(* Title: The Second Isomorphism Theorem for Groups Author: Jakob von Raumer, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Maintainer: Jakob von Raumer 🚫raumer@student.kit.edu> *)
theory SndIsomorphismGrp imports Coset begin
section‹The Second Isomorphism Theorem for Groups›
text‹This theory provides a proof of the second isomorphism theorems for groups. The theorems consist of several facts about normal subgroups.›
text‹The first lemma states that whenever we have a subgroup @{term S} and a normal subgroup @{term H} of a group @{term G}, their intersection is normal in @{term G}›
locale second_isomorphism_grp = normal + fixes S:: "'a set" assumes subgrpS: "subgroup S G"
context second_isomorphism_grp begin
interpretation groupS: group "G(carrier := S)" using subgrpS by (metis subgroup_imp_group)
lemma normal_subgrp_intersection_normal: shows"S ∩ H ⊲ (G(carrier := S))" proof(auto simp: groupS.normal_inv_iff) from subgrpS is_subgroup have"∧x. x ∈ {S, H} ==> subgroup x G"by auto hence"subgroup (∩ {S, H}) G"using subgroups_Inter by blast hence"subgroup (S ∩ H) G"by auto moreoverhave"S ∩ H ⊆ S"by simp ultimatelyshow"subgroup (S ∩ H) (G(carrier := S))" by (simp add: subgroup_incl subgrpS) next fix g h assume g: "g ∈ S"and hH: "h ∈ H"and hS: "h ∈ S" from g hH subgrpS show"g ⊗ h ⊗ inv🪙G(carrier := S)🪙 g ∈ H" by (metis inv_op_closed2 subgroup.mem_carrier m_inv_consistent) from g hS subgrpS show"g ⊗ h ⊗ inv🪙G(carrier := S)🪙 g ∈ S" by (metis subgroup.m_closed subgroup.m_inv_closed m_inv_consistent) qed
lemma normal_set_mult_subgroup: shows"subgroup (H <#> S) G" proof(rule subgroupI) show"H <#> S ⊆ carrier G" by (metis setmult_subset_G subgroup.subset subgrpS subset) next have"1∈ H""1∈ S" using is_subgroup subgrpS subgroup.one_closed by auto hence"1⊗1∈ H <#> S" unfolding set_mult_def by blast thus"H <#> S ≠ {}"by auto next fix g assume g: "g ∈ H <#> S" thenobtain h s where h: "h ∈ H"and s: "s ∈ S"and ghs: "g = h ⊗ s"unfolding set_mult_def by auto hence"s ∈ carrier G"by (metis subgroup.mem_carrier subgrpS) with h ghs obtain h' where h': "h' ∈ H"and"g = s ⊗ h'" using coset_eq unfolding r_coset_def l_coset_def by auto with s have"inv g = (inv h') ⊗ (inv s)" by (metis inv_mult_group mem_carrier subgroup.mem_carrier subgrpS) moreoverfrom h' s subgrpS have"inv h' ∈ H""inv s ∈ S" using subgroup.m_inv_closed m_inv_closed by auto ultimatelyshow"inv g ∈ H <#> S" unfolding set_mult_def by auto next fix g g' assume g: "g ∈ H <#> S"and h: "g' ∈ H <#> S" thenobtain h h' s s' where hh'ss': "h ∈ H""h' ∈ H""s ∈ S""s' ∈ S"and"g = h ⊗ s"and"g' = h' ⊗ s'" unfolding set_mult_def by auto hence"g ⊗ g' = (h ⊗ s) ⊗ (h' ⊗ s')"by metis alsofrom hh'ss' have inG: "h ∈ carrier G""h' ∈ carrier G""s ∈ carrier G""s' ∈ carrier G" using subgrpS mem_carrier subgroup.mem_carrier by force+ hence"(h ⊗ s) ⊗ (h' ⊗ s') = h ⊗ (s ⊗ h') ⊗ s'" using m_assoc by auto alsofrom hh'ss' inG obtain h'' where h'': "h'' ∈ H"and"s ⊗ h' = h'' ⊗ s" using coset_eq unfolding r_coset_def l_coset_def by fastforce hence"h ⊗ (s ⊗ h') ⊗ s' = h ⊗ (h'' ⊗ s) ⊗ s'" by simp alsofrom h'' inG have"... = (h ⊗ h'') ⊗ (s ⊗ s')" using m_assoc mem_carrier by auto finallyhave"g ⊗ g' = h ⊗ h'' ⊗ (s ⊗ s')". moreoverhave"... ∈ H <#> S" unfolding set_mult_def using h'' hh'ss' subgrpS subgroup.m_closed by fastforce ultimatelyshow"g ⊗ g' ∈ H <#> S" by simp qed
lemma H_contained_in_set_mult: shows"H ⊆ H <#> S" proof fix x assume x: "x ∈ H" have"x ⊗1∈ H <#> S"unfolding set_mult_def using second_isomorphism_grp.subgrpS second_isomorphism_grp_axioms subgroup.one_closed x by force with x show"x ∈ H <#> S"by (metis mem_carrier r_one) qed
lemma S_contained_in_set_mult: shows"S ⊆ H <#> S" proof fix s assume s: "s ∈ S" thenhave"1⊗ s ∈ H <#> S"unfolding set_mult_def by force with s show"s ∈ H <#> S"using subgrpS subgroup.mem_carrier l_one by force qed
