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Datei: Document_Preparation.thy Sprache: Isabelle

Untersuchung Isabelle^©

(*  Title:      HOL/Analysis/Extended_Real_Limits.thy
    Author:     Johannes Hölzl, TU München
    Author:     Robert Himmelmann, TU München
    Author:     Armin Heller, TU München
    Author:     Bogdan Grechuk, University of Edinburgh
*)

section \<open>Limits on the Extended Real Number Line\<close> (* TO FIX: perhaps put all Nonstandard Analysis related
topics together? *)

theory Extended_Real_Limits
imports
  Topology_Euclidean_Space
  "HOL-Library.Extended_Real"
  "HOL-Library.Extended_Nonnegative_Real"
  "HOL-Library.Indicator_Function"
begin

lemma compact_UNIV:
  "compact (UNIV :: 'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set)"
  using compact_complete_linorder
  by (auto simp: seq_compact_eq_compact[symmetric] seq_compact_def)

lemma compact_eq_closed:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  shows "compact S \ closed S"
  using closed_Int_compact[of S, OF _ compact_UNIV] compact_imp_closed
  by auto

lemma closed_contains_Sup_cl:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  assumes "closed S"
    and "S \ {}"
  shows "Sup S \ S"
proof -
  from compact_eq_closed[of S] compact_attains_sup[of S] assms
  obtain s where S: "s \ S" "\t\S. t \ s"
    by auto
  then have "Sup S = s"
    by (auto intro!: Sup_eqI)
  with S show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma closed_contains_Inf_cl:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  assumes "closed S"
    and "S \ {}"
  shows "Inf S \ S"
proof -
  from compact_eq_closed[of S] compact_attains_inf[of S] assms
  obtain s where S: "s \ S" "\t\S. s \ t"
    by auto
  then have "Inf S = s"
    by (auto intro!: Inf_eqI)
  with S show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

instance\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> enat :: second_countable_topology
proof
  show "\B::enat set set. countable B \ open = generate_topology B"
  proof (intro exI conjI)
    show "countable (range lessThan \ range greaterThan::enat set set)"
      by auto
  qed (simp add: open_enat_def)
qed

instance\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> ereal :: second_countable_topology
proof (standard, intro exI conjI)
  let ?B = "(\r\\. {{..< r}, {r <..}} :: ereal set set)"
  show "countable ?B"
    by (auto intro: countable_rat)
  show "open = generate_topology ?B"
  proof (intro ext iffI)
    fix S :: "ereal set"
    assume "open S"
    then show "generate_topology ?B S"
      unfolding open_generated_order
    proof induct
      case (Basis b)
      then obtain e where "b = {.. b = {e<..}"
        by auto
      moreover have "{..{{.. \ \ x < e}" "{e<..} = \{{x<..}|x. x \ \ \ e < x}"
        by (auto dest: ereal_dense3
                 simp del: ex_simps
                 simp add: ex_simps[symmetric] conj_commute Rats_def image_iff)
      ultimately show ?case
        by (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
    qed (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
  next
    fix S
    assume "generate_topology ?B S"
    then show "open S"
      by induct auto
  qed
qed

text \<open>This is a copy from \<open>ereal :: second_countable_topology\<close>. Maybe find a common super class of
topological spaces where the rational numbers are densely embedded ?\<close>
instance ennreal :: second_countable_topology
proof (standard, intro exI conjI)
  let ?B = "(\r\\. {{..< r}, {r <..}} :: ennreal set set)"
  show "countable ?B"
    by (auto intro: countable_rat)
  show "open = generate_topology ?B"
  proof (intro ext iffI)
    fix S :: "ennreal set"
    assume "open S"
    then show "generate_topology ?B S"
      unfolding open_generated_order
    proof induct
      case (Basis b)
      then obtain e where "b = {.. b = {e<..}"
        by auto
      moreover have "{..{{.. \ \ x < e}" "{e<..} = \{{x<..}|x. x \ \ \ e < x}"
        by (auto dest: ennreal_rat_dense
                 simp del: ex_simps
                 simp add: ex_simps[symmetric] conj_commute Rats_def image_iff)
      ultimately show ?case
        by (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
    qed (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
  next
    fix S
    assume "generate_topology ?B S"
    then show "open S"
      by induct auto
  qed
qed

lemma ereal_open_closed_aux:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
    and "closed S"
    and S: "(-\) \ S"
  shows "S = {}"
proof (rule ccontr)
  assume "\ ?thesis"
  then have *: "Inf S \ S"

    by (metis assms(2) closed_contains_Inf_cl)
  {
    assume "Inf S = -\"
    then have False
      using * assms(3) by auto
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "Inf S = \"
    then have "S = {\}"
      by (metis Inf_eq_PInfty \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close>)
    then have False
      by (metis assms(1) not_open_singleton)
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume fin: "\Inf S\ \ \"
    from ereal_open_cont_interval[OF assms(1) * fin]
    obtain e where e: "e > 0" "{Inf S - e<.. S" .
    then obtain b where b: "Inf S - e < b" "b < Inf S"
      using fin ereal_between[of "Inf S" e] dense[of "Inf S - e"]
      by auto
    then have "b \ {Inf S - e <..< Inf S + e}"
      using e fin ereal_between[of "Inf S" e]
      by auto
    then have "b \ S"
      using e by auto
    then have False
      using b by (metis complete_lattice_class.Inf_lower leD)
  }
  ultimately show False
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_open_closed:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "open S \ closed S \ S = {} \ S = UNIV"
proof -
  {
    assume lhs: "open S \ closed S"
    {
      assume "-\ \ S"
      then have "S = {}"
        using lhs ereal_open_closed_aux by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "-\ \ S"
      then have "- S = {}"
        using lhs ereal_open_closed_aux[of "-S"] by auto
    }
    ultimately have "S = {} \ S = UNIV"
      by auto
  }
  then show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_open_atLeast:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "open {x..} \ x = -\"
proof
  assume "x = -\"
  then have "{x..} = UNIV"
    by auto
  then show "open {x..}"
    by auto
next
  assume "open {x..}"
  then have "open {x..} \ closed {x..}"
    by auto
  then have "{x..} = UNIV"
    unfolding ereal_open_closed by auto
  then show "x = -\"
    by (simp add: bot_ereal_def atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff)
qed

lemma mono_closed_real:
  fixes S :: "real set"
  assumes mono: "\y z. y \ S \ y \ z \ z \ S"
    and "closed S"
  shows "S = {} \ S = UNIV \ (\a. S = {a..})"
proof -
  {
    assume "S \ {}"
    { assume ex: "\B. \x\S. B \ x"
      then have *: "\x\S. Inf S \ x"
        using cInf_lower[of _ S] ex by (metis bdd_below_def)
      then have "Inf S \ S"
        apply (subst closed_contains_Inf)
        using ex \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close> \<open>closed S\<close>
        apply auto
        done
      then have "\x. Inf S \ x \ x \ S"
        using mono[rule_format, of "Inf S"] *
        by auto
      then have "S = {Inf S ..}"
        by auto
      then have "\a. S = {a ..}"
        by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "\ (\B. \x\S. B \ x)"
      then have nex: "\B. \x\S. x < B"
        by (simp add: not_le)
      {
        fix y
        obtain x where "x\S" and "x < y"
          using nex by auto
        then have "y \ S"
          using mono[rule_format, of x y] by auto
      }
      then have "S = UNIV"
        by auto
    }
    ultimately have "S = UNIV \ (\a. S = {a ..})"
      by blast
  }
  then show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma mono_closed_ereal:
  fixes S :: "real set"
  assumes mono: "\y z. y \ S \ y \ z \ z \ S"
    and "closed S"
  shows "\a. S = {x. a \ ereal x}"
proof -
  {
    assume "S = {}"
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x=PInfty in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "S = UNIV"
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x="-\" in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "\a. S = {a ..}"
    then obtain a where "S = {a ..}"
      by auto
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x="ereal a" in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using mono_closed_real[of S] assms by auto
qed

