theory Harmonic_Numbers imports
Complex_Transcendental
Summation_Tests begin
text‹
The definition of the Harmonic Numbers and the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
Also provides a reasonably accurate approximation of term‹ln 2 :: real›
and the Euler-Mascheroni constant. ›
subsection‹The Harmonic numbers›
definition✐‹tag important› harm :: "nat → 'a :: real_normed_field"where "harm n = (∑k=1..n. inverse (of_nat k))"
lemma harm_altdef: "harm n = (∑k<n. inverse (of_nat (Suc k)))" unfolding harm_def by (induction n) simp_all
lemma harm_Suc: "harm (Suc n) = harm n + inverse (of_nat (Suc n))" by (simp add: harm_def)
lemma harm_nonneg: "harm n ≥ (0 :: 'a :: {real_normed_field,linordered_field})" unfolding harm_def by (intro sum_nonneg) simp_all
lemma harm_pos: "n > 0 ==> harm n > (0 :: 'a :: {real_normed_field,linordered_field})" unfolding harm_def by (intro sum_pos) simp_all
lemma harm_mono: "m ≤ n ==> harm m ≤ (harm n :: 'a :: {real_normed_field,linordered_field})" by(simp add: harm_def sum_mono2)
lemma harm_pos_iff [simp]: "harm n > (0 :: 'a :: {real_normed_field,linordered_field}) ⟷ n > 0" by (rule iffI, cases n, simp add: harm_expand, simp, rule harm_pos)
lemma ln_diff_le_inverse: assumes"x ≥ (1::real)" shows"ln (x + 1) - ln x < 1 / x" proof - from assms have"∃z>x. z < x + 1 ∧ ln (x + 1) - ln x = (x + 1 - x) * inverse z" by (intro MVT2) (auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp: field_simps) thenobtain z where z: "z > x""z < x + 1""ln (x + 1) - ln x = inverse z"by auto have"ln (x + 1) - ln x = inverse z"by fact alsofrom z(1,2) assms have"… < 1 / x"by (simp add: field_simps) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma ln_le_harm: "ln (real n + 1) ≤ (harm n :: real)" proof (induction n) fix n assume IH: "ln (real n + 1) ≤ harm n" have"ln (real (Suc n) + 1) = ln (real n + 1) + (ln (real n + 2) - ln (real n + 1))"by simp alsohave"(ln (real n + 2) - ln (real n + 1)) ≤ 1 / real (Suc n)" using ln_diff_le_inverse[of "real n + 1"] by (simp add: add_ac) alsonote IH alsohave"harm n + 1 / real (Suc n) = harm (Suc n)"by (simp add: harm_Suc field_simps) finallyshow"ln (real (Suc n) + 1) ≤ harm (Suc n)"by - simp qed (simp_all add: harm_def)
lemma harm_at_top: "filterlim (harm :: nat → real) at_top sequentially" proof (rule filterlim_at_top_mono) show"eventually (λn. harm n ≥ ln (real (Suc n))) at_top" using ln_le_harm by (intro always_eventually allI) (simp_all add: add_ac) show"filterlim (λn. ln (real (Suc n))) at_top sequentially" by (intro filterlim_compose[OF ln_at_top] filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_real_sequentially]
filterlim_Suc) qed
subsection‹The Euler-Mascheroni constant›
text‹
The limit of the difference between the partial harmonic sum and the natural logarithm
(approximately 0.577216). This value occurs e.g. in the definition of the Gamma function. › definition euler_mascheroni :: "'a :: real_normed_algebra_1"where "euler_mascheroni = of_real (lim (λn. harm n - ln (of_nat n)))"
