theory Invariance_of_Domain imports Brouwer_Degree "HOL-Analysis.Continuous_Extension""HOL-Analysis.Homeomorphism"
begin
subsection‹Degree invariance mod 2 for map between pairs›
theorem Borsuk_odd_mapping_degree_step: assumes cmf: "continuous_map (nsphere n) (nsphere n) f" and f: "∧u. u ∈ topspace(nsphere n) ==> (f ∘ (λx i. -x i)) u = ((λx i. -x i) ∘ f) u" and fim: "f ∈ (topspace(nsphere(n - Suc 0))) → topspace(nsphere(n - Suc 0))" shows"even (Brouwer_degree2 n f - Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) f)" proof (cases "n = 0") case False define neg where"neg ≡ λx::nat→real. λi. -x i" define upper where"upper ≡ λn. {x::nat→real. x n ≥ 0}" define lower where"lower ≡ λn. {x::nat→real. x n ≤ 0}" define equator where"equator ≡ λn. {x::nat→real. x n = 0}" define usphere where"usphere ≡ λn. subtopology (nsphere n) (upper n)" define lsphere where"lsphere ≡ λn. subtopology (nsphere n) (lower n)" have [simp]: "neg x i = -x i"for x i by (force simp: neg_def) have equator_upper: "equator n ⊆ upper n" by (force simp: equator_def upper_def) thenhave [simp]: "id ∈ equator n → upper n" by force have upper_usphere: "subtopology (nsphere n) (upper n) = usphere n" by (simp add: usphere_def) let ?rhgn = "relative_homology_group n (nsphere n)" let ?hi_ee = "hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n)" interpret GE: comm_group "?rhgn (equator n)" by simp interpret HB: group_hom "?rhgn (equator n)" "homology_group (int n - 1) (subtopology (nsphere n) (equator n))" "hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n)" by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_boundary_hom) interpret HIU: group_hom "?rhgn (equator n)" "?rhgn (upper n)" "hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id" by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_induced_hom) have subt_eq: "subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n = 0} = nsphere (n - Suc 0)" by (metis False Suc_pred le_zero_eq not_le subtopology_nsphere_equator) thenhave equ: "subtopology (nsphere n) (equator n) = nsphere(n - Suc 0)" "subtopology (lsphere n) (equator n) = nsphere(n - Suc 0)" "subtopology (usphere n) (equator n) = nsphere(n - Suc 0)" using False by (auto simp: lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def
subtopology_subtopology simp flip: Collect_conj_eq cong: rev_conj_cong) have cmr: "continuous_map (nsphere(n - Suc 0)) (nsphere(n - Suc 0)) f" by (metis cmf continuous_map_from_subtopology continuous_map_in_subtopology equ(1)
fim subtopology_restrict topspace_subtopology) have"f x n = 0"if"x ∈ topspace (nsphere n)""x n = 0"for x proof - have"x ∈ topspace (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" by (simp add: that topspace_nsphere_minus1) moreoverhave"topspace (nsphere n) ∩ {f. f n = 0} = topspace (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" by (metis subt_eq topspace_subtopology) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using fim by auto qed thenhave fimeq: "f ∈ (topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n) → topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n" using fim cmf by (auto simp: equator_def continuous_map_def image_subset_iff) have"∧k. continuous_map (powertop_real UNIV) euclideanreal (λx. - x k)" by (metis UNIV_I continuous_map_product_projection continuous_map_minus) thenhave cm_neg: "continuous_map (nsphere m) (nsphere m) neg"for m by (force simp: nsphere continuous_map_in_subtopology neg_def continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV intro: continuous_map_from_subtopology) thenhave cm_neg_lu: "continuous_map (lsphere n) (usphere n) neg" by (auto simp: lsphere_def usphere_def lower_def upper_def continuous_map_from_subtopology continuous_map_in_subtopology) have neg_in_top_iff: "neg x ∈ topspace(nsphere m) ⟷ x ∈ topspace(nsphere m)"for m x by (simp add: nsphere_def neg_def topspace_Euclidean_space) obtain z where zcarr: "z ∈ carrier (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)))" and zeq: "subgroup_generated (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) {z} = reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" using cyclic_reduced_homology_group_nsphere [of "int n - 1""n - Suc 0"] by (auto simp: cyclic_group_def) have"hom_boundary n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0} ∈ Group.iso (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)))" using iso_lower_hemisphere_reduced_homology_group [of "int n - 1""n - Suc 0"] False by simp thenobtain gp where g: "group_isomorphisms (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) (hom_boundary n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) gp" by (auto simp: group.iso_iff_group_isomorphisms) theninterpret gp: group_hom "reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" "relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0}" gp by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def group_isomorphisms_def) obtain zp where zpcarr: "zp ∈ carrier(relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n))" and zp_z: "hom_boundary n (lsphere n) (equator n) zp = z" and zp_sg: "subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)) {zp} = relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)" proof show"gp z ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n))" "hom_boundary n (lsphere n) (equator n) (gp z) = z" using g zcarr by (auto simp: lsphere_def equator_def lower_def group_isomorphisms_def) have giso: "gp ∈ Group.iso (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0}) {x. x n = 0})" by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) g group_isomorphisms_imp_iso group_isomorphisms_sym) show"subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)) {gp z} = relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)" apply (rule monoid.equality) using giso gp.subgroup_generated_by_image [of "{z}"] zcarr by (auto simp: lsphere_def equator_def lower_def zeq gp.iso_iff) qed have hb_iso: "hom_boundary n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0} ∈ iso (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)))" using iso_upper_hemisphere_reduced_homology_group [of "int n - 1""n - Suc 0"] False by simp thenobtain gn where g: "group_isomorphisms (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) (hom_boundary n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0}) gn" by (auto simp: group.iso_iff_group_isomorphisms) theninterpret gn: group_hom "reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" "relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0}" gn by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def group_isomorphisms_def) obtain zn where zncarr: "zn ∈ carrier(relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n))" and zn_z: "hom_boundary n (usphere n) (equator n) zn = z" and zn_sg: "subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)) {zn} = relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)" proof show"gn z ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n))" "hom_boundary n (usphere n) (equator n) (gn z) = z" using g zcarr by (auto simp: usphere_def equator_def upper_def group_isomorphisms_def) have giso: "gn ∈ Group.iso (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) (relative_homology_group n (subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0}) {x. x n = 0})" by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) g group_isomorphisms_imp_iso group_isomorphisms_sym) show"subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)) {gn z} = relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)" apply (rule monoid.equality) using giso gn.subgroup_generated_by_image [of "{z}"] zcarr by (auto simp: usphere_def equator_def upper_def zeq gn.iso_iff) qed let ?hi_lu = "hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id" interpret gh_lu: group_hom "relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)""?rhgn (upper n)" ?hi_lu by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_induced_hom) interpret gh_eef: group_hom "?rhgn (equator n)""?rhgn (equator n)""?hi_ee f" by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_induced_hom) define wp where"wp ≡ ?hi_lu zp" thenhave wpcarr: "wp ∈ carrier(?rhgn (upper n))" by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier) have"hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0} id ∈ iso (reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n)) (?rhgn {x. x n ≥ 0})" using iso_reduced_homology_group_upper_hemisphere [of n n n] by auto thenhave"carrier(?rhgn {x. x n ≥ 0}) ⊆ (hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0} id) ` carrier(reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n))" by (simp add: iso_iff) thenobtain vp where vpcarr: "vp ∈ carrier(reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n))" and eqwp: "hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (upper n) id vp = wp" using wpcarr by (auto simp: upper_def) define wn where"wn ≡ hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (lower n) id zn" thenhave wncarr: "wn ∈ carrier(?rhgn (lower n))" by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier) have"hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0} id ∈ iso (reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n)) (?rhgn {x. x n ≤ 0})" using iso_reduced_homology_group_lower_hemisphere [of n n n] by auto thenhave"carrier(?rhgn {x. x n ≤ 0}) ⊆ (hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) {x. x n ≤ 0} id) ` carrier(reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n))" by (simp add: iso_iff) thenobtain vn where vpcarr: "vn ∈ carrier(reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n))" and eqwp: "hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (lower n) id vn = wn" using wncarr by (auto simp: lower_def) define up where"up ≡ hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id zp" thenhave upcarr: "up ∈ carrier(?rhgn (equator n))" by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier) define un where"un ≡ hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id zn" thenhave uncarr: "un ∈ carrier(?rhgn (equator n))" by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier) have *: "(λ(x, y). hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id x ⊗rhgn (equator n) hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id y) ∈ Group.iso (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n) ×× relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)) (?rhgn (equator n))" proof (rule conjunct1 [OF exact_sequence_sum_lemma [OF abelian_relative_homology_group]]) show"hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id ∈ Group.iso (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)) (?rhgn (upper n))" unfolding lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def using iso_relative_homology_group_lower_hemisphere by blast show"hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (lower n) id ∈ Group.iso (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)) (?rhgn (lower n))" unfolding lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def using iso_relative_homology_group_upper_hemisphere by blast show"exact_seq ([?rhgn (lower n), ?rhgn (equator n), relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)], [hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (lower n) id, hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id])" unfolding lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def by (rule homology_exactness_triple_3) force show"exact_seq ([?rhgn (upper n), ?rhgn (equator n), relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)], [hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id, hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id])" unfolding lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def by (rule homology_exactness_triple_3) force next fix x assume"x ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n))" show"hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id x) = hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id x" by (simp add: hom_induced_compose' subset_iff lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def) next fix x assume"x ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n))" show"hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (lower n) id (hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id x) = hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (lower n) id x" by (simp add: hom_induced_compose' subset_iff lsphere_def usphere_def equator_def lower_def upper_def) qed thenhave sb: "carrier (?rhgn (equator n)) ⊆ (λ(x, y). hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id x ⊗rhgn (equator n) hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id y) ` carrier (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n) ×× relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n))" by (simp add: iso_iff) obtain a b::int where up_ab: "?hi_ee f up = up [^]rhgn (equator n) a⊗rhgn (equator n) un [^]rhgn (equator n) b" proof - have hiupcarr: "?hi_ee f up ∈ carrier(?rhgn (equator n))" by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier) obtain u v where u: "u ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n))" and v: "v ∈ carrier (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n))" and eq: "?hi_ee f up = hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id u ⊗rhgn (equator n) hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id v" using subsetD [OF sb hiupcarr] by auto have"u ∈ carrier (subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)) {zp})" by (simp_all add: u zp_sg) thenobtain a::int where a: "u = zp [^] n (lsphere n) (equator n) a" by (metis group.carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton group_relative_homology_group rangeE zpcarr) have ae: "hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id (pow (relative_homology_group n (lsphere n) (equator n)) zp a) = pow (?rhgn (equator n)) (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id zp) a" by (meson group_hom.hom_int_pow group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def group_relative_homology_group hom_induced zpcarr) have"v ∈ carrier (subgroup_generated (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)) {zn})" by (simp_all add: v zn_sg) thenobtain b::int where b: "v = zn [^] n (usphere n) (equator n) b" by (metis group.carrier_subgroup_generated_by_singleton group_relative_homology_group rangeE zncarr) have be: "hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id (zn [^] n (usphere n) (equator n) b) = hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id zn [^] n (nsphere n) (equator n) b" by (meson group_hom.hom_int_pow group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def group_relative_homology_group hom_induced zncarr) show thesis proof show"?hi_ee f up = up [^]rhgn (equator n) a ⊗rhgn (equator n) un [^]rhgn (equator n) b" using a ae b be eq local.up_def un_def by auto qed qed have"(hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) ∘ hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id) zp = z" using zp_z equ apply (simp add: lsphere_def naturality_hom_induced) by (metis hom_boundary_carrier hom_induced_id) thenhave up_z: "hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) up = z" by (simp add: up_def) have"(hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) ∘ hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id) zn = z" using zn_z equ apply (simp add: usphere_def naturality_hom_induced) by (metis hom_boundary_carrier hom_induced_id) thenhave un_z: "hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) un = z" by (simp add: un_def) have Bd_ab: "Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) f = a + b" proof (rule Brouwer_degree2_unique_generator; use False int_ops in simp_all) show"continuous_map (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) f" using cmr by auto show"subgroup_generated (reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))) {z} = reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" using zeq by blast have"(hom_induced (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} f ∘ hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n)) up = (hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) ∘ ?hi_ee f) up" using naturality_hom_induced [OF cmf fimeq, of n, symmetric] by (simp add: subtopology_restrict equ fun_eq_iff) alsohave"… = hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) (up [^] n (nsphere n) (equator n) a ⊗ n (nsphere n) (equator n) un [^] n (nsphere n) (equator