lemma Liminf_within:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Liminf (at x within S) f = (SUP e\{0<..}. INF y\(S \ ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  unfolding Liminf_def eventually_at
proof (rule SUP_eq, simp_all add: Ball_def Bex_def, safe)
  fix P d
  assume "0 < d" and "\y. y \ S \ y \ x \ dist y x < d \ P y"
  then have "S \ ball x d - {x} \ {x. P x}"
    by (auto simp: dist_commute)
  then show "\r>0. Inf (f ` (Collect P)) \ Inf (f ` (S \ ball x r - {x}))"
    by (intro exI[of _ d] INF_mono conjI \<open>0 < d\<close>) auto
next
  fix d :: real
  assume "0 < d"
  then show "\P. (\d>0. \xa. xa \ S \ xa \ x \ dist xa x < d \ P xa) \
    Inf (f ` (S \<inter> ball x d - {x})) \<le> Inf (f ` (Collect P))"
    by (intro exI[of _ "\y. y \ S \ ball x d - {x}"])
       (auto intro!: INF_mono exI[of _ d] simp: dist_commute)
qed

lemma Limsup_within:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Limsup (at x within S) f = (INF e\{0<..}. SUP y\(S \ ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  unfolding Limsup_def eventually_at
proof (rule INF_eq, simp_all add: Ball_def Bex_def, safe)
  fix P d
  assume "0 < d" and "\y. y \ S \ y \ x \ dist y x < d \ P y"
  then have "S \ ball x d - {x} \ {x. P x}"
    by (auto simp: dist_commute)
  then show "\r>0. Sup (f ` (S \ ball x r - {x})) \ Sup (f ` (Collect P))"
    by (intro exI[of _ d] SUP_mono conjI \<open>0 < d\<close>) auto
next
  fix d :: real
  assume "0 < d"
  then show "\P. (\d>0. \xa. xa \ S \ xa \ x \ dist xa x < d \ P xa) \
    Sup (f ` (Collect P)) \<le> Sup (f ` (S \<inter> ball x d - {x}))"
    by (intro exI[of _ "\y. y \ S \ ball x d - {x}"])
       (auto intro!: SUP_mono exI[of _ d] simp: dist_commute)
qed

lemma Liminf_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Liminf (at x) f = (SUP e\{0<..}. INF y\(ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  using Liminf_within[of x UNIV f] by simp

lemma Limsup_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Limsup (at x) f = (INF e\{0<..}. SUP y\(ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  using Limsup_within[of x UNIV f] by simp

lemma min_Liminf_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \ 'b::complete_linorder"
  shows "min (f x) (Liminf (at x) f) = (SUP e\{0<..}. INF y\ball x e. f y)"
  apply (simp add: inf_min [symmetric] Liminf_at)
  apply (subst inf_commute)
  apply (subst SUP_inf)
  apply auto
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) INF_insert centre_in_ball greaterThan_iff image_cong inf_commute insert_Diff)
  done

subsection \<open>Extended-Real.thy\<close> (*FIX ME change title *)

lemma sum_constant_ereal:
  fixes a::ereal
  shows "(\i\I. a) = a * card I"
apply (cases "finite I", induct set: finite, simp_all)
apply (cases a, auto, metis (no_types, hide_lams) add.commute mult.commute semiring_normalization_rules(3))
done

lemma real_lim_then_eventually_real:
  assumes "(u \ ereal l) F"
  shows "eventually (\n. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) F"
proof -
  have "ereal l \ {-\<..<(\::ereal)}" by simp
  moreover have "open {-\<..<(\::ereal)}" by simp
  ultimately have "eventually (\n. u n \ {-\<..<(\::ereal)}) F" using assms tendsto_def by blast
  moreover have "\x. x \ {-\<..<(\::ereal)} \ x = ereal(real_of_ereal x)" using ereal_real by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono)
qed

lemma ereal_Inf_cmult:
  assumes "c>(0::real)"
  shows "Inf {ereal c * x |x. P x} = ereal c * Inf {x. P x}"
proof -
  have "(\x::ereal. c * x) (Inf {x::ereal. P x}) = Inf ((\x::ereal. c * x)`{x::ereal. P x})"
    apply (rule mono_bij_Inf)
    apply (simp add: assms ereal_mult_left_mono less_imp_le mono_def)
    apply (rule bij_betw_byWitness[of _ "\x. (x::ereal) / c"], auto simp add: assms ereal_mult_divide)
    using assms ereal_divide_eq apply auto
    done
  then show ?thesis by (simp only: setcompr_eq_image[symmetric])
qed

subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> \<open>Continuity of addition\<close>

text \<open>The next few lemmas remove an unnecessary assumption in \<open>tendsto_add_ereal\<close>, culminating
in \<open>tendsto_add_ereal_general\<close> which essentially says that the addition
is continuous on ereal times ereal, except at \<open>(-\<infinity>, \<infinity>)\<close> and \<open>(\<infinity>, -\<infinity>)\<close>.
It is much more convenient in many situations, see for instance the proof of
\<open>tendsto_sum_ereal\<close> below.\<close>

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_PInf:
  fixes y :: ereal
  assumes y: "y \ -\"
  assumes f: "(f \ \) F" and g: "(g \ y) F"
  shows "((\x. f x + g x) \ \) F"
proof -
  have "\C. eventually (\x. g x > ereal C) F"
  proof (cases y)
    case (real r)
    have "y > y-1" using y real by (simp add: ereal_between(1))
    then have "eventually (\x. g x > y - 1) F" using g y order_tendsto_iff by auto
    moreover have "y-1 = ereal(real_of_ereal(y-1))"
      by (metis real ereal_eq_1(1) ereal_minus(1) real_of_ereal.simps(1))
    ultimately have "eventually (\x. g x > ereal(real_of_ereal(y - 1))) F" by simp
    then show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case (PInf)
    have "eventually (\x. g x > ereal 0) F" using g PInf by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then show ?thesis by auto
  qed (simp add: y)
  then obtain C::real where ge: "eventually (\x. g x > ereal C) F" by auto

  {
    fix M::real
    have "eventually (\x. f x > ereal(M - C)) F" using f by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then have "eventually (\x. (f x > ereal (M-C)) \ (g x > ereal C)) F"
      by (auto simp add: ge eventually_conj_iff)
    moreover have "\x. ((f x > ereal (M-C)) \ (g x > ereal C)) \ (f x + g x > ereal M)"
      using ereal_add_strict_mono2 by fastforce
    ultimately have "eventually (\x. f x + g x > ereal M) F" using eventually_mono by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
qed

text\<open>One would like to deduce the next lemma from the previous one, but the fact
that \<open>- (x + y)\<close> is in general different from \<open>(- x) + (- y)\<close> in ereal creates difficulties,
so it is more efficient to copy the previous proof.\<close>

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_MInf:
  fixes y :: ereal
  assumes y: "y \ \"
  assumes f: "(f \ -\) F" and g: "(g \ y) F"
  shows "((\x. f x + g x) \ -\) F"
proof -
  have "\C. eventually (\x. g x < ereal C) F"
  proof (cases y)
    case (real r)
    have "y < y+1" using y real by (simp add: ereal_between(1))
    then have "eventually (\x. g x < y + 1) F" using g y order_tendsto_iff by force
    moreover have "y+1 = ereal(real_of_ereal (y+1))" by (simp add: real)
    ultimately have "eventually (\x. g x < ereal(real_of_ereal(y + 1))) F" by simp
    then show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case (MInf)
    have "eventually (\x. g x < ereal 0) F" using g MInf by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
    then show ?thesis by auto
  qed (simp add: y)
  then obtain C::real where ge: "eventually (\x. g x < ereal C) F" by auto

