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< div class= "ChapSects">< a href= "chap5_mj.html#X80D10A5D7D73D871"> 5 < span class= "Heading">F inite Order Automorphisms and <span class="SimpleMath">\(\theta\)</span>-Groups</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8173135A7D187358">5.1 <span class="Heading"> The java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 159 out of bounds for length 78
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X856FF71D8565C1E5">5.1-1 FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7E8CCC4885E2A443">5.1-2 FiniteOrderOuterAutomorphisms</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X84F59A2687C62763">5.1-3 Order</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8635ABCD7D5ACED8">5.1-4 KacDiagram47 48 50,,52 57,64]
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7DCA2568870A2D34">5.1-5 Grading</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7D9BDD03811B3C98">5.1-6 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 119 out of bounds for length 78
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7D4106C37DBD0943">5.1-7 ClosureDiagram1,2 ,4 , ,13 ,,21,,,,37 ,,43
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 44 out of bounds for length 31
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7A8D86667BC7C033">5.1-9 CartanSubspace</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<h3>5 <span class="Heading">Finite Order Automorphisms and << 48, 50, , 51,52, 7, 59, 61]
<p>This chapter contains functions for creating and working with finite order automorphisms of simple Lie java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 114 out of bounds for length 31
<p>NB: such automorphisms are not created for a given Lie algebra, but the Lie algebra is constructed at the same time as the automorphism. This because the 45 ,53,57,58,61 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
<p>As noted , , 6,7, 9, 13,18 ,21,25,29,31,33,,, 42, 45, 49,
<p>< 1, 2,3,4, 5,6,8,9, ,, 15, 16,18,20, ,24, ,38 ,,47
<h4>5.1 <span class="Heading"> The functions </span></h4>
<p><a id=" 44 51 53 ,58,61, ,23 5 , 7 ,1319,,,25 28, ,37 39 42 ,
<h5>5.1-1 FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms</code>( <var class="Arg">type</var>, <var class="Arg">rank</var>, <var class="Arg">m</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p48 ,,,,64]
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms("E",6,3);</span>
[ [ v.72,v.1, v.,v.3,v.,v.5,6]-&t E()v. (3^)v.,v.,
v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ], [ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v
.,E3)v.1,E3)*.,3 4 v5 6]
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ] -> [ (E(3))*v.72, v.1, (E(3))*v.2,
v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ], [ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ] ->
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, (E(3))*v.4, v.5, v.6 ],
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, 1,23, 27,28 31 33 37 39 42,,,
v.3, v.4, vv6
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Source(f<46,48, 49,55 ,6063 ]
<Lie algebra of dimension 78 over CF(3)>
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7E8CCC4885E2A443" name="X7E8CCC4885E2A443"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-2 FiniteOrderOuterAutomorphisms</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><[12 ,4 ,6 ,, , ,19 25 ,34 ,37 ,,,
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> be the simple Lie algebra of type <var class="Arg">type</var> and rank <var class="Arg">rank</var>. The function returns representatives of the conjugacy classes of outer automorphisms of <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> of < 46, 47, 50, 52, 50,52 ,,57]
<p><a id="X84F59A2687C62763" name="X84F59A2687C62763"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-3 Order</h5>
<div class="func"><table class< 1 2 3,,5, ,,9,13 19,, , ,34,35, 37,,42 ,44,
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is a finite order automorphism. This returns its order.</p>
<p><a id="X8635ABCD7D5ACED8" name="X8635ABCD7D5ACED8"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-4 KacDiagram</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; KacDiagram</code>( <var class="Arg">f</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is a finite order automorphism. This returns its Kac diagram. This is a record with three components: <var class="Arg">CM</var>, which is the Cartan matrix of the Dynkin diagram, <var class="Arg">labels</var> the integers with gcd equal to 1 that are the coefficients of a linear dependency of the rows of <var class="Arg">CM</var 4646, 8 51,53, 57, 60, , , , , 14 ,20 , ,4147