lemma euler_mascheroni_sequence_nonneg: assumes"n > 0" shows"harm n - ln (real n) ≥ (0 :: real)" proof - have"ln (real n) ≤ ln (real n + 1)" using assms by simp alsohave"…≤ harm n" by (rule harm_ge_ln) finallyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma euler_mascheroni_convergent: "convergent (λn. harm n - ln n)" proof - have"harm (Suc n) - ln (real (Suc n)) ≥ 0"for n :: nat using euler_mascheroni_sequence_nonneg[of "Suc n"] by simp hence"convergent (λn. harm (Suc n) - ln (Suc n))" by (intro Bseq_monoseq_convergent decseq_bounded[of _ 0] decseq_harm_diff_ln decseq_imp_monoseq)
auto thus ?thesis by (subst (asm) convergent_Suc_iff) qed
lemma euler_mascheroni_sequence_decreasing: "m > 0 ==> m ≤ n ==> harm n - ln (of_nat n) ≤ harm m - ln (of_nat m :: real)" using decseqD[OF decseq_harm_diff_ln, of "m - 1""n - 1"] by simp
subsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Bounds on the Euler-Mascheroni constant› (* TODO: perhaps move this section away to remove unnecessary dependency on integration *)
(* TODO: Move? *) lemma ln_inverse_approx_le: assumes"(x::real) > 0""a > 0" shows"ln (x + a) - ln x ≤ a * (inverse x + inverse (x + a))/2" (is"_ ≤ ?A") proof - define f' where"f' = (inverse (x + a) - inverse x)/a" let ?f = "λt. (t - x) * f' + inverse x" let ?F = "λt. (t - x)^2 * f' / 2 + t * inverse x"
have deriv: "∃D. ((λx. ?F x - ln x) has_field_derivative D) (at ξ) ∧ D ≥ 0" if"ξ ≥ x""ξ ≤ x + a"for ξ proof - from that assms have t: "0 ≤ (ξ - x) / a""(ξ - x) / a ≤ 1"by simp_all have"inverse ξ = inverse ((1 - (ξ - x) / a) *R x + ((ξ - x) / a) *R (x + a))" (is"_ = ?A") using assms by (simp add: field_simps) alsofrom assms have"convex_on {x..x+a} inverse"by (intro convex_on_inverse) auto from convex_onD_Icc[OF this _ t] assms have"?A ≤ (1 - (ξ - x) / a) * inverse x + (ξ - x) / a * inverse (x + a)"by simp alsohave"… = (ξ - x) * f' + inverse x"using assms by (simp add: f'_def divide_simps) (simp add: field_simps) finallyhave"?f ξ - 1 / ξ ≥ 0"by (simp add: field_simps) moreoverhave"((λx. ?F x - ln x) has_field_derivative ?f ξ - 1 / ξ) (at ξ)" using that assms by (auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp: field_simps) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed have"?F x - ln x ≤ ?F (x + a) - ln (x + a)" by (rule DERIV_nonneg_imp_nondecreasing[of x "x + a", OF _ deriv]) (use assms in auto) thus ?thesis using assms by (simp add: f'_def divide_simps) (simp add: algebra_simps power2_eq_square)? qed
lemma ln_inverse_approx_ge: assumes"(x::real) > 0""x < y" shows"ln y - ln x ≥ 2 * (y - x) / (x + y)" (is"_ ≥ ?A") proof - define m where"m = (x+y)/2" define f' where"f' = -inverse (m^2)" from assms have m: "m > 0"by (simp add: m_def) let ?F = "λt. (t - m)^2 * f' / 2 + t / m" let ?f = "λt. (t - m) * f' + inverse m"
have deriv: "∃D. ((λx. ln x - ?F x) has_field_derivative D) (at ξ) ∧ D ≥ 0" if"ξ ≥ x""ξ ≤ y"for ξ proof - from that assms have"inverse ξ - inverse m ≥ f' * (ξ - m)" by (intro convex_on_imp_above_tangent[of "{0<..}"] convex_on_inverse)