  {
    fix M::real
    have "eventually (\x. f x < ereal(M - C)) F" using f by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
    then have "eventually (\x. (f x < ereal (M- C)) \ (g x < ereal C)) F"
      by (auto simp add: ge eventually_conj_iff)
    moreover have "\x. ((f x < ereal (M-C)) \ (g x < ereal C)) \ (f x + g x < ereal M)"
      using ereal_add_strict_mono2 by fastforce
    ultimately have "eventually (\x. f x + g x < ereal M) F" using eventually_mono by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
qed

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general1:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes y: "\y\ \ \"
  assumes f: "(f \ x) F" and g: "(g \ y) F"
  shows "((\x. f x + g x) \ x + y) F"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  have a: "\x\ \ \" by (simp add: real)
  show ?thesis by (rule tendsto_add_ereal[OF a, OF y, OF f, OF g])
next
  case PInf
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_PInf assms by force
next
  case MInf
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_MInf assms
    by (metis abs_ereal.simps(3) ereal_MInfty_eq_plus)
qed

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general2:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes x: "\x\ \ \"
      and f: "(f \ x) F" and g: "(g \ y) F"
  shows "((\x. f x + g x) \ x + y) F"
proof -
  have "((\x. g x + f x) \ x + y) F"
    using tendsto_add_ereal_general1[OF x, OF g, OF f] add.commute[of "y", of "x"] by simp
  moreover have "\x. g x + f x = f x + g x" using add.commute by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

text \<open>The next lemma says that the addition is continuous on \<open>ereal\<close>, except at
the pairs \<open>(-\<infinity>, \<infinity>)\<close> and \<open>(\<infinity>, -\<infinity>)\<close>.\<close>

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes "\((x=\ \ y=-\) \ (x=-\ \ y=\))"
      and f: "(f \ x) F" and g: "(g \ y) F"
  shows "((\x. f x + g x) \ x + y) F"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  show ?thesis
    apply (rule tendsto_add_ereal_general2) using real assms by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "y \ -\" using assms by simp
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_PInf PInf assms by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "y \ \" using assms by simp
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_MInf MInf f g by (metis ereal_MInfty_eq_plus)
qed

subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> \<open>Continuity of multiplication\<close>

text \<open>In the same way as for addition, we prove that the multiplication is continuous on
ereal times ereal, except at \<open>(\<infinity>, 0)\<close> and \<open>(-\<infinity>, 0)\<close> and \<open>(0, \<infinity>)\<close> and \<open>(0, -\<infinity>)\<close>,
starting with specific situations.\<close>

lemma tendsto_mult_real_ereal:
  assumes "(u \ ereal l) F" "(v \ ereal m) F"
  shows "((\n. u n * v n) \ ereal l * ereal m) F"
proof -
  have ureal: "eventually (\n. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) F" by (rule real_lim_then_eventually_real[OF assms(1)])
  then have "((\n. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) \ ereal l) F" using assms by auto
  then have limu: "((\n. real_of_ereal(u n)) \ l) F" by auto
  have vreal: "eventually (\n. v n = ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))) F" by (rule real_lim_then_eventually_real[OF assms(2)])
  then have "((\n. ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))) \ ereal m) F" using assms by auto
  then have limv: "((\n. real_of_ereal(v n)) \ m) F" by auto

  {
    fix n assume "u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))" "v n = ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))"
    then have "ereal(real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) = u n * v n" by (metis times_ereal.simps(1))
  }
  then have *: "eventually (\n. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) = u n * v n) F"
    using eventually_elim2[OF ureal vreal] by auto

  have "((\n. real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) \ l * m) F" using tendsto_mult[OF limu limv] by auto
  then have "((\n. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n)) * real_of_ereal(v n)) \ ereal(l * m)) F" by auto
  then show ?thesis using * filterlim_cong by fastforce
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf:
  fixes f g::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(f \ l) F" "l>0" "(g \ \) F"
  shows "((\x. f x * g x) \ \) F"
proof -
  obtain a::real where "0 < ereal a" "a < l" using assms(2) using ereal_dense2 by blast
  have *: "eventually (\x. f x > a) F" using \a < l\ assms(1) by (simp add: order_tendsto_iff)
  {
    fix K::real
    define M where "M = max K 1"
    then have "M > 0" by simp
    then have "ereal(M/a) > 0" using \<open>ereal a > 0\<close> by simp
    then have "\x. ((f x > a) \ (g x > M/a)) \ (f x * g x > ereal a * ereal(M/a))"
      using ereal_mult_mono_strict'[where ?c = "M/a", OF \0 < ereal a\] by auto
    moreover have "ereal a * ereal(M/a) = M" using \<open>ereal a > 0\<close> by simp
    ultimately have "\x. ((f x > a) \ (g x > M/a)) \ (f x * g x > M)" by simp
    moreover have "M \ K" unfolding M_def by simp
    ultimately have Imp: "\x. ((f x > a) \ (g x > M/a)) \ (f x * g x > K)"
      using ereal_less_eq(3) le_less_trans by blast

    have "eventually (\x. g x > M/a) F" using assms(3) by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then have "eventually (\x. (f x > a) \ (g x > M/a)) F"
      using * by (auto simp add: eventually_conj_iff)
    then have "eventually (\x. f x * g x > K) F" using eventually_mono Imp by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (auto simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal_pos:
  fixes f g::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(f \ l) F" "(g \ m) F" "l>0" "m>0"
  shows "((\x. f x * g x) \ l * m) F"
proof (cases)
  assume *: "l = \ \ m = \"
  then show ?thesis
  proof (cases)
    assume "m = \"
    then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf assms by auto
  next
    assume "\(m = \)"
    then have "l = \" using * by simp
    then have "((\x. g x * f x) \ l * m) F" using tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf assms by auto
    moreover have "\x. g x * f x = f x * g x" using mult.commute by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
  qed
next
  assume "\(l = \ \ m = \)"
  then have "l < \" "m < \" by auto
  then obtain lr mr where "l = ereal lr" "m = ereal mr"
    using \<open>l>0\<close> \<open>m>0\<close> by (metis ereal_cases ereal_less(6) not_less_iff_gr_or_eq)
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_real_ereal assms by auto
qed

text \<open>We reduce the general situation to the positive case by multiplying by suitable signs.
Unfortunately, as ereal is not a ring, all the neat sign lemmas are not available there. We
give the bare minimum we need.\<close>

lemma ereal_sgn_abs:
  fixes l::ereal
  shows "sgn(l) * l = abs(l)"
apply (cases l) by (auto simp add: sgn_if ereal_less_uminus_reorder)

lemma sgn_squared_ereal:
  assumes "l \ (0::ereal)"
  shows "sgn(l) * sgn(l) = 1"
apply (cases l) using assms by (auto simp add: one_ereal_def sgn_if)