n) b)" by (simp add: o_def up_ab) alsohave"… = z [^] (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) (a + b)" using zcarr apply (simp add: HB.hom_int_pow reduced_homology_group_def group.int_pow_subgroup_generated upcarr uncarr) by (metis equ(1) group.int_pow_mult group_relative_homology_group hom_boundary_carrier un_z up_z) finallyshow"hom_induced (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} f z = z [^] (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) (a + b)" by (simp add: up_z) qed define u where"u ≡ up ⊗rhgn (equator n) invrhgn (equator n) un" have ucarr: "u ∈ carrier (?rhgn (equator n))" by (simp add: u_def uncarr upcarr) thenhave"u [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 n f = u [^]rhgn (equator n) (a - b) ⟷ (GE.ord u) dvd a - b - Brouwer_degree2 n f" by (simp add: GE.int_pow_eq) moreover have"GE.ord u = 0" proof (clarsimp simp add: GE.ord_eq_0 ucarr) fix d :: nat assume"0 < d" and"u [^]rhgn (equator n) d = singular_relboundary_set n (nsphere n) (equator n)" thenhave"hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id u [^]rhgn (upper n) d = 1rhgn (upper n)" by (metis HIU.hom_one HIU.hom_nat_pow one_relative_homology_group ucarr) moreover have"?hi_lu = hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id ∘ hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id" by (simp add: lsphere_def image_subset_iff equator_upper flip: hom_induced_compose) thenhave p: "wp = hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id up" by (simp add: local.up_def wp_def) have n: "hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id un = 1rhgn (upper n)" using homology_exactness_triple_3 [OF equator_upper, of n "nsphere n"] using un_def zncarr by (auto simp: upper_usphere kernel_def) have"hom_induced n (nsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (upper n) id u = wp" unfolding u_def using p n HIU.inv_one HIU.r_one uncarr upcarr by auto ultimatelyhave"(wp [^]rhgn (upper n) d) = 1rhgn (upper n)" by simp moreoverhave"infinite (carrier (subgroup_generated (?rhgn (upper n)) {wp}))" proof - have"?rhgn (upper n) ≅ reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n)" unfolding upper_def using iso_reduced_homology_group_upper_hemisphere [of n n n] by (blast intro: group.iso_sym group_reduced_homology_group is_isoI) alsohave"…≅ integer_group" by (simp add: reduced_homology_group_nsphere) finallyhave iso: "?rhgn (upper n) ≅ integer_group" . have"carrier (subgroup_generated (?rhgn (upper n)) {wp}) = carrier (?rhgn (upper n))" using gh_lu.subgroup_generated_by_image [of "{zp}"] zpcarr HIU.carrier_subgroup_generated_subset
gh_lu.iso_iff iso_relative_homology_group_lower_hemisphere zp_sg by (auto simp: lower_def lsphere_def upper_def equator_def wp_def) thenshow ?thesis using infinite_UNIV_int iso_finite [OF iso] by simp qed ultimatelyshow False using HIU.finite_cyclic_subgroup ‹0 < d› wpcarr by blast qed ultimatelyhave iff: "u [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 n f = u [^]rhgn (equator n) (a - b) ⟷ Brouwer_degree2 n f = a - b" by auto have"u [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 n f = ?hi_ee f u" proof - have ne: "topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n ≠ {}" using False equator_def in_topspace_nsphere by fastforce have eq1: "hom_boundary n (nsphere n) (equator n) u = 1 (int n - 1) (subtopology (nsphere n) (equator n))" using one_reduced_homology_group u_def un_z uncarr up_z upcarr by force thenhave uhom: "u ∈ hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (equator n) id ` carrier (reduced_homology_group (int n) (nsphere n))" using homology_exactness_reduced_1 [OF ne, of n] eq1 ucarr by (auto simp: kernel_def) thenobtain v where vcarr: "v ∈ carrier (reduced_homology_group (int n) (nsphere n))" and ueq: "u = hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (equator n) id v" by blast interpret GH_hi: group_hom "homology_group n (nsphere n)" "?rhgn (equator n)" "hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (equator n) id" by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_induced_hom) have poweq: "pow (homology_group n (nsphere n)) x i = pow (reduced_homology_group n (nsphere n)) x i" for x and i::int by (simp add: False un_reduced_homology_group) have vcarr': "v ∈ carrier (homology_group n (nsphere n))" using carrier_reduced_homology_group_subset vcarr by blast have"u [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 n f = hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (equator n) f v" using vcarr vcarr' by (simp add: ueq poweq hom_induced_compose' cmf flip: GH_hi.hom_int_pow Brouwer_degree2) alsohave"… = hom_induced n (nsphere n) (topspace(nsphere n) ∩ equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) f (hom_induced n (nsphere n) {} (nsphere n) (topspace(nsphere n) ∩ equator n) id v)" using fimeq by (simp add: hom_induced_compose' cmf Pi_iff) alsohave"… = ?hi_ee f u" by (metis hom_induced inf.left_idem ueq) finallyshow ?thesis . qed moreover interpret gh_een: group_hom "?rhgn (equator n)""?rhgn (equator n)""?hi_ee neg" by (simp add: group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def hom_induced_hom) have hi_up_eq_un: "?hi_ee neg up = un [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" proof - have"?hi_ee neg (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id zp) = hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) (neg ∘ id) zp" by (intro hom_induced_compose') (auto simp: lsphere_def equator_def cm_neg) alsohave"… = hom_induced n (usphere n) (equator n) (nsphere n) (equator n) id (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (usphere n) (equator n) neg zp)" by (subst hom_induced_compose' [OF cm_neg_lu]) (auto simp: usphere_def equator_def) alsohave"hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (usphere n) (equator n) neg zp = zn [^] n (usphere n) (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" proof - let ?hb = "hom_boundary n (usphere n) (equator n)" have eq: "subtopology (nsphere n) {x. x n ≥ 0} = usphere n ∧ {x. x n = 0} = equator n" by (auto simp: usphere_def upper_def equator_def) with hb_iso have inj: "inj_on (?hb) (carrier (relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)))" by (simp add: iso_iff) interpret hb_hom: group_hom "relative_homology_group n (usphere n) (equator n)" "reduced_homology_group (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0))" "?hb" using hb_iso iso_iff eq group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def by fastforce show ?thesis proof (rule inj_onD [OF inj]) have *: "hom_induced (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} neg z = z [^] (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" using Brouwer_degree2 [of z "n - Suc 0" neg] False zcarr by (simp add: int_ops group.int_pow_subgroup_generated reduced_homology_group_def) have"?hb ∘ hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (usphere n) (equator n) neg = hom_induced (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) {} neg ∘ hom_boundary n (lsphere n) (equator n)" apply (subst naturality_hom_induced [OF cm_neg_lu]) apply (force simp: equator_def neg_def) by (simp add: equ) thenhave"?hb (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (usphere n) (equator n) neg zp) = (z [^] (int n - 1) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg)" by (metis "*" comp_apply zp_z) alsohave"… = ?hb (zn [^] n (usphere n) (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg)" by (metis group.int_pow_subgroup_generated group_relative_homology_group hb_hom.hom_int_pow reduced_homology_group_def zcarr zn_z zncarr) finallyshow"?hb (hom_induced n (lsphere n) (equator n) (usphere n) (equator n) neg zp) = ?hb (zn [^] n (usphere n) (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg)"by simp qed (auto simp: hom_induced_carrier group.int_pow_closed zncarr) qed finallyshow ?thesis by (metis (no_types, lifting) group_hom.hom_int_pow group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def group_relative_homology_group hom_induced local.up_def un_def zncarr) qed have"continuous_map (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) neg" using cm_neg by blast thenhave"homeomorphic_map (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) (nsphere (n - Suc 0)) neg" apply (auto simp: homeomorphic_map_maps homeomorphic_maps_def) apply (rule_tac x=neg in exI, auto) done thenhave Brouwer_degree2_21: "Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg ^ 2 = 1" using Brouwer_degree2_homeomorphic_map power2_eq_1_iff by force have hi_un_eq_up: "?hi_ee neg un = up [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" (is"?f un = ?y") proof - have [simp]: "neg ∘ neg = id" by force have"?f (?f ?y) = ?y" apply (subst hom_induced_compose' [OF cm_neg _ cm_neg]) apply(force simp: equator_def) apply (simp add: upcarr hom_induced_id_gen) done moreoverhave"?f ?y = un" using upcarr apply (simp only: gh_een.hom_int_pow hi_up_eq_un) by (metis (no_types, lifting) Brouwer_degree2_21 GE.group_l_invI GE.l_inv_ex group.int_pow_1 group.int_pow_pow power2_eq_1_iff uncarr zmult_eq_1_iff) ultimatelyshow"?f un = ?y" by simp qed have"?hi_ee f un = un [^]rhgn (equator n) a ⊗rhgn (equator n) up [^]rhgn (equator n) b" proof - let ?TE = "topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n" have fneg: "(f ∘ neg) x = (neg ∘ f) x"if"x ∈ topspace (nsphere n)"for x using f [OF that] by (force simp: neg_def) have neg_im: "neg ∈ (topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n) → topspace (nsphere n) ∩ equator n" using cm_neg continuous_map_image_subset_topspace equator_def by fastforce have1: "hom_induced n (nsphere n) ?TE (nsphere n) ?TE f ∘ hom_induced n (nsphere n) ?TE (nsphere n) ?TE neg = hom_induced n (nsphere n) ?TE (nsphere n) ?TE neg ∘ hom_induced n (nsphere n) ?TE (nsphere n) ?TE f" using neg_im fimeq cm_neg cmf fneg apply (simp flip: hom_induced_compose del: hom_induced_restrict) using fneg by (auto intro: hom_induced_eq) have"(un [^]rhgn (equator n) a) ⊗rhgn (equator n) (up [^]rhgn (equator n) b) = un [^]rhgn (equator n) (Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg * a * Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg) ⊗rhgn (equator n) up [^]rhgn (equator n) (Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg * b * Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg)" proof - have"Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg = 1 ∨ Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg = - 1" using Brouwer_degree2_21 power2_eq_1_iff by blast thenshow ?thesis by fastforce qed alsohave"… = ((un [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg) [^]rhgn (equator n) a ⊗rhgn (equator n) (up [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg) [^]rhgn (equator n) b) [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - 1) neg" by (simp add: GE.int_pow_distrib GE.int_pow_pow uncarr upcarr) alsohave"… = ?hi_ee neg (?hi_ee f up) [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" by (simp add: gh_een.hom_int_pow hi_un_eq_up hi_up_eq_un uncarr up_ab upcarr) finallyhave2: "(un [^]rhgn (equator n) a) ⊗rhgn (equator n) (up [^]rhgn (equator n) b) = ?hi_ee neg (?hi_ee f up) [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" . have"un = ?hi_ee neg up [^]rhgn (equator n) Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg" by (metis (no_types, opaque_lifting) Brouwer_degree2_21 GE.int_pow_1 GE.int_pow_pow hi_up_eq_un power2_eq_1_iff uncarr zmult_eq_1_iff) moreoverhave"?hi_ee f ((?hi_ee neg up) [^]rhgn (equator n) (Brouwer_degree2 (n - Suc 0) neg)) = un [^]rhgn (equator n) a ⊗rhgn (equator n) up [^]rhgn (equator n) b" using12by (simp add: hom_induced_carrier gh_eef.hom_int_pow fun_eq_iff) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed thenhave"?hi_ee f u = u [^]rhgn (equator n) (a - b)" by (simp add: u_def upcarr uncarr up_ab GE.int_pow_diff GE.m_ac GE.int_pow_distrib GE.int_pow_inv GE.inv_mult_group) ultimately have"Brouwer_degree2 n f = a - b" using iff by blast with Bd_ab show ?thesis by simp qed simp
subsection‹General Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem and invariance of dimension›
proposition relative_homology_group_Euclidean_complement_step: assumes"closedin (Euclidean_space n) S" shows"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + k) (Euclidean_space (n+k)) (topspace(Euclidean_space (n+k)) - S)" proof - have *: "relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + 1) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - {x ∈ S. x n = 0})"
(is"?lhs ≅ ?rhs") if clo: "closedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) S"and cong: "∧x y. [x ∈ S; ∧i. i ≠ n ==> x i = y i]==> y ∈ S" for p n S proof - have Ssub: "S ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n))" by (meson clo closedin_def) define lo where"lo ≡ {x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)). x n < (if x ∈ S then 0 else 1)}" define hi where"hi = {x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)). x n > (if x ∈ S then 0 else -1)}" have lo_hi_Int: "lo ∩ hi = {x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S. x n ∈ {-1<..<1}}" by (auto simp: hi_def lo_def) have lo_hi_Un: "lo ∪ hi = topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - {x ∈ S. x n = 0}" by (auto simp: hi_def lo_def) define ret where"ret ≡ λc::real. λx i. if i = n then c else x i" have cm_ret: "continuous_map (powertop_real UNIV) (powertop_real UNIV) (ret t)"fort by (auto simp: ret_def continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV intro: continuous_map_product_projection) let ?ST = "λt. subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x. x n = t}" define squashable where "squashable ≡ λt S. ∀x t'. x ∈ S ∧ (x n ≤ t' ∧ t' ≤ t ∨ t ≤ t' ∧ t' ≤ x n) ⟶ ret t' x ∈ S" have squashable: "squashable t (topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)))"for t by (simp add: squashable_def topspace_Euclidean_space ret_def) have squashableD: "[squashable t S; x ∈ S; x n ≤ t' ∧ t' ≤ t ∨ t ≤ t' ∧ t' ≤ x n]==> ret t' x ∈ S"for x t' t S by (auto simp: squashable_def) have"squashable 1 hi" by (force simp: squashable_def hi_def ret_def topspace_Euclidean_space intro: cong) have"squashable t UNIV"for t by (force simp: squashable_def hi_def ret_def topspace_Euclidean_space intro: cong) have squashable_0_lohi: "squashable 0 (lo ∩ hi)" using Ssub by (auto simp: squashable_def hi_def lo_def ret_def topspace_Euclidean_space intro: cong) have rm_ret: "retraction_maps (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x. x ∈ U ∧ x n = t}) (ret t) id" if"squashable t U"for t U unfolding retraction_maps_def proof (intro conjI ballI) show"continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x ∈ U. x n = t}) (ret t)" apply (simp add: cm_ret continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_from_subtopology Euclidean_space_def) using that by (fastforce simp: squashable_def ret_def) next show"continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x ∈ U. x n = t}) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) id" using continuous_map_in_subtopology by fastforce show"ret t (id x) = x" if"x ∈ topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x ∈ U. x n = t})"for x using that by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space ret_def fun_eq_iff) qed have cm_snd: "continuous_map (prod_topology (top_of_set {0..1}) (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) S)) euclideanreal (λx. snd x k)"for k::nat and S using continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV continuous_map_into_fulltopology continuous_map_snd by fastforce have cm_fstsnd: "continuous_map (prod_topology (top_of_set {0..1}) (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) S)) euclideanreal (λx. fst x * snd x k)"for k::nat and S by (intro continuous_intros continuous_map_into_fulltopology [OF continuous_map_fst] cm_snd) have hw_sub: "homotopic_with (λk. k ` V ⊆ V) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) (ret t) id" if"squashable t U""squashable t V"for U V t unfolding homotopic_with_def proof (intro exI conjI allI ballI) define h where"h ≡ λ(z,x). ret ((1 - z) * t + z * x n) x" show"(λx. h (u, x)) ` V ⊆ V"if"u ∈ {0..1}"for u using that unfolding h_def by clarsimp (metis squashableD [OF ‹squashable t V›] convex_bound_le diff_ge_0_iff_ge eq_diff_eq' le_cases less_eq_real_def segment_bound_lemma) have"∧x y i. [∀k≥Suc n. y k = 0; Suc n ≤ i]==> ret ((1 - x) * t + x * y n) y i = 0" by (simp add: ret_def) thenhave"h ∈ {0..1} × ({x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ U) → {x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ U" using squashableD [OF ‹squashable t U›] segment_bound_lemma apply (clarsimp simp: h_def Pi_iff) by (metis convex_bound_le eq_diff_eq ge_iff_diff_ge_0 linorder_le_cases) moreover have"continuous_map (prod_topology (top_of_set {0..1}) (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) ({x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ U))) (powertop_real UNIV) h" apply (auto simp: h_def case_prod_unfold ret_def continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV) apply (intro continuous_map_into_fulltopology [OF continuous_map_fst] cm_snd continuous_intros) by (auto simp: cm_snd) ultimatelyshow"continuous_map (prod_topology (top_of_set {0..1}) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U)) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) U) h" by (simp add: continuous_map_in_subtopology Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology) qed (auto simp: ret_def) have cs_hi: "contractible_space(subtopology (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) hi)" proof - have"homotopic_with (λx. True) (?ST 1) (?ST 1) id (λx. (λi. if i = n then 1 else 0))" apply (subst homotopic_with_sym) apply (simp add: homotopic_with) apply (rule_tac x="(λ(z,x) i. if i=n then 1 else z * x i)"in exI) apply (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology continuous_map_in_subtopology case_prod_unfold continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV cm_fstsnd) done thenhave"contractible_space (?ST 1)" unfolding contractible_space_def by metis moreoverhave"?thesis = contractible_space (?ST 1)" proof (intro deformation_retract_imp_homotopy_equivalent_space homotopy_equivalent_space_contractibility) have"{x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ {x ∈ hi. x n = 1} = {x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ {x. x n = 1}" by (auto simp: hi_def topspace_Euclidean_space) thenhave eq: "subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x. x ∈ hi ∧ x n = 1} = ?ST 1" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology) show"homotopic_with (λx. True) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi) (ret 1) id" using hw_sub [OF ‹squashable 1 hi›‹squashable 1 UNIV›] eq by simp show"retraction_maps (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi) (?ST 1) (ret 1) id" using rm_ret [OF ‹squashable 1 hi›] eq by simp qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by metis qed have"?lhs ≅ relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∩ hi)" proof (rule group.iso_sym [OF _ deformation_retract_imp_isomorphic_relative_homology_groups]) have"{x. ∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0} ∩ {x. x n = 0} = {x. ∀i≥n. x i = (0::real)}" by auto (metis le_less_Suc_eq not_le) thenhave"?ST 0 = Euclidean_space n" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology) thenshow"retraction_maps (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (Euclidean_space n) (ret 0) id" using rm_ret [OF ‹squashable 0 UNIV›] by auto thenhave"ret 0 x ∈ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" if"x ∈ topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n))""-1 < x n""x n < 1"for x using that by (metis continuous_map_image_subset_topspace image_subset_iff retraction_maps_def) thenshow"(ret 0) ∈ (lo ∩ hi) → topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S" by (auto simp: local.cong ret_def hi_def lo_def) show"homotopic_with (λh. h ` (lo ∩ hi) ⊆ lo ∩ hi) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (ret 0) id" using hw_sub [OF squashable squashable_0_lohi] by simp qed (auto simp: lo_def hi_def Euclidean_space_def) alsohave"…≅ relative_homology_group p (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi) (lo ∩ hi)" proof (rule group.iso_sym [OF _ isomorphic_relative_homology_groups_inclusion_contractible]) show"contractible_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi)" by (simp add: cs_hi) show"topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ∩ hi ≠ {}" apply (simp add: hi_def topspace_Euclidean_space set_eq_iff) apply (rule_tac x="λi. if i = n then 1 else 0"in exI, auto) done qed auto alsohave"…≅ relative_homology_group p (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi)) lo" proof - have oo: "openin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) {x ∈ topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)). x n ∈ A}" if"open A"for A proof (rule openin_continuous_map_preimage) show"continuous_map (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) euclideanreal (λx. x n)" proof - have"∀n f. continuous_map (product_topology f UNIV) (f (n::nat)) (λf. f n::real)" by (simp add: continuous_map_product_projection) thenshow ?thesis using Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_from_subtopology by (metis (mono_tags)) qed qed (auto intro: that) have"openin (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) lo" apply (simp add: openin_subopen [of _ lo]) apply (simp add: lo_def, safe) apply (force intro: oo [of "lessThan 0", simplified] open_Collect_less) apply (rule_tac x="{x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)). x n < 1} ∩ (topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)) - S)"in exI) using clo apply (force intro: oo [of "lessThan 1", simplified] open_Collect_less) done moreoverhave"openin (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) hi" apply (simp add: openin_subopen [of _ hi]) apply (simp add: hi_def, safe) apply (force intro: oo [of "greaterThan 0", simplified] open_Collect_less) apply (rule_tac x="{x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)). x n > -1} ∩ (topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)) - S)"in exI) using clo apply (force intro: oo [of "greaterThan (-1)", simplified] open_Collect_less) done ultimately have *: "subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi) closure_of (topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi)) - hi) ⊆ subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi) interior_of lo" by (metis (no_types, lifting) Diff_idemp Diff_subset_conv Un_commute Un_upper2 closure_of_interior_of interior_of_closure_of interior_of_complement interior_of_eq lo_hi_Un openin_Un openin_open_subtopology topspace_subtopology_subset) have eq: "((lo ∪ hi) ∩ (lo ∪ hi - (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ∩ (lo ∪ hi) - hi))) = hi" "(lo - (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ∩ (lo ∪ hi) - hi)) = lo ∩ hi" by (auto simp: lo_def hi_def Euclidean_space_def) show ?thesis using homology_excision_axiom [OF *, of "lo ∪ hi" p] by (force simp: subtopology_subtopology eq is_iso_def) qed alsohave"…≅ relative_homology_group (p + 1 - 1) (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi)) lo" by simp alsohave"…≅ relative_homology_group (p + 1) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (lo ∪ hi)" proof (rule group.iso_sym [OF _ isomorphic_relative_homology_groups_relboundary_contractible]) have proj: "continuous_map (powertop_real UNIV) euclideanreal (λf. f n)" by (metis UNIV_I continuous_map_product_projection) have hilo: "∧x. x ∈ hi ==> (λi. if i = n then - x i else x i) ∈ lo" "∧x. x ∈ lo ==> (λi. if i = n then - x i else x i) ∈ hi" usinglocal.cong by (auto simp: hi_def lo_def topspace_Euclidean_space split: if_split_asm) have"subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) hi homeomorphic_space subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) lo" unfolding homeomorphic_space_def apply (rule_tac x="λx i. if i = n then -(x i) else x i"in exI)+ using proj apply (auto simp: homeomorphic_maps_def Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_in_subtopology
hilo continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV continuous_map_from_subtopology continuous_map_minus