(auto simp: m_def interior_open f'_def power2_eq_square intro!: derivative_eq_intros) hence"1 / ξ - ?f ξ ≥ 0"by (simp add: field_simps f'_def) moreoverhave"((λx. ln x - ?F x) has_field_derivative 1 / ξ - ?f ξ) (at ξ)" using that assms m by (auto intro!: derivative_eq_intros simp: field_simps) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed have"ln x - ?F x ≤ ln y - ?F y" by (rule DERIV_nonneg_imp_nondecreasing[of x y, OF _ deriv]) (use assms in auto) hence"ln y - ln x ≥ ?F y - ?F x" by (simp add: algebra_simps) alsohave"?F y - ?F x = ?A" using assms by (simp add: f'_def m_def divide_simps) (simp add: algebra_simps power2_eq_square) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma euler_mascheroni_lower: "euler_mascheroni ≥ harm (Suc n) - ln (real_of_nat (n + 2)) + 1/real_of_nat (2 * (n + 2))" and euler_mascheroni_upper: "euler_mascheroni ≤ harm (Suc n) - ln (real_of_nat (n + 2)) + 1/real_of_nat (2 * (n + 1))" proof - define D :: "_ → real" where"D n = inverse (of_nat (n+1)) + ln (of_nat (n+1)) - ln (of_nat (n+2))"for n let ?g = "λn. ln (of_nat (n+2)) - ln (of_nat (n+1)) - inverse (of_nat (n+1)) :: real" define inv where [abs_def]: "inv n = inverse (real_of_nat n)"for n fix n :: nat note summable = sums_summable[OF euler_mascheroni_sum_real, folded D_def] have sums: "(λk. (inv (Suc (k + (n+1))) - inv (Suc (Suc k + (n+1))))/2) sums ((inv (Suc (0 + (n+1))) - 0)/2)" unfolding inv_def by (intro sums_divide telescope_sums' LIMSEQ_ignore_initial_segment LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat) have sums': "(λk. (inv (Suc (k + n)) - inv (Suc (Suc k + n)))/2) sums ((inv (Suc (0 + n)) - 0)/2)" unfolding inv_def by (intro sums_divide telescope_sums' LIMSEQ_ignore_initial_segment LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat) from euler_mascheroni_sum_real have"euler_mascheroni = (∑k. D k)" by (simp add: sums_iff D_def) alsohave"… = (∑k. D (k + Suc n)) + (∑k≤n. D k)" by (subst suminf_split_initial_segment[OF summable, of "Suc n"],
subst lessThan_Suc_atMost) simp finallyhave sum: "(∑k≤n. D k) - euler_mascheroni = -(∑k. D (k + Suc n))"by simp
note sum alsohave"…≤ -(∑k. (inv (k + Suc n + 1) - inv (k + Suc n + 2)) / 2)" proof (intro le_imp_neg_le suminf_le allI summable_ignore_initial_segment[OF summable]) fix k' :: nat define k where"k = k' + Suc n" hence k: "k > 0"by (simp add: k_def) have"real_of_nat (k+1) > 0"by (simp add: k_def) with ln_inverse_approx_le[OF this zero_less_one] have"ln (of_nat k + 2) - ln (of_nat k + 1) ≤ (inv (k+1) + inv (k+2))/2" by (simp add: inv_def add_ac) hence"(inv (k+1) - inv (k+2))/2 ≤ inv (k+1) + ln (of_nat (k+1)) - ln (of_nat (k+2))" by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"… = D k"unfolding D_def inv_def .. finallyshow"D (k' + Suc n) ≥ (inv (k' + Suc n + 1) - inv (k' + Suc n + 2)) / 2" by (simp add: k_def) from sums_summable[OF sums] show"summable (λk. (inv (k + Suc n + 1) - inv (k + Suc n + 2))/2)"by simp qed alsofrom sums have"… = -inv (n+2) / 2"by (simp add: sums_iff) finallyhave"euler_mascheroni ≥ (∑k≤n. D k) + 1 / (of_nat (2 * (n+2)))" by (simp add: inv_def field_simps) alsohave"(∑k≤n. D k) = harm (Suc n) - (∑k≤n. ln (real_of_nat (Suc k+1)) - ln (of_nat (k+1)))" unfolding harm_altdef D_def by (subst lessThan_Suc_atMost) (simp add: sum.distrib sum_subtractf) alsohave"(∑k≤n. ln (real_of_nat (Suc k+1)) - ln (of_nat (k+1))) = ln (of_nat (n+2))" by (subst atLeast0AtMost [symmetric], subst sum_Suc_diff) simp_all finallyshow"euler_mascheroni ≥ harm (Suc n) - ln (real_of_nat (n + 2)) + 1/real_of_nat (2 * (n + 2))" by simp