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f g::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(f \ l) F" "(g \ m) F" "\((l=0 \ abs(m) = \) \ (m=0 \ abs(l) = \))"
  shows "((\x. f x * g x) \ l * m) F"
proof (cases)
  assume "l=0 \ m=0"
  then have "abs(l) \ \" "abs(m) \ \" using assms(3) by auto
  then obtain lr mr where "l = ereal lr" "m = ereal mr" by auto
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_real_ereal assms by auto
next
  have sgn_finite: "\a::ereal. abs(sgn a) \ \"
    by (metis MInfty_neq_ereal(2) PInfty_neq_ereal(2) abs_eq_infinity_cases ereal_times(1) ereal_times(3) ereal_uminus_eq_reorder sgn_ereal.elims)
  then have sgn_finite2: "\a b::ereal. abs(sgn a * sgn b) \ \"
    by (metis abs_eq_infinity_cases abs_ereal.simps(2) abs_ereal.simps(3) ereal_mult_eq_MInfty ereal_mult_eq_PInfty)
  assume "\(l=0 \ m=0)"
  then have "l \ 0" "m \ 0" by auto
  then have "abs(l) > 0" "abs(m) > 0"
    by (metis abs_ereal_ge0 abs_ereal_less0 abs_ereal_pos ereal_uminus_uminus ereal_uminus_zero less_le not_less)+
  then have "sgn(l) * l > 0" "sgn(m) * m > 0" using ereal_sgn_abs by auto
  moreover have "((\x. sgn(l) * f x) \ (sgn(l) * l)) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite assms(1))
  moreover have "((\x. sgn(m) * g x) \ (sgn(m) * m)) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite assms(2))
  ultimately have *: "((\x. (sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x)) \ (sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m)) F"
    using tendsto_mult_ereal_pos by force
  have "((\x. (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x))) \ (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m))) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite2 *)
  moreover have "\x. (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x)) = f x * g x"
    by (metis mult.left_neutral sgn_squared_ereal[OF \<open>l \<noteq> 0\<close>] sgn_squared_ereal[OF \<open>m \<noteq> 0\<close>] mult.assoc mult.commute)
  moreover have "(sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m)) = l * m"
    by (metis mult.left_neutral sgn_squared_ereal[OF \<open>l \<noteq> 0\<close>] sgn_squared_ereal[OF \<open>m \<noteq> 0\<close>] mult.assoc mult.commute)
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_cmult_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f::"_ \ ereal" and c::ereal
  assumes "(f \ l) F" "\ (l=0 \ abs(c) = \)"
  shows "((\x. c * f x) \ c * l) F"
by (cases "c = 0", auto simp add: assms tendsto_mult_ereal)

subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> \<open>Continuity of division\<close>

lemma tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf:
  fixes u::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(u \ \) F"
  shows "((\x. 1/ u x) \ 0) F"
proof -
  {
    fix e::real assume "e>0"
    have "1/e < \" by auto
    then have "eventually (\n. u n > 1/e) F" using assms(1) by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    moreover
    {
      fix z::ereal assume "z>1/e"
      then have "z>0" using \<open>e>0\<close> using less_le_trans not_le by fastforce
      then have "1/z \ 0" by auto
      moreover have "1/z < e" using \<open>e>0\<close> \<open>z>1/e\<close>
        apply (cases z) apply auto
        by (metis (mono_tags, hide_lams) less_ereal.simps(2) less_ereal.simps(4) divide_less_eq ereal_divide_less_pos ereal_less(4)
            ereal_less_eq(4) less_le_trans mult_eq_0_iff not_le not_one_less_zero times_ereal.simps(1))
      ultimately have "1/z \ 0" "1/z < e" by auto
    }
    ultimately have "eventually (\n. 1/u nn. 1/u n\0) F" by (auto simp add: eventually_mono)
  } note * = this
  show ?thesis
  proof (subst order_tendsto_iff, auto)
    fix a::ereal assume "a<0"
    then show "eventually (\n. 1/u n > a) F" using *(2) eventually_mono less_le_trans linordered_field_no_ub by fastforce
  next
    fix a::ereal assume "a>0"
    then obtain e::real where "e>0" "a>e" using ereal_dense2 ereal_less(2) by blast
    then have "eventually (\n. 1/u n < e) F" using *(1) by auto
    then show "eventually (\n. 1/u n < a) F" using \a>e\ by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono less_trans)
  qed
qed

text \<open>The next lemma deserves to exist by itself, as it is so common and useful.\<close>

lemma tendsto_inverse_real [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"_ \ real"
  shows "(u \ l) F \ l \ 0 \ ((\x. 1/ u x) \ 1/l) F"
  using tendsto_inverse unfolding inverse_eq_divide .

lemma tendsto_inverse_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(u \ l) F" "l \ 0"
  shows "((\x. 1/ u x) \ 1/l) F"
proof (cases l)
  case (real r)
  then have "r \ 0" using assms(2) by auto
  then have "1/l = ereal(1/r)" using real by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  define v where "v = (\n. real_of_ereal(u n))"
  have ureal: "eventually (\n. u n = ereal(v n)) F" unfolding v_def using real_lim_then_eventually_real assms(1) real by auto
  then have "((\n. ereal(v n)) \ ereal r) F" using assms real v_def by auto
  then have *: "((\n. v n) \ r) F" by auto
  then have "((\n. 1/v n) \ 1/r) F" using \r \ 0\ tendsto_inverse_real by auto
  then have lim: "((\n. ereal(1/v n)) \ 1/l) F" using \1/l = ereal(1/r)\ by auto

  have "r \ -{0}" "open (-{(0::real)})" using \r \ 0\ by auto
  then have "eventually (\n. v n \ -{0}) F" using * using topological_tendstoD by blast
  then have "eventually (\n. v n \ 0) F" by auto
  moreover
  {
    fix n assume H: "v n \ 0" "u n = ereal(v n)"
    then have "ereal(1/v n) = 1/ereal(v n)" by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
    then have "ereal(1/v n) = 1/u n" using H(2) by simp
  }
  ultimately have "eventually (\n. ereal(1/v n) = 1/u n) F" using ureal eventually_elim2 by force
  with Lim_transform_eventually[OF lim this] show ?thesis by simp
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "1/l = 0" by auto
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf assms PInf by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "1/l = 0" by auto
  have "1/z = -1/ -z" if "z < 0" for z::ereal
    apply (cases z) using divide_ereal_def \<open> z < 0 \<close> by auto
  moreover have "eventually (\n. u n < 0) F" by (metis (no_types) MInf assms(1) tendsto_MInfty zero_ereal_def)
  ultimately have *: "eventually (\n. -1/-u n = 1/u n) F" by (simp add: eventually_mono)

  define v where "v = (\n. - u n)"
  have "(v \ \) F" unfolding v_def using MInf assms(1) tendsto_uminus_ereal by fastforce
  then have "((\n. 1/v n) \ 0) F" using tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf by auto
  then have "((\n. -1/v n) \ 0) F" using tendsto_uminus_ereal by fastforce
  then show ?thesis unfolding v_def using Lim_transform_eventually[OF _ *] \<open> 1/l = 0 \<close> by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_divide_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f g::"_ \ ereal"
  assumes "(f \ l) F" "(g \ m) F" "m \ 0" "\(abs(l) = \ \ abs(m) = \)"
  shows "((\x. f x / g x) \ l / m) F"
proof -
  define h where "h = (\x. 1/ g x)"
  have *: "(h \ 1/m) F" unfolding h_def using assms(2) assms(3) tendsto_inverse_ereal by auto
  have "((\x. f x * h x) \ l * (1/m)) F"
    apply (rule tendsto_mult_ereal[OF assms(1) *]) using assms(3) assms(4) by (auto simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  moreover have "f x * h x = f x / g x" for x unfolding h_def by (simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  moreover have "l * (1/m) = l/m" by (simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis unfolding h_def using Lim_transform_eventually by auto
qed

subsubsection \<open>Further limits\<close>

text \<open>The assumptions of @{thm tendsto_diff_ereal} are too strong, we weaken them here.\<close>

