-sided ideal with 24 elements. Now we are getting
interested in <L>. Is it a maximal ideal, what is the factor <D/L>? \beginexample
gap> IsMaximalNearRingIdeal( L );
false
gap> F := D/L;
FactorNearRing( A x B, < nearring ideal of size 24 > )
gap> PrintTable( F, "am" );
* | n0 n1 n2 n3
--------------------
n0 | n0 n0 n0 n0
n1 | n0 n0 n0 n0
n2 | n0 n0 n0 n0
n3 | n0 n0 n0 n0 \endexample
Here, we use `PrintTable' with a second argument, because we do
not want to see all the information. Here `a' stands for addition and `m'
stands for multiplication table. For more options see the reference
manual. Obviously, <F> is a constant nearring on a group of order 4.
The additive group of the nearring is $\Z_2\times\Z_2$. To make this
fact more obvious, we choose other names (symbols) for the elements
of the nearring and print the addition table again. \beginexample
gap> IsElementaryAbelian( GroupReduct( F ) );
true
gap> # this would also convince us
gap> IsCyclic( GroupReduct( F ) );
false
gap> SetSymbols( F, ["(0,0)","(0,1)","(1,0)","(1,1)"] );
gap> PrintTable( F, "m" );
* | (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1)
-----------------------------------
(0,0) | (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
(0,1) | (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
(1,0) | (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
(1,1) | (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) \endexample
So <F> is the zero-ring on $\Z_2\times\Z_2$, which is not simple,
but we knew that before.
Of course all this operations can be applied to all nearrings.
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