lemma normal_intersection_hom: shows"group_hom (G(carrier := S)) ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H) (λg. H #> g)" proof - have"group ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H)" by (simp add: H_contained_in_set_mult normal.factorgroup_is_group normal_axioms
normal_restrict_supergroup normal_set_mult_subgroup) moreoverhave"H #> g ∈ carrier ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H)"if g: "g ∈ S"for g proof - from g that have"g ∈ H <#> S" using S_contained_in_set_mult by blast thus"H #> g ∈ carrier ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H)" unfolding FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def r_coset_def by auto qed moreoverhave"∧x y. [x ∈ S; y ∈ S]==> H #> x ⊗ y = H #> x <#> (H #> y)" using normal.rcos_sum normal_axioms subgroup.mem_carrier subgrpS by fastforce ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def hom_def) qed
lemma normal_intersection_hom_kernel: shows"kernel (G(carrier := S)) ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H) (λg. H #> g) = H ∩ S" proof - have"kernel (G(carrier := S)) ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H) (λg. H #> g) = {g ∈ S. H #> g = 1🪙(G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H🪙}" unfolding kernel_def by auto alsohave"... = {g ∈ S. H #> g = H}" unfolding FactGroup_def by auto alsohave"... = {g ∈ S. g ∈ H}" by (meson coset_join1 is_group rcos_const subgroupE(1) subgroup_axioms subgrpS subset_eq) alsohave"... = H ∩ S"by auto finallyshow ?thesis. qed
lemma normal_intersection_hom_surj: shows"(λg. H #> g) ` carrier (G(carrier := S)) = carrier ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H)" proof auto fix g assume"g ∈ S" hence"g ∈ H <#> S" using S_contained_in_set_mult by auto thus"H #> g ∈ carrier ((G(carrier := H <#> S)) Mod H)" unfolding FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def r_coset_def by auto next fix x assume"x ∈ carrier (G(carrier := H <#> S) Mod H)" thenobtain h s where h: "h ∈ H"and s: "s ∈ S"and"x = H #> (h ⊗ s)" unfolding FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def r_coset_def set_mult_def by auto hence"x = (H #> h) #> s" by (metis h s coset_mult_assoc mem_carrier subgroup.mem_carrier subgrpS subset) alsohave"... = H #> s" by (metis h is_group rcos_const) finallyhave"x = H #> s". with s show"x ∈ (#>) H ` S" by simp qed
text‹Finally we can prove the actual isomorphism theorem:›
theorem normal_intersection_quotient_isom: shows"(λX. the_elem ((λg. H #> g) ` X)) ∈ iso ((G(carrier := S)) Mod (H ∩ S)) (((G(carrier := H <#> S))) Mod H)" using normal_intersection_hom_kernel[symmetric] normal_intersection_hom normal_intersection_hom_surj by (metis group_hom.FactGroup_iso_set)
end
corollary (in group) normal_subgroup_set_mult_closed: assumes"M ⊲ G"and"N ⊲ G" shows"M <#> N ⊲ G" proof (rule normalI) from assms show"subgroup (M <#> N) G" using second_isomorphism_grp.normal_set_mult_subgroup normal_imp_subgroup unfolding second_isomorphism_grp_def second_isomorphism_grp_axioms_def by force next show"∀x∈carrier G. M <#> N #> x = x <# (M <#> N)" proof fix x assume x: "x ∈ carrier G" have"M <#> N #> x = M <#> (N #> x)" by (metis assms normal_inv_iff setmult_rcos_assoc subgroup.subset x) alsohave"… = M <#> (x <# N)" by (metis assms(2) normal.coset_eq x) alsohave"… = (M #> x) <#> N" by (metis assms normal_imp_subgroup rcos_assoc_lcos subgroup.subset x) alsohave"… = x <# (M <#> N)" by (simp add: assms normal.coset_eq normal_imp_subgroup setmult_lcos_assoc subgroup.subset x) finallyshow"M <#> N #> x = x <# (M <#> N)" . qed qed
end
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