lemma tendsto_diff_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u v::"'a \ ereal"
  assumes "(u \ l) F" "(v \ m) F" "\((l = \ \ m = \) \ (l = -\ \ m = -\))"
  shows "((\n. u n - v n) \ l - m) F"
proof -
  have "((\n. u n + (-v n)) \ l + (-m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros assms) using assms by (auto simp add: ereal_uminus_eq_reorder)
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: minus_ereal_def)
qed

lemma id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf [tendsto_intros]:
  "(\ n::nat. real n) \ \"
by (simp add: filterlim_real_sequentially tendsto_PInfty_eq_at_top)

lemma tendsto_at_top_pseudo_inverse [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"nat \ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "LIM n sequentially. Inf {N. u N \ n} :> at_top"
proof -
  {
    fix C::nat
    define M where "M = Max {u n| n. n \ C}+1"
    {
      fix n assume "n \ M"
      have "eventually (\N. u N \ n) sequentially" using assms
        by (simp add: filterlim_at_top)
      then have *: "{N. u N \ n} \ {}" by force

      have "N > C" if "u N \ n" for N
      proof (rule ccontr)
        assume "\(N > C)"
        have "u N \ Max {u n| n. n \ C}"
          apply (rule Max_ge) using \<open>\<not>(N > C)\<close> by auto
        then show False using \<open>u N \<ge> n\<close> \<open>n \<ge> M\<close> unfolding M_def by auto
      qed
      then have **: "{N. u N \ n} \ {C..}" by fastforce
      have "Inf {N. u N \ n} \ C"
        by (metis "*" "**" Inf_nat_def1 atLeast_iff subset_eq)
    }
    then have "eventually (\n. Inf {N. u N \ n} \ C) sequentially"
      using eventually_sequentially by auto
  }
  then show ?thesis using filterlim_at_top by auto
qed

lemma pseudo_inverse_finite_set:
  fixes u::"nat \ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "finite {N. u N \ n}"
proof -
  fix n
  have "eventually (\N. u N \ n+1) sequentially" using assms
    by (simp add: filterlim_at_top)
  then obtain N1 where N1: "\N. N \ N1 \ u N \ n + 1"
    using eventually_sequentially by auto
  have "{N. u N \ n} \ {..
    apply auto using N1 by (metis Suc_eq_plus1 not_less not_less_eq_eq)
  then show "finite {N. u N \ n}" by (simp add: finite_subset)
qed

lemma tendsto_at_top_pseudo_inverse2 [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"nat \ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "LIM n sequentially. Max {N. u N \ n} :> at_top"
proof -
  {
    fix N0::nat
    have "N0 \ Max {N. u N \ n}" if "n \ u N0" for n
      apply (rule Max.coboundedI) using pseudo_inverse_finite_set[OF assms] that by auto
    then have "eventually (\n. N0 \ Max {N. u N \ n}) sequentially"
      using eventually_sequentially by blast
  }
  then show ?thesis using filterlim_at_top by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_top [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  shows "(\n::nat. min x n) \ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "min x n = x" if "n \ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "eventually (\n. min x n = x) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_eventually)
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "min x n = n" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis using id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf PInf by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "min x n = x" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_real_top [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  assumes "x \ - \"
  shows "(\n::nat. real_of_ereal(min x n)) \ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "min x n = x" if "n \ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "real_of_ereal(min x n) = r" if "n \ K" for n using real that by auto
  then have "eventually (\n. real_of_ereal(min x n) = r) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have "(\n. real_of_ereal(min x n)) \ r" by (simp add: tendsto_eventually)
  then show ?thesis using real by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "real_of_ereal(min x n) = n" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis using id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf PInf by auto
qed (simp add: assms)

lemma ereal_truncation_bottom [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  shows "(\n::nat. max x (- real n)) \ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" if "n \ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "eventually (\n. max x (-real n) = x) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_eventually)
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "max x (-real n) = (-1)* ereal(real n)" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  moreover have "(\n. (-1)* ereal(real n)) \ -\"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "-1", OF _ id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf] by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis using MInf by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_real_bottom [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  assumes "x \ \"
  shows "(\n::nat. real_of_ereal(max x (- real n))) \ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" if "n \ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = r" if "n \ K" for n using real that by auto
  then have "eventually (\n. real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = r) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have "(\n. real_of_ereal(max x (-real n))) \ r" by (simp add: tendsto_eventually)
  then show ?thesis using real by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = (-1)* ereal(real n)" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  moreover have "(\n. (-1)* ereal(real n)) \ -\"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "-1", OF _ id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf] by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis using MInf by auto
qed (simp add: assms)

text \<open>the next one is copied from \<open>tendsto_sum\<close>.\<close>
lemma tendsto_sum_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f :: "'a \ 'b \ ereal"
  assumes "\i. i \ S \ (f i \ a i) F"
          "\i. abs(a i) \ \"
  shows "((\x. \i\S. f i x) \ (\i\S. a i)) F"
proof (cases "finite S")
  assume "finite S" then show ?thesis using assms
    by (induct, simp, simp add: tendsto_add_ereal_general2 assms)
qed(simp)

lemma continuous_ereal_abs:
  "continuous_on (UNIV::ereal set) abs"
proof -
  have "continuous_on ({..0} \ {(0::ereal)..}) abs"
    apply (rule continuous_on_closed_Un, auto)
    apply (rule iffD1[OF continuous_on_cong, of "{..0}" _ "\x. -x"])
    using less_eq_ereal_def apply (auto simp add: continuous_uminus_ereal)
    apply (rule iffD1[OF continuous_on_cong, of "{0..}" _ "\x. x"])
      apply (auto)
    done
  moreover have "(UNIV::ereal set) = {..0} \ {(0::ereal)..}" by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemmas continuous_on_compose_ereal_abs[continuous_intros] =
  continuous_on_compose2[OF continuous_ereal_abs _ subset_UNIV]

lemma tendsto_abs_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  assumes "(u \ (l::ereal)) F"
  shows "((\n. abs(u n)) \ abs l) F"
using continuous_ereal_abs assms by (metis UNIV_I continuous_on tendsto_compose)

lemma ereal_minus_real_tendsto_MInf [tendsto_intros]:
  "(\x. ereal (- real x)) \ - \"
by (subst uminus_ereal.simps(1)[symmetric], intro tendsto_intros)

subsection \<open>Extended-Nonnegative-Real.thy\<close> (*FIX title *)

lemma tendsto_diff_ennreal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u v::"'a \ ennreal"
  assumes "(u \ l) F" "(v \ m) F" "\(l = \ \ m = \)"
  shows "((\n. u n - v n) \ l - m) F"
proof -
  have "((\n. e2ennreal(enn2ereal(u n) - enn2ereal(v n))) \ e2ennreal(enn2ereal l - enn2ereal m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros) using assms by  auto
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ennreal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes l m::ennreal
  assumes "(u \ l) F" "(v \ m) F" "\((l = 0 \ m = \) \ (l = \ \ m = 0))"
  shows "((\n. u n * v n) \ l * m) F"
proof -
  have "((\n. e2ennreal(enn2ereal (u n) * enn2ereal (v n))) \ e2ennreal(enn2ereal l * enn2ereal m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros) using assms apply auto
    using enn2ereal_inject zero_ennreal.rep_eq by fastforce+
  moreover have "e2ennreal(enn2ereal (u n) * enn2ereal (v n)) = u n * v n" for n
    by (subst times_ennreal.abs_eq[symmetric], auto simp add: eq_onp_same_args)
  moreover have "e2ennreal(enn2ereal l * enn2ereal m) = l * m"
    by (subst times_ennreal.abs_eq[symmetric], auto simp add: eq_onp_same_args)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

subsection \<open>monoset\<close> (*FIX ME title *)