note sum alsohave"-(∑k. D (k + Suc n)) ≥ -(∑k. (inv (Suc (k + n)) - inv (Suc (Suc k + n)))/2)" proof (intro le_imp_neg_le suminf_le allI summable_ignore_initial_segment[OF summable]) fix k' :: nat define k where"k = k' + Suc n" hence k: "k > 0"by (simp add: k_def) have"real_of_nat (k+1) > 0"by (simp add: k_def) from ln_inverse_approx_ge[of "of_nat k + 1""of_nat k + 2"] have"2 / (2 * real_of_nat k + 3) ≤ ln (of_nat (k+2)) - ln (real_of_nat (k+1))" by (simp add: add_ac) hence"D k ≤ 1 / real_of_nat (k+1) - 2 / (2 * real_of_nat k + 3)" by (simp add: D_def inverse_eq_divide inv_def) alsohave"… = inv ((k+1)*(2*k+3))"unfolding inv_def by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"…≤ inv (2*k*(k+1))"unfolding inv_def using k by (intro le_imp_inverse_le)
(simp add: algebra_simps, simp del: of_nat_add) alsohave"… = (inv k - inv (k+1))/2"unfolding inv_def using k by (simp add: divide_simps del: of_nat_mult) (simp add: algebra_simps) finallyshow"D k ≤ (inv (Suc (k' + n)) - inv (Suc (Suc k' + n)))/2"unfolding k_def by simp next from sums_summable[OF sums'] show"summable (λk. (inv (Suc (k + n)) - inv (Suc (Suc k + n)))/2)"by simp qed alsofrom sums' have"(∑k. (inv (Suc (k + n)) - inv (Suc (Suc k + n)))/2) = inv (n+1)/2" by (simp add: sums_iff) finallyhave"euler_mascheroni ≤ (∑k≤n. D k) + 1 / of_nat (2 * (n+1))" by (simp add: inv_def field_simps) alsohave"(∑k≤n. D k) = harm (Suc n) - (∑k≤n. ln (real_of_nat (Suc k+1)) - ln (of_nat (k+1)))" unfolding harm_altdef D_def by (subst lessThan_Suc_atMost) (simp add: sum.distrib sum_subtractf) alsohave"(∑k≤n. ln (real_of_nat (Suc k+1)) - ln (of_nat (k+1))) = ln (of_nat (n+2))" by (subst atLeast0AtMost [symmetric], subst sum_Suc_diff) simp_all finallyshow"euler_mascheroni ≤ harm (Suc n) - ln (real_of_nat (n + 2)) + 1/real_of_nat (2 * (n + 1))" by simp qed
lemma euler_mascheroni_pos: "euler_mascheroni > (0::real)" using euler_mascheroni_lower[of 0] ln_2_less_1 by (simp add: harm_def)
context begin
privatelemma ln_approx_aux: fixes n :: nat and x :: real defines"y ≡ (x-1)/(x+1)" assumes x: "x > 0""x ≠ 1" shows"inverse (2*y^(2*n+1)) * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1))) ∈ {0..(1 / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))}" proof - from x have norm_y: "norm y < 1"unfolding y_def by simp from power_strict_mono[OF this, of 2] have norm_y': "norm y^2 < 1"by simp
let ?f = "λk. 2 * y ^ (2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1)" note sums = ln_series_quadratic[OF x(1)] define c where"c = inverse (2*y^(2*n+1))" let ?d = "c * (ln x - (∑k<n. ?f k))" have"∧k. y2^k / of_nat (2*(k+n)+1) ≤ y2 ^ k / of_nat (2*n+1)" by (intro divide_left_mono mult_right_mono mult_pos_pos zero_le_power[of "y^2"]) simp_all moreover { have"(λk. ?f (k + n)) sums (ln x - (∑k<n. ?f k))" using sums_split_initial_segment[OF sums] by (simp add: y_def) hence"(λk. c * ?f (k + n)) sums ?d"by (rule sums_mult) alsohave"(λk. c * (2*y^(2*(k+n)+1) / of_nat (2*(k+n)+1))) = (λk. (c * (2*y^(2*n+1))) * ((y^2)^k / of_nat (2*(k+n)+1)))" by (simp only: ring_distribs power_add power_mult) (simp add: mult_ac) alsofrom x have"c * (2*y^(2*n+1)) = 1"by (simp add: c_def y_def) finallyhave"(λk. (y^2)^k / of_nat (2*(k+n)+1)) sums ?d"by simp