intro: continuous_map_from_subtopology continuous_map_product_projection) done thenhave"contractible_space(subtopology (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) hi) ⟷ contractible_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) lo)" by (rule homeomorphic_space_contractibility) thenshow"contractible_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) lo)" using cs_hi by auto show"topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ∩ lo ≠ {}" apply (simp add: lo_def Euclidean_space_def set_eq_iff) apply (rule_tac x="λi. if i = n then -1 else 0"in exI, auto) done qed auto alsohave"…≅ ?rhs" by (simp flip: lo_hi_Un) finallyshow ?thesis . qed show ?thesis proof (induction k) case (Suc m) with assms obtain T where cloT: "closedin (powertop_real UNIV) T" and SeqT: "S = T ∩ {x. ∀i≥n. x i = 0}" by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def closedin_subtopology) thenhave"closedin (Euclidean_space (m + n)) S" apply (simp add: Euclidean_space_def closedin_subtopology) apply (rule_tac x="T ∩ topspace(Euclidean_space n)"in exI) using closedin_Euclidean_space topspace_Euclidean_space by force moreoverhave"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + 1) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S)" if"closedin (Euclidean_space n) S"for p n proof - define S' where"S' ≡ {x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)). (λi. if i < n then x i else 0) ∈ S}" have Ssub_n: "S ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" by (meson that closedin_def) have"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S') ≅ relative_homology_group (p + 1) (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - {x ∈ S'. x n = 0})" proof (rule *) have cm: "continuous_map (powertop_real UNIV) euclideanreal (λf. f u)"for u by (metis UNIV_I continuous_map_product_projection) have"continuous_map (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) {x. ∀i>n. x i = 0}) euclideanreal (λx. if k ≤ n then x k else 0)"for k by (simp add: continuous_map_from_subtopology [OF cm]) moreoverhave"∀i≥n. (if i < n then x i else 0) = 0" if"x ∈ topspace (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) {x. ∀i>n. x i = 0})"for x using that by simp ultimatelyhave"continuous_map (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (Euclidean_space n) (λx i. if i < n then x i else 0)" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV
continuous_map_from_subtopology [OF cm] image_subset_iff) thenshow"closedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) S'" unfolding S'_defusing that by (rule closedin_continuous_map_preimage) next fix x y assume xy: "∧i. i ≠ n ==> x i = y i""x ∈ S'" thenhave"(λi. if i < n then x i else 0) = (λi. if i < n then y i else 0)" by (simp add: S'_def Euclidean_space_def fun_eq_iff) with xy show"y ∈ S'" by (simp add: S'_def Euclidean_space_def) qed moreover have abs_eq: "(λi. if i < n then x i else 0) = x"if"∧i. i ≥ n ==> x i = 0"for x :: "nat→ real"and n using that by auto thenhave"topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S' = topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S" by (simp add: S'_def Euclidean_space_def set_eq_iff cong: conj_cong) moreover have"topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - {x ∈ S'. x n = 0} = topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S" using Ssub_n apply (auto simp: S'_def subset_iff Euclidean_space_def set_eq_iff abs_eq cong: conj_cong) by (metis abs_eq le_antisym not_less_eq_eq) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp qed ultimatelyhave"relative_homology_group (p + m)(Euclidean_space (m + n))(topspace (Euclidean_space (m + n)) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + m + 1) (Euclidean_space (Suc (m + n))) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc (m + n))) - S)" by (metis ‹closedin (Euclidean_space (m + n)) S›) thenshow ?case using Suc.IH iso_trans by (force simp: algebra_simps) qed (simp add: iso_refl) qed
lemma iso_Euclidean_complements_lemma1: assumes S: "closedin (Euclidean_space m) S"and cmf: "continuous_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space m) S) (Euclidean_space n) f" obtains g where"continuous_map (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n) g" "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = f x" proof - have cont: "continuous_on (topspace (Euclidean_space m) ∩ S) (λx. f x i)"for i by (metis (no_types) continuous_on_product_then_coordinatewise
cm_Euclidean_space_iff_continuous_on cmf topspace_subtopology) have"f ` (topspace (Euclidean_space m) ∩ S) ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" using cmf continuous_map_image_subset_topspace by fastforce then have"∃g. continuous_on (topspace (Euclidean_space m)) g ∧ (∀x ∈ S. g x = f x i)"for i using S Tietze_unbounded [OF cont [of i]] by (metis closedin_Euclidean_space_iff closedin_closed_Int topspace_subtopology topspace_subtopology_subset) thenobtain g where cmg: "∧i. continuous_map (Euclidean_space m) euclideanreal (g i)" and gf: "∧i x. x ∈ S ==> g i x = f x i" unfolding continuous_map_Euclidean_space_iff by metis let ?GG = "λx i. if i < n then g i x else 0" show thesis proof show"continuous_map (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n) ?GG" unfolding Euclidean_space_def [of n] by (auto simp: continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise cmg) show"?GG x = f x"if"x ∈ S"for x proof - have"S ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space m)" by (meson S closedin_def) thenhave"f x ∈ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" using cmf that unfolding continuous_map_def topspace_subtopology by blast thenshow ?thesis by (force simp: topspace_Euclidean_space gf that) qed qed qed
lemma iso_Euclidean_complements_lemma2: assumes S: "closedin (Euclidean_space m) S" and T: "closedin (Euclidean_space n) T" and hom: "homeomorphic_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) S) (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) f" obtains g where"homeomorphic_map (prod_topology (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m)) g" "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g(x,(λi. 0)) = (f x,(λi. 0))" proof - obtain g where cmf: "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) S) (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) f" and cmg: "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) S) g" and gf: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g (f x) = x" and fg: "∧y. y ∈ T ==> f (g y) = y" using hom S T closedin_subset unfolding homeomorphic_map_maps homeomorphic_maps_def by fastforce obtain f' where cmf': "continuous_map (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n) f'" and f'f: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> f' x = f x" using iso_Euclidean_complements_lemma1 S cmf continuous_map_into_fulltopology by metis obtain g' where cmg': "continuous_map (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m) g'" and g'g: "∧x. x ∈ T ==> g' x = g x" using iso_Euclidean_complements_lemma1 T cmg continuous_map_into_fulltopology by metis define p where"p ≡ λ(x,y). (x,(λi. y i + f' x i))" define p' where"p' ≡ λ(x,y). (x,(λi. y i - f' x i))" define q where"q ≡ λ(x,y). (x,(λi. y i + g' x i))" define q' where"q' ≡ λ(x,y). (x,(λi. y i - g' x i))" have"homeomorphic_maps (prod_topology (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n)) p p'" "homeomorphic_maps (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m)) q q'" "homeomorphic_maps (prod_topology (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m)) (λ(x,y). (y,x)) (λ(x,y). (y,x))" apply (simp_all add: p_def p'_def q_def q'_def homeomorphic_maps_def continuous_map_pairwise) apply (force simp: case_prod_unfold continuous_map_of_fst [unfolded o_def] cmf' cmg' intro: continuous_intros)+ done thenhave"homeomorphic_maps (prod_topology (Euclidean_space m) (Euclidean_space n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space m)) (q' ∘ (λ(x,y). (y,x)) ∘ p) (p' ∘ ((λ(x,y). (y,x)) ∘ q))" using homeomorphic_maps_compose homeomorphic_maps_sym by (metis (no_types, lifting)) moreover have"∧x. x ∈ S ==> (q' ∘ (λ(x,y). (y,x)) ∘ p) (x, λi. 0) = (f x, λi. 0)" apply (simp add: q'_def p_def f'f) apply (simp add: fun_eq_iff) by (metis S T closedin_subset g'g gf hom homeomorphic_imp_surjective_map image_eqI topspace_subtopology_subset) ultimately show thesis using homeomorphic_map_maps that by blast qed