definition (in order) mono_set:
  "mono_set S \ (\x y. x \ y \ x \ S \ y \ S)"

lemma (in order) mono_greaterThan [intro, simp]: "mono_set {B<..}" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_atLeast [intro, simp]: "mono_set {B..}" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_UNIV [intro, simp]: "mono_set UNIV" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_empty [intro, simp]: "mono_set {}" unfolding mono_set by auto

lemma (in complete_linorder) mono_set_iff:
  fixes S :: "'a set"
  defines "a \ Inf S"
  shows "mono_set S \ S = {a <..} \ S = {a..}" (is "_ = ?c")
proof
  assume "mono_set S"
  then have mono: "\x y. x \ y \ x \ S \ y \ S"
    by (auto simp: mono_set)
  show ?c
  proof cases
    assume "a \ S"
    show ?c
      using mono[OF _ \<open>a \<in> S\<close>]
      by (auto intro: Inf_lower simp: a_def)
  next
    assume "a \ S"
    have "S = {a <..}"
    proof safe
      fix x assume "x \ S"
      then have "a \ x"
        unfolding a_def by (rule Inf_lower)
      then show "a < x"
        using \<open>x \<in> S\<close> \<open>a \<notin> S\<close> by (cases "a = x") auto
    next
      fix x assume "a < x"
      then obtain y where "y < x" "y \ S"
        unfolding a_def Inf_less_iff ..
      with mono[of y x] show "x \ S"
        by auto
    qed
    then show ?c ..
  qed
qed auto

lemma ereal_open_mono_set:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "open S \ mono_set S \ S = UNIV \ S = {Inf S <..}"
  by (metis Inf_UNIV atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff ereal_open_atLeast
    ereal_open_closed mono_set_iff open_ereal_greaterThan)

lemma ereal_closed_mono_set:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "closed S \ mono_set S \ S = {} \ S = {Inf S ..}"
  by (metis Inf_UNIV atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff closed_ereal_atLeast
    ereal_open_closed mono_empty mono_set_iff open_ereal_greaterThan)

lemma ereal_Liminf_Sup_monoset:
  fixes f :: "'a \ ereal"
  shows "Liminf net f =
    Sup {l. \<forall>S. open S \<longrightarrow> mono_set S \<longrightarrow> l \<in> S \<longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. f x \<in> S) net}"
    (is "_ = Sup ?A")
proof (safe intro!: Liminf_eqI complete_lattice_class.Sup_upper complete_lattice_class.Sup_least)
  fix P
  assume P: "eventually P net"
  fix S
  assume S: "mono_set S" "Inf (f ` (Collect P)) \ S"
  {
    fix x
    assume "P x"
    then have "Inf (f ` (Collect P)) \ f x"
      by (intro complete_lattice_class.INF_lower) simp
    with S have "f x \ S"
      by (simp add: mono_set)
  }
  with P show "eventually (\x. f x \ S) net"
    by (auto elim: eventually_mono)
next
  fix y l
  assume S: "\S. open S \ mono_set S \ l \ S \ eventually (\x. f x \ S) net"
  assume P: "\P. eventually P net \ Inf (f ` (Collect P)) \ y"
  show "l \ y"
  proof (rule dense_le)
    fix B
    assume "B < l"
    then have "eventually (\x. f x \ {B <..}) net"
      by (intro S[rule_format]) auto
    then have "Inf (f ` {x. B < f x}) \ y"
      using P by auto
    moreover have "B \ Inf (f ` {x. B < f x})"
      by (intro INF_greatest) auto
    ultimately show "B \ y"
      by simp
  qed
qed

lemma ereal_Limsup_Inf_monoset:
  fixes f :: "'a \ ereal"
  shows "Limsup net f =
    Inf {l. \<forall>S. open S \<longrightarrow> mono_set (uminus ` S) \<longrightarrow> l \<in> S \<longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. f x \<in> S) net}"
    (is "_ = Inf ?A")
proof (safe intro!: Limsup_eqI complete_lattice_class.Inf_lower complete_lattice_class.Inf_greatest)
  fix P
  assume P: "eventually P net"
  fix S
  assume S: "mono_set (uminus`S)" "Sup (f ` (Collect P)) \ S"
  {
    fix x
    assume "P x"
    then have "f x \ Sup (f ` (Collect P))"
      by (intro complete_lattice_class.SUP_upper) simp
    with S(1)[unfolded mono_set, rule_format, of "- Sup (f ` (Collect P))" "- f x"] S(2)
    have "f x \ S"
      by (simp add: inj_image_mem_iff) }
  with P show "eventually (\x. f x \ S) net"
    by (auto elim: eventually_mono)
next
  fix y l
  assume S: "\S. open S \ mono_set (uminus ` S) \ l \ S \ eventually (\x. f x \ S) net"
  assume P: "\P. eventually P net \ y \ Sup (f ` (Collect P))"
  show "y \ l"
  proof (rule dense_ge)
    fix B
    assume "l < B"
    then have "eventually (\x. f x \ {..< B}) net"
      by (intro S[rule_format]) auto
    then have "y \ Sup (f ` {x. f x < B})"
      using P by auto
    moreover have "Sup (f ` {x. f x < B}) \ B"
      by (intro SUP_least) auto
    ultimately show "y \ B"
      by simp
  qed
qed

lemma liminf_bounded_open:
  fixes x :: "nat \ ereal"
  shows "x0 \ liminf x \ (\S. open S \ mono_set S \ x0 \ S \ (\N. \n\N. x n \ S))"
  (is "_ \ ?P x0")
proof
  assume "?P x0"
  then show "x0 \ liminf x"
    unfolding ereal_Liminf_Sup_monoset eventually_sequentially
    by (intro complete_lattice_class.Sup_upper) auto
next
  assume "x0 \ liminf x"
  {
    fix S :: "ereal set"
    assume om: "open S" "mono_set S" "x0 \ S"
    {
      assume "S = UNIV"
      then have "\N. \n\N. x n \ S"
        by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "S \ UNIV"
      then obtain B where B: "S = {B<..}"
        using om ereal_open_mono_set by auto
      then have "B < x0"
        using om by auto
      then have "\N. \n\N. x n \ S"
        unfolding B
        using \<open>x0 \<le> liminf x\<close> liminf_bounded_iff
        by auto
    }
    ultimately have "\N. \n\N. x n \ S"
      by auto
  }
  then show "?P x0"
    by auto
qed

lemma limsup_finite_then_bounded:
  fixes u::"nat \ real"
  assumes "limsup u < \"
  shows "\C. \n. u n \ C"
proof -
  obtain C where C: "limsup u < C" "C < \" using assms ereal_dense2 by blast
  then have "C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)" using ereal_real by force
  have "eventually (\n. u n < C) sequentially" using C(1) unfolding Limsup_def
    apply (auto simp add: INF_less_iff)
    using SUP_lessD eventually_mono by fastforce
  then obtain N where N: "\n. n \ N \ u n < C" using eventually_sequentially by auto
  define D where "D = max (real_of_ereal C) (Max {u n |n. n \ N})"
  have "\n. u n \ D"
  proof -
    fix n show "u n \ D"
    proof (cases)
      assume *: "n \ N"
      have "u n \ Max {u n |n. n \ N}" by (rule Max_ge, auto simp add: *)
      then show "u n \ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    next
      assume "\(n \ N)"
      then have "n \ N" by simp
      then have "u n < C" using N by auto
      then have "u n < real_of_ereal C" using \<open>C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)\<close> less_ereal.simps(1) by fastforce
      then show "u n \ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma liminf_finite_then_bounded_below:
  fixes u::"nat \ real"
  assumes "liminf u > -\"
  shows "\C. \n. u n \ C"
proof -
  obtain C where C: "liminf u > C" "C > -\" using assms using ereal_dense2 by blast
  then have "C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)" using ereal_real by force
  have "eventually (\n. u n > C) sequentially" using C(1) unfolding Liminf_def
    apply (auto simp add: less_SUP_iff)
    using eventually_elim2 less_INF_D by fastforce
  then obtain N where N: "\n. n \ N \ u n > C" using eventually_sequentially by auto
  define D where "D = min (real_of_ereal C) (Min {u n |n. n \ N})"
  have "\n. u n \ D"
  proof -
    fix n show "u n \ D"
    proof (cases)
      assume *: "n \ N"
      have "u n \ Min {u n |n. n \ N}" by (rule Min_le, auto simp add: *)
      then show "u n \ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    next
      assume "\(n \ N)"
      then have "n \ N" by simp
      then have "u n > C" using N by auto
      then have "u n > real_of_ereal C" using \<open>C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)\<close> less_ereal.simps(1) by fastforce
      then show "u n \ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma liminf_upper_bound:
  fixes u:: "nat \ ereal"
  assumes "liminf u < l"
  shows "\N>k. u N < l"
by (metis assms gt_ex less_le_trans liminf_bounded_iff not_less)