} note sums' = this moreoverfrom norm_y' have"(λk. (y^2)^k / of_nat (2*n+1)) sums (1 / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))" by (intro sums_divide geometric_sums) (simp_all add: norm_power) ultimatelyhave"?d ≤ (1 / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))"by (rule sums_le) moreoverhave"c * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2 * y ^ (2 * k + 1) / real_of_nat (2 * k + 1))) ≥ 0" by (intro sums_le[OF _ sums_zero sums']) simp_all ultimatelyshow ?thesis unfolding c_def by simp qed
lemma fixes n :: nat and x :: real defines"y ≡ (x-1)/(x+1)" defines"approx ≡ (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1))" defines"d ≡ y^(2*n+1) / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1)" assumes x: "x > 1" shows ln_approx_bounds: "ln x ∈ {approx..approx + 2*d}" and ln_approx_abs: "abs (ln x - (approx + d)) ≤ d" proof - define c where"c = 2*y^(2*n+1)" from x have c_pos: "c > 0"unfolding c_def y_def by (intro mult_pos_pos zero_less_power) simp_all have A: "inverse c * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1))) ∈ {0.. (1 / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))}"using assms unfolding y_def c_def by (intro ln_approx_aux) simp_all hence"inverse c * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1)/of_nat (2*k+1))) ≤ (1 / (1-y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))" by simp hence"(ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1))) / c ≤ (1 / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1))" by (auto simp add: field_split_simps) with c_pos have"ln x ≤ c / (1 - y^2) / of_nat (2*n+1) + approx" by (subst (asm) pos_divide_le_eq) (simp_all add: mult_ac approx_def) moreover { from A c_pos have"0 ≤ c * (inverse c * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1))))" by (intro mult_nonneg_nonneg[of c]) simp_all alsohave"… = (c * inverse c) * (ln x - (∑k<n. 2*y^(2*k+1) / of_nat (2*k+1)))" by (simp add: mult_ac) alsofrom c_pos have"c * inverse c = 1"by simp finallyhave"ln x ≥ approx"by (simp add: approx_def)
} ultimatelyshow"ln x ∈ {approx..approx + 2*d}"by (simp add: c_def d_def) thus"abs (ln x - (approx + d)) ≤ d"by auto qed
lemma euler_mascheroni_bounds': fixes n :: nat assumes"n ≥ 1""ln (real_of_nat (Suc n)) ∈ {l<..<u}" shows"euler_mascheroni ∈ {harm n - u + inverse (of_nat (2*(n+1)))<..<harm n - l + inverse (of_nat (2*n))}" using euler_mascheroni_bounds[OF assms(1)] assms(2) by auto
text‹
Approximation of term‹ln 2›. The lower bound is accurate to about 0.03; the upper
bound is accurate to about 0.0015. › lemma ln2_ge_two_thirds: "2/3 ≤ ln (2::real)" and ln2_le_25_over_36: "ln (2::real) ≤ 25/36" using ln_approx_bounds[of 21, simplified, simplified eval_nat_numeral, simplified] by simp_all
text‹
Approximation of the Euler-Mascheroni constant. The lower bound is accurate to about 0.0015;
the upper bound is accurate to about 0.015. › lemma euler_mascheroni_gt_19_over_33: "(euler_mascheroni :: real) > 19/33" (is ?th1) and euler_mascheroni_less_13_over_22: "(euler_mascheroni :: real) < 13/22" (is ?th2) proof - have"ln (real (Suc 7)) = 3 * ln 2"by (simp add: ln_powr [symmetric]) alsofrom ln_approx_bounds[of 23] have"…∈ {3*307/443<..<3*4615/6658}" by (simp add: eval_nat_numeral) finallyhave"ln (real (Suc 7)) ∈…" . from euler_mascheroni_bounds'[OF _ this] have"?th1 ∧ ?th2"by (simp_all add: harm_expand) thus ?th1 ?th2 by blast+ qed
end
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