proposition isomorphic_relative_homology_groups_Euclidean_complements: assumes S: "closedin (Euclidean_space n) S"and T: "closedin (Euclidean_space n) T" and hom: "(subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) homeomorphic_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T)" shows"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - T)" proof - have subST: "S ⊆ topspace(Euclidean_space n)""T ⊆ topspace(Euclidean_space n)" by (meson S T closedin_def)+ have"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (n + n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (n + n)) - S)" using relative_homology_group_Euclidean_complement_step [OF S] by blast moreoverhave"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - T) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (n + n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (n + n)) - T)" using relative_homology_group_Euclidean_complement_step [OF T] by blast moreoverhave"relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (n + n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (n + n)) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (n + n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (n + n)) - T)" proof - obtain f where f: "homeomorphic_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) f" using hom unfolding homeomorphic_space by blast obtain g where g: "homeomorphic_map (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) g" and gf: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g(x,(λi. 0)) = (f x,(λi. 0))" using S T f iso_Euclidean_complements_lemma2 by blast define h where"h ≡ λx::nat →real. ((λi. if i < n then x i else 0), (λj. if j < n then x(n + j) else 0))" define k where"k ≡ λ(x,y) i. if i < 2 * n then if i < n then x i else y(i - n) else (0::real)" have hk: "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space(2 * n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) h k" unfolding homeomorphic_maps_def proof safe show"continuous_map (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) h" apply (simp add: h_def continuous_map_pairwise o_def continuous_map_componentwise_Euclidean_space) unfolding Euclidean_space_def by (metis (mono_tags) UNIV_I continuous_map_from_subtopology continuous_map_product_projection) have"continuous_map (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) euclideanreal (λp. fst p i)"for i using Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_into_fulltopology continuous_map_fst by fastforce moreover have"continuous_map (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) euclideanreal (λp. snd p (i - n))"for i using Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_into_fulltopology continuous_map_snd by fastforce ultimately show"continuous_map (prod_topology (Euclidean_space n) (Euclidean_space n)) (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) k" by (simp add: k_def continuous_map_pairwise o_def continuous_map_componentwise_Euclidean_space case_prod_unfold) qed (auto simp: k_def h_def fun_eq_iff topspace_Euclidean_space) define kgh where"kgh ≡ k ∘ g ∘ h" let ?i = "hom_induced (p + n) (Euclidean_space(2 * n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space(2 * n)) - S) (Euclidean_space(2 * n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space(2 * n)) - T) kgh" have"?i ∈ iso (relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) - S)) (relative_homology_group (p + int n) (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) - T))" proof (rule homeomorphic_map_relative_homology_iso) show hm: "homeomorphic_map (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) kgh" unfolding kgh_def by (meson hk g homeomorphic_map_maps homeomorphic_maps_compose homeomorphic_maps_sym) have Teq: "T = f ` S" using f homeomorphic_imp_surjective_map subST(1) subST(2) topspace_subtopology_subset by blast have khf: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> k(h(f x)) = f x" by (metis (no_types, lifting) Teq hk homeomorphic_maps_def image_subset_iff le_add1 mult_2 subST(2) subsetD subset_Euclidean_space) have gh: "g(h x) = h(f x)"if"x ∈ S"for x proof - have [simp]: "(λi. if i < n then x i else 0) = x" using subST(1) that topspace_Euclidean_space by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff) have"f x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space n)" using Teq subST(2) that by blast moreoverhave"(λj. if j < n then x (n + j) else 0) = (λj. 0::real)" using Euclidean_space_def subST(1) that by force ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space h_def gf ‹x ∈ S› fun_eq_iff) qed have *: "[S ⊆ U; T ⊆ U; kgh ` U = U; inj_on kgh U; kgh ` S = T]==> kgh ` (U - S) = U - T"for U unfolding inj_on_def set_eq_iff by blast show"kgh ` (topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) - S) = topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) - T" proof (rule *) show"kgh ` topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)) = topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n))" by (simp add: hm homeomorphic_imp_surjective_map) show"inj_on kgh (topspace (Euclidean_space (2 * n)))" using hm homeomorphic_map_def by auto show"kgh ` S = T" by (simp add: Teq kgh_def gh khf) qed (use subST topspace_Euclidean_space in‹fastforce+›) qed auto thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: is_isoI mult_2) qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (meson group.iso_sym iso_trans group_relative_homology_group) qed
lemma lemma_iod: assumes"S ⊆ T""S ≠ {}"and Tsub: "T ⊆ topspace(Euclidean_space n)" and S: "∧a b u. [a ∈ S; b ∈ T; 0 < u; u < 1]==> (λi. (1 - u) * a i + u * b i) ∈ S" shows"path_connectedin (Euclidean_space n) T" proof - obtain a where"a ∈ S" using assms by blast have"path_component_of (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) a b"if"b ∈ T"for b unfolding path_component_of_def proof (intro exI conjI) have [simp]: "∀i≥n. a i = 0" using Tsub ‹a ∈ S› assms(1) topspace_Euclidean_space by auto have [simp]: "∀i≥n. b i = 0" using Tsub that topspace_Euclidean_space by auto have inT: "(λi. (1 - x) * a i + x * b i) ∈ T"if"0 ≤ x""x ≤ 1"for x proof (cases "x = 0 ∨ x = 1") case True with‹a ∈ S›‹b ∈ T›‹S ⊆ T›show ?thesis by force next case False thenshow ?thesis using subsetD [OF ‹S ⊆ T› S] ‹a ∈ S›‹b ∈ T› that by auto qed have"continuous_on {0..1} (λx. (1 - x) * a k + x * b k)"for k by (intro continuous_intros) thenshow"pathin (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T) (λt i. (1 - t) * a i + t * b i)" apply (simp add: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology pathin_subtopology) apply (simp add: pathin_def continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV inT) done qed auto thenhave"path_connected_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T)" by (metis Tsub path_component_of_equiv path_connected_space_iff_path_component topspace_subtopology_subset) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: Tsub path_connectedin_def) qed
lemma invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space: assumes"closedin (Euclidean_space n) S" shows"subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space n ⟷ S = topspace(Euclidean_space n)"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof assume L: ?lhs have Ssub: "S ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" by (meson assms closedin_def) moreoverhave False if"a ∉ S"and"a ∈ topspace (Euclidean_space n)"for a proof - have cl_n: "closedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space n))" using Euclidean_space_def closedin_Euclidean_space closedin_subtopology by fastforce thenhave sub: "subtopology (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) (topspace(Euclidean_space n)) = Euclidean_space n" by (metis (no_types, lifting) Euclidean_space_def closedin_subset subtopology_subtopology topspace_Euclidean_space topspace_subtopology topspace_subtopology_subset) thenhave cl_S: "closedin (Euclidean_space(Suc n)) S" using cl_n assms closedin_closed_subtopology by fastforce have sub_SucS: "subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) S = subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S" by (metis Ssub sub subtopology_subtopology topspace_subtopology topspace_subtopology_subset) have non0: "{y. ∃x::nat→real. (∀i≥Suc n. x i = 0) ∧ (∃i≥n. x i ≠ 0) ∧ y = x n} = -{0}" proof safe show"False"if"∀i≥Suc n. f i = 0""0 = f n""n ≤ i""f i ≠ 0"for f::"nat→real"and i by (metis that le_antisym not_less_eq_eq) show"∃f::nat→real. (∀i≥Suc n. f i = 0) ∧ (∃i≥n. f i ≠ 0) ∧ a = f n"if"a ≠ 0"for a by (rule_tac