lemma limsup_shift:
  "limsup (\n. u (n+1)) = limsup u"
proof -
  have "(SUP m\{n+1..}. u m) = (SUP m\{n..}. u (m + 1))" for n
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using Suc_le_D by auto
  then have a: "(INF n. SUP m\{n..}. u (m + 1)) = (INF n. (SUP m\{n+1..}. u m))" by auto
  have b: "(INF n. (SUP m\{n+1..}. u m)) = (INF n\{1..}. (SUP m\{n..}. u m))"
    apply (rule INF_eq) using Suc_le_D by auto
  have "(INF n\{1..}. v n) = (INF n. v n)" if "decseq v" for v::"nat \ 'a"
    apply (rule INF_eq) using \<open>decseq v\<close> decseq_Suc_iff by auto
  moreover have "decseq (\n. (SUP m\{n..}. u m))" by (simp add: SUP_subset_mono decseq_def)
  ultimately have c: "(INF n\{1..}. (SUP m\{n..}. u m)) = (INF n. (SUP m\{n..}. u m))" by simp
  have "(INF n. Sup (u ` {n..})) = (INF n. SUP m\{n..}. u (m + 1))" using a b c by simp
  then show ?thesis by (auto cong: limsup_INF_SUP)
qed

lemma limsup_shift_k:
  "limsup (\n. u (n+k)) = limsup u"
proof (induction k)
  case (Suc k)
  have "limsup (\n. u (n+k+1)) = limsup (\n. u (n+k))" using limsup_shift[where ?u="\n. u(n+k)"] by simp
  then show ?case using Suc.IH by simp
qed (auto)

lemma liminf_shift:
  "liminf (\n. u (n+1)) = liminf u"
proof -
  have "(INF m\{n+1..}. u m) = (INF m\{n..}. u (m + 1))" for n
    apply (rule INF_eq) using Suc_le_D by (auto)
  then have a: "(SUP n. INF m\{n..}. u (m + 1)) = (SUP n. (INF m\{n+1..}. u m))" by auto
  have b: "(SUP n. (INF m\{n+1..}. u m)) = (SUP n\{1..}. (INF m\{n..}. u m))"
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using Suc_le_D by (auto)
  have "(SUP n\{1..}. v n) = (SUP n. v n)" if "incseq v" for v::"nat \ 'a"
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using \<open>incseq v\<close> incseq_Suc_iff by auto
  moreover have "incseq (\n. (INF m\{n..}. u m))" by (simp add: INF_superset_mono mono_def)
  ultimately have c: "(SUP n\{1..}. (INF m\{n..}. u m)) = (SUP n. (INF m\{n..}. u m))" by simp
  have "(SUP n. Inf (u ` {n..})) = (SUP n. INF m\{n..}. u (m + 1))" using a b c by simp
  then show ?thesis by (auto cong: liminf_SUP_INF)
qed

lemma liminf_shift_k:
  "liminf (\n. u (n+k)) = liminf u"
proof (induction k)
  case (Suc k)
  have "liminf (\n. u (n+k+1)) = liminf (\n. u (n+k))" using liminf_shift[where ?u="\n. u(n+k)"] by simp
  then show ?case using Suc.IH by simp
qed (auto)

lemma Limsup_obtain:
  fixes u::"_ \ 'a :: complete_linorder"
  assumes "Limsup F u > c"
  shows "\i. u i > c"
proof -
  have "(INF P\{P. eventually P F}. SUP x\{x. P x}. u x) > c" using assms by (simp add: Limsup_def)
  then show ?thesis by (metis eventually_True mem_Collect_eq less_INF_D less_SUP_iff)
qed

text \<open>The next lemma is extremely useful, as it often makes it possible to reduce statements
about limsups to statements about limits.\<close>

lemma limsup_subseq_lim:
  fixes u::"nat \ 'a :: {complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "\r::nat\nat. strict_mono r \ (u o r) \ limsup u"
proof (cases)
  assume "\n. \p>n. \m\p. u m \ u p"
  then have "\r. \n. (\m\r n. u m \ u (r n)) \ r n < r (Suc n)"
    by (intro dependent_nat_choice) (auto simp: conj_commute)
  then obtain r :: "nat \ nat" where "strict_mono r" and mono: "\n m. r n \ m \ u m \ u (r n)"
    by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  define umax where "umax = (\n. (SUP m\{n..}. u m))"
  have "decseq umax" unfolding umax_def by (simp add: SUP_subset_mono antimono_def)
  then have "umax \ limsup u" unfolding umax_def by (metis LIMSEQ_INF limsup_INF_SUP)
  then have *: "(umax o r) \ limsup u" by (simp add: LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ \strict_mono r\)
  have "\n. umax(r n) = u(r n)" unfolding umax_def using mono
    by (metis SUP_le_iff antisym atLeast_def mem_Collect_eq order_refl)
  then have "umax o r = u o r" unfolding o_def by simp
  then have "(u o r) \ limsup u" using * by simp
  then show ?thesis using \<open>strict_mono r\<close> by blast
next
  assume "\ (\n. \p>n. (\m\p. u m \ u p))"
  then obtain N where N: "\p. p > N \ \m>p. u p < u m" by (force simp: not_le le_less)
  have "\r. \n. N < r n \ r n < r (Suc n) \ (\i\ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i \ u (r (Suc n)))"
  proof (rule dependent_nat_choice)
    fix x assume "N < x"
    then have a: "finite {N<..x}" "{N<..x} \ {}" by simp_all
    have "Max {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}} \ {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" apply (rule Max_in) using a by (auto)
    then obtain p where "p \ {N<..x}" and upmax: "u p = Max{u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" by auto
    define U where "U = {m. m > p \ u p < u m}"
    have "U \ {}" unfolding U_def using N[of p] \p \ {N<..x}\ by auto
    define y where "y = Inf U"
    then have "y \ U" using \U \ {}\ by (simp add: Inf_nat_def1)
    have a: "\i. i \ {N<..x} \ u i \ u p"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i \ {N<..x}"
      then have "u i \ {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" by blast
      then show "u i \ u p" using upmax by simp
    qed
    moreover have "u p < u y" using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> U_def by auto
    ultimately have "y \ {N<..x}" using not_le by blast
    moreover have "y > N" using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> U_def \<open>p \<in> {N<..x}\<close> by auto
    ultimately have "y > x" by auto