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10,14,18, 19 ,25 ,38 ,47
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:= KacDiagram( f[1] );</span>
rec(
CM := [ [ 249,50,51, 57,58,61, 64],
[ 0, 0, -2, 2 ] ], labels := [ 1, 1, 2, 1 ], weights := [ 1, 1, 0, 0 ] )
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r.labels*r.CM; </span>
[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7DCA2568870A2D34" name="X7DCA2568870A2D34"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-5 rading</</h5>
<div class50 ,54 ,56 , 62 ,
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is a finite order automorphism of order <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\)</span>. This returns a list of length <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\)</span>. The <span java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 193 out of bounds for length 31
<p><49 ,,,,63]
<h5>5.1-6 NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation</code>( <var class="Arg">f</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">d</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 263 out of bounds for length 78
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> [1,2 ,4 ,6 ,, ,14 ,,25 ,2931 ,,48
<p>It is possible to add an extra optional argument: <var class="Arg">method:= "Carrier"</var>, or <1,2,3 , 5, 6, 8, 9, 10,11 ,,17[49 53,5556 ]
<p>This function prints some information on what it is doing to the info class[ , 2,347,48,51,52 53 ,63 ,
<p>In the two-argument version, the first argument <var class="Arg">L</var> has to be a semisimple Lie algebra, and the second argument <var class="Arg">d</var> a list of non-negative integers. [,2 ,4 56 , ,10,11 ,,17 ,,34,35,3637,,42,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 78 out of bounds for length 78
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span 51 53, ,57 61 ]java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Reset(GlobalMersenneTwister, 1
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 80 out of bounds for length 78
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">s:= NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation( f[ 48 49,51,52, 57,62 64],
#I Selected carrier algebra method.
#I Constructed 123 root bases of possible flat subalgebras, now checking them...
#I Obtained 30 Cartan elements, weeding out equivalent copies[ 1 2,,4, 5 ,,9,10,,15, , ,34,36,37 41 ,47, ,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 14, 19, 20, 28, 29,31 34, 38, 39,46
10
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">s[4];</span>
[ v.14+v.15+v.38, (-2)*v.41+(-1)*v.42, v.18+v.34+v.35 ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= SimpleLieAlgebra("E",6,Rationals);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation( L, [0,1,0,0,0,0] );</span>
#I Selected Weyl orbit method.
# Constructeda of72.
#I Obtained 5 Cartan elements, weeding out equivalent copies...
v.65.66+.,()v73(3)v.74(*.75+(6)*v.+4*77(.,
v.29+v.30+v.31 ],
()v.55+2*v.,().73+(4)v74()v.+(*.76+4*.+()v.78
v.19+v.30 ],
[ v.66+v.70, (2)*v.73+(2)*v.74+(3)*v.75+(4)*v.76+(3)*v.77+(2)*v.78,
v.30+v.34 ], [ v.71, v.73+v.74+(2)*v.75+(3)*v.76+(2)*v.77+v.78, v.35 ] ]
</pre 1 2,3, ,6, 8 10 ,13 ,28,,34 ,38, ,
<>< id[1,,,45 ,8,9 10,,,16,20 ,24,8 , 45 48java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 78 out of bounds for length 78
<h5>5.1-7 ClosureDiagram</h5>
< 49, 53, 54 ,56,61,62 ,
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; ClosureDiagram</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">d</var>, <var class="Arg">s</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is an automorphism 49,50,51,,56, 61 ,
<p>This function computes the Hasse diagram of the closures of the nilpotent orbits. The output is a record with two components: <var class="Arg">diag</var> (which is a list of 2-tuples; a tuple <var class="Arg">[ i, j ]</var> means[2[12 , ,20 ,28 ,,,,
<p>During the execution of the program a message is printed. This message either java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 85 out of bounds for length 78
<p>In the second version, the second argument <var class="Arg">d</var
<p>We note that the adjoint representation can be obtained by giving a <var class="Arg">d</var> that eintirely consists of zeros.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms( "E", 8, 8 );; </span>
<span class="GAPprompt,10 ,13 20,,29 , 34 ,38 , 40
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">< 1, 2,3,4,5 6, 8,,,,15,16,18 ,23,26 ,38 ,43 46,
#I Selected carrier algebra method.
#I Constructed 2782 root bases of possible 1 ,3 ,5,,,10 , ,14, 20, 26, 28,29,,34 ,39,,
#I Obtained 58 Cartan elements, weeding out equivalent copies...