x="(λi. 0)(n:= a)"in exI) (force simp: that) qed have"homology_group 0 (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S)) ≅ homology_group 0 (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - topspace (Euclidean_space n)))" proof (rule isomorphic_relative_contractible_space_imp_homology_groups) show"(topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S = {}) = (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - topspace (Euclidean_space n) = {})" using cl_n closedin_subset that by auto next fix p show"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - topspace (Euclidean_space n))" by (simp add: L sub_SucS cl_S cl_n isomorphic_relative_homology_groups_Euclidean_complements sub) qed (auto simp: L) moreover have"continuous_map (powertop_real UNIV) euclideanreal (λx. x n)" by (metis (no_types) UNIV_I continuous_map_product_projection) thenhave cm: "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - topspace (Euclidean_space n))) euclideanreal (λx. x n)" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_from_subtopology) have False if"path_connected_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - topspace (Euclidean_space n)))" using path_connectedin_continuous_map_image [OF cm that [unfolded path_connectedin_topspace [symmetric]]]
bounded_path_connected_Compl_real [of "{0}"] by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space image_def Bex_def non0 flip: path_connectedin_topspace) moreover have eq: "T = T ∩ {x. x n ≤ 0} ∪ T ∩ {x. x n ≥ 0}"for T :: "(nat → real) set" by auto have"path_connectedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S)" proof (subst eq, rule path_connectedin_Un) have"topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)) ∩ {x. x n = 0} = topspace(Euclidean_space n)" apply (auto simp: topspace_Euclidean_space) by (metis Suc_leI inf.absorb_iff2 inf.orderE leI) let ?S = "topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)) ∩ {x. x n < 0}" show"path_connectedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ((topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. x n ≤ 0})" proof (rule lemma_iod) show"?S ⊆ (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. x n ≤ 0}" using Ssub topspace_Euclidean_space by auto show"?S ≠ {}" apply (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space set_eq_iff) apply (rule_tac x="(λi. 0)(n:= -1)"in exI) apply auto done fix a b and u::real assume "a ∈ ?S""0 < u""u < 1" "b ∈ (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. x n ≤ 0}" thenshow"(λi. (1 - u) * a i + u * b i) ∈ ?S" by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space add_neg_nonpos less_eq_real_def mult_less_0_iff) qed (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space subset_iff) let ?T = "topspace(Euclidean_space(Suc n)) ∩ {x. x n > 0}" show"path_connectedin (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) ((topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. 0 ≤ x n})" proof (rule lemma_iod) show"?T ⊆ (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. 0 ≤ x n}" using Ssub topspace_Euclidean_space by auto show"?T ≠ {}" apply (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space set_eq_iff) apply (rule_tac x="(λi. 0)(n:= 1)"in exI) apply auto done fix a b and u::real assume"a ∈ ?T""0 < u""u < 1""b ∈ (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. 0 ≤ x n}" thenshow"(λi. (1 - u) * a i + u * b i) ∈ ?T" by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space add_pos_nonneg) qed (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space subset_iff) show"(topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. x n ≤ 0} ∩ ((topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S) ∩ {x. 0 ≤ x n}) ≠ {}" using that apply (auto simp: Set.set_eq_iff topspace_Euclidean_space) by (metis Suc_leD order_refl) qed thenhave"path_connected_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc n)) - S))" apply (simp add: path_connectedin_subtopology flip: path_connectedin_topspace) by (metis Int_Diff inf_idem) ultimately show ?thesis using isomorphic_homology_imp_path_connectedness by blast qed ultimatelyshow ?rhs by blast qed (simp add: homeomorphic_space_refl)
lemma isomorphic_homology_groups_Euclidean_complements: assumes"closedin (Euclidean_space n) S""closedin (Euclidean_space n) T" "(subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) homeomorphic_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) T)" shows"homology_group p (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S)) ≅ homology_group p (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - T))" proof (rule isomorphic_relative_contractible_space_imp_homology_groups) show"topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" using assms homeomorphic_space_sym invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space subtopology_superset by fastforce show"topspace (Euclidean_space n) - T ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" using assms invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space subtopology_superset byforce show"(topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S = {}) = (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - T = {})" by (metis Diff_eq_empty_iff assms closedin_subset homeomorphic_space_sym invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space subset_antisym subtopology_topspace) show"relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - S) ≅ relative_homology_group p (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - T)"for p using assms isomorphic_relative_homology_groups_Euclidean_complements by blast qed auto
theorem invariance_of_dimension_Euclidean_space: "Euclidean_space m homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space n ⟷ m = n" proof (cases m n rule: linorder_cases) case less thenhave *: "topspace (Euclidean_space m) ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space n)" by (meson le_cases not_le subset_Euclidean_space) thenhave"Euclidean_space m = subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space m))" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def inf.absorb_iff2 subtopology_subtopology) thenshow ?thesis by (metis (no_types, lifting) * Euclidean_space_def closedin_Euclidean_space closedin_closed_subtopology eq_iff invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space subset_Euclidean_space topspace_Euclidean_space) next case equal thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: homeomorphic_space_refl) next case greater thenhave *: "topspace (Euclidean_space n) ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space m)" by (meson le_cases not_le subset_Euclidean_space) thenhave"Euclidean_space n = subtopology (Euclidean_space m) (topspace(Euclidean_space n))" by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def inf.absorb_iff2 subtopology_subtopology) thenshow ?thesis by (metis (no_types, lifting) "*" Euclidean_space_def closedin_Euclidean_space closedin_closed_subtopology eq_iff homeomorphic_space_sym invariance_of_dimension_closedin_Euclidean_space subset_Euclidean_space topspace_Euclidean_space) qed
lemma biglemma: assumes"n ≠ 0"and S: "compactin (Euclidean_space n) S" and cmh: "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) (Euclidean_space n) h" and"inj_on h S" shows"path_connectedin (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - h ` S) ⟷ path_connectedin (Euclidean_space n) (topspace(Euclidean_space n) - S)" proof (rule path_connectedin_Euclidean_complements) have hS_sub: "h ` S ⊆ topspace(Euclidean_space n)" by (metis (no_types) S cmh compactin_subspace continuous_map_image_subset_topspace topspace_subtopology_subset) show clo_S: "closedin (Euclidean_space n) S" using assms by (simp add: continuous_map_in_subtopology Hausdorff_Euclidean_space compactin_imp_closedin) show clo_hS: "closedin (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S)" using Hausdorff_Euclidean_space S cmh compactin_absolute compactin_imp_closedin image_compactin by blast have"homeomorphic_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S)) h" proof (rule continuous_imp_homeomorphic_map) show"compact_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S)" by (simp add: S compact_space_subtopology) show"Hausdorff_space