    have "\i. i \ {N<..y} \ u i \ u y"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i \ {N<..y}" show "u i \ u y"
      proof (cases)
        assume "i = y"
        then show ?thesis by simp
      next
        assume "\(i=y)"
        then have i:"i \ {N<..i \ {N<..y}\ by simp
        have "u i \ u p"
        proof (cases)
          assume "i \ x"
          then have "i \ {N<..x}" using i by simp
          then show ?thesis using a by simp
        next
          assume "\(i \ x)"
          then have "i > x" by simp
          then have *: "i > p" using \<open>p \<in> {N<..x}\<close> by simp
          have "i < Inf U" using i y_def by simp
          then have "i \ U" using Inf_nat_def not_less_Least by auto
          then show ?thesis using U_def * by auto
        qed
        then show "u i \ u y" using \u p < u y\ by auto
      qed
    qed
    then have "N < y \ x < y \ (\i\{N<..y}. u i \ u y)" using \y > x\ \y > N\ by auto
    then show "\y>N. x < y \ (\i\{N<..y}. u i \ u y)" by auto
  qed (auto)
  then obtain r where r: "\n. N < r n \ r n < r (Suc n) \ (\i\ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i \ u (r (Suc n)))" by auto
  have "strict_mono r" using r by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  have "incseq (u o r)" unfolding o_def using r by (simp add: incseq_SucI order.strict_implies_order)
  then have "(u o r) \ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using LIMSEQ_SUP by blast
  then have "limsup (u o r) = (SUP n. (u o r) n)" by (simp add: lim_imp_Limsup)
  moreover have "limsup (u o r) \ limsup u" using \strict_mono r\ by (simp add: limsup_subseq_mono)
  ultimately have "(SUP n. (u o r) n) \ limsup u" by simp

  {
    fix i assume i: "i \ {N<..}"
    obtain n where "i < r (Suc n)" using \<open>strict_mono r\<close> using Suc_le_eq seq_suble by blast
    then have "i \ {N<..r(Suc n)}" using i by simp
    then have "u i \ u (r(Suc n))" using r by simp
    then have "u i \ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" unfolding o_def by (meson SUP_upper2 UNIV_I)
  }
  then have "(SUP i\{N<..}. u i) \ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using SUP_least by blast
  then have "limsup u \ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" unfolding Limsup_def
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) INF_lower2 atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeast_def eventually_ge_at_top mem_Collect_eq)
  then have "limsup u = (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using \<open>(SUP n. (u o r) n) \<le> limsup u\<close> by simp
  then have "(u o r) \ limsup u" using \(u o r) \ (SUP n. (u o r) n)\ by simp
  then show ?thesis using \<open>strict_mono r\<close> by auto
qed

lemma liminf_subseq_lim:
  fixes u::"nat \ 'a :: {complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "\r::nat\nat. strict_mono r \ (u o r) \ liminf u"
proof (cases)
  assume "\n. \p>n. \m\p. u m \ u p"
  then have "\r. \n. (\m\r n. u m \ u (r n)) \ r n < r (Suc n)"
    by (intro dependent_nat_choice) (auto simp: conj_commute)
  then obtain r :: "nat \ nat" where "strict_mono r" and mono: "\n m. r n \ m \ u m \ u (r n)"
    by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  define umin where "umin = (\n. (INF m\{n..}. u m))"
  have "incseq umin" unfolding umin_def by (simp add: INF_superset_mono incseq_def)
  then have "umin \ liminf u" unfolding umin_def by (metis LIMSEQ_SUP liminf_SUP_INF)
  then have *: "(umin o r) \ liminf u" by (simp add: LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ \strict_mono r\)
  have "\n. umin(r n) = u(r n)" unfolding umin_def using mono
    by (metis le_INF_iff antisym atLeast_def mem_Collect_eq order_refl)
  then have "umin o r = u o r" unfolding o_def by simp
  then have "(u o r) \ liminf u" using * by simp
  then show ?thesis using \<open>strict_mono r\<close> by blast
next
  assume "\ (\n. \p>n. (\m\p. u m \ u p))"
  then obtain N where N: "\p. p > N \ \m>p. u p > u m" by (force simp: not_le le_less)
  have "\r. \n. N < r n \ r n < r (Suc n) \ (\i\ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i \ u (r (Suc n)))"
  proof (rule dependent_nat_choice)
    fix x assume "N < x"
    then have a: "finite {N<..x}" "{N<..x} \ {}" by simp_all
    have "Min {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}} \ {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" apply (rule Min_in) using a by (auto)
    then obtain p where "p \ {N<..x}" and upmin: "u p = Min{u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" by auto
    define U where "U = {m. m > p \ u p > u m}"
    have "U \ {}" unfolding U_def using N[of p] \p \ {N<..x}\ by auto
    define y where "y = Inf U"
    then have "y \ U" using \U \ {}\ by (simp add: Inf_nat_def1)
    have a: "\i. i \ {N<..x} \ u i \ u p"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i \ {N<..x}"
      then have "u i \ {u i |i. i \ {N<..x}}" by blast
      then show "u i \ u p" using upmin by simp
    qed
    moreover have "u p > u y" using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> U_def by auto
    ultimately have "y \ {N<..x}" using not_le by blast
    moreover have "y > N" using \<open>y \<in> U\<close> U_def \<open>p \<in> {N<..x}\<close> by auto
    ultimately have "y > x" by auto

    have "\i. i \ {N<..y} \ u i \ u y"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i \ {N<..y}" show "u i \ u y"
      proof (cases)
        assume "i = y"
        then show ?thesis by simp
      next
        assume "\(i=y)"
        then have i:"i \ {N<..i \ {N<..y}\ by simp
        have "u i \ u p"
        proof (cases)
          assume "i \ x"
          then have "i \ {N<..x}" using i by simp
          then show ?thesis using a by simp
        next
          assume "\(i \ x)"
          then have "i > x" by simp
          then have *: "i > p" using \<open>p \<in> {N<..x}\<close> by simp
          have "i < Inf U" using i y_def by simp
          then have "i \ U" using Inf_nat_def not_less_Least by auto
          then show ?thesis using U_def * by auto
        qed
        then show "u i \ u y" using \u p > u y\ by auto
      qed
    qed
    then have "N < y \ x < y \ (\i\{N<..y}. u i \ u y)" using \y > x\ \y > N\ by auto
    then show "\y>N. x < y \ (\i\{N<..y}. u i \ u y)" by auto
  qed (auto)
  then obtain r :: "nat \ nat"
    where r: "\n. N < r n \ r n < r (Suc n) \ (\i\ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i \ u (r (Suc n)))" by auto
  have "strict_mono r" using r by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  have "decseq (u o r)" unfolding o_def using r by (simp add: decseq_SucI order.strict_implies_order)
  then have "(u o r) \ (INF n. (u o r) n)" using LIMSEQ_INF by blast
  then have "liminf (u o r) = (INF n. (u o r) n)" by (simp add: lim_imp_Liminf)
  moreover have "liminf (u o r) \ liminf u" using \strict_mono r\ by (simp add: liminf_subseq_mono)
  ultimately have "(INF n. (u o r) n) \ liminf u" by simp

  {
    fix i assume i: "i \ {N<..}"
--> --------------------

--> maximum size reached

--> --------------------

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Untersuchung Isabelle^©

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Quellcode-Bibliothek

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Datei: Document_Preparation.thy Sprache: Isabelle

Untersuchung Isabelle©

¤ Diese beiden folgenden Angebotsgruppen bietet das Unternehmen0.33Angebot Wie Sie bei der Firma Beratungs- und Dienstleistungen beauftragen können ¤

schauen Sie vor die Tür

Die Firma ist wie angegeben erreichbar.

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^© Kompilation durch diese Firma

Untersuchung Isabelle^©