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Length(sl2);</span>
27
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= Source(h);; </span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:= ClosureDiagram( L, h, sl2 );; </span>
#I All (non-) inclusions proved!
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r.diag;</span>
[ [ 2, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 4, 2 ], [ 4, 3 ], [ 5, 1 ], [ 6, 5 ], [ 7, 2 ],
[ 7, 5 ], [ 8, 4 ], [ 9, 4 ], [ 9, 7 ], [ 10, 6 ], [ 10, 7 ], [ 11, 3 ],
,6, [,7], [ 13,9 ,[13 ] [ 13,11] [14, ,50 ,54,56 61 ]
[ 14, 12 ], [ 15 41,46 ,56 ,62],
[ 17, 16 ], [ 18, 13 ], [ 18, 16 ], [ 19, 13 ], [ 19, 15 ], [ 20, 11 ],
[ , ,14] ,17,[21 ,[2214] 22 ,
[ 23, 18 ], [ 23, 20 ], [ 24, 18 ], [ 24, 19 ], [ 25, 21 ], [ 25, 22 ],
24 23 ,[6 27 , 27,3]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"># Now we do the adjoint representation of the Lie algebra of type F4:</span<49,50 51 ,,57 61,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= SimpleLieAlgebra("F",4,Rationals);;</span>
<pan class=">&t;<span> <span class="GAPinput">o:= NilpotentOrbits(L);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sl2 49,50 51,,57,61, 63 ]java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
<span class= 47 48,51,54 ,57, ]
#I All (non-) inclusions proved!
<span class""gapjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [31, 30) out of bounds for length 76
[ [ 2, 1 ], [ 3, 2 ], 1, 2,3 ,5 ,,,10, ,13 ,19,,,31, 34 ,38 ,46
[ 8, 7 ], [ 9, 7 ], [ 10, 8 ], [ 10, 9 ], [ 11, 8 ], [ 12, 10 ],
[ 13, 11 ], [ 13, 12 ], [ 14, 13 ], [ 15, 14 ] ]
<pre<>
<p><a id="X8108B6487A3A363B" name="X8108B6487A3A363B"></a></p>
8CarrierAlgebrah5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; CarrierAlgebra</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">f</var>, <var class="Arg">e</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
divclass">table class=f"width"%"<tdclass""<ode class=""&8227 code(var
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is an automorphism of a simple Lie algebra <span class=47 ,,57 ,63,
<p>In the second version, the second argument <var class="Arg">d</var> is a list of non-negative integers. Then <var class="Arg">L</var> is <span class="SimpleMath">\(Z\)</span>-graded by giving the
iv""<>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms( "F", 4, 5 );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">h:= f[4];;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sl2:= NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation( h );; </span>
#I Selected Weyl orbit method41,48 ,56 62 63 ]
#I Constructed a Weyl transversal of 144 elements.
#I Constructed 621 Cartan elements to be checked.
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 25, 28, 29, 31, 35, 38, 39
<Lie algebra of dimension 52 over CF(5)>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:=CarrierAlgebra( L, h, sl2[1][3] ); </span>
rec( g0 := [ v.49+(2)*v.50+(2)*v.51+(3)*v.52, v.50+(1/2)*v.51+v.52 ],
gn := [ [ v.24, v.33 ], [ v.21 ], [ v.15 ] ],
gp := [ [ v.9, v.48 ], [ v.45 ], [ v.39 ] ] )
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">K:= Subalgebra( L, Concatenation( r.g0, Flat(r.gp), Flat(r.gn) ) );</span>
ltie 5,10;
<span class"GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SemiSimpleType( K );</span>
"B2"
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7A8D86667BC7C033" name="X7A8D86667BC7C033"></a></p>
<h5 41,47,51 53,,62 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; CartanSubspace</code>( <var class="Arg">f</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var class= 41, 47 49, ,, ,63 ],
<p>Every semisimple orbit of <span class="SimpleMath">\(G_0\)</span> in <span class="SimpleMath">\(L_1\)</span> contains an element of a fixed Cartan subspace.</p>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms( "A", 3, 3 );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">c:= CartanSubspace( f[3] ); </span>
<vector 0, 55, 56, 61, 62,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">BasisVectors( Basis( c ) );</span>
[ v.1+v.5+v.12 ]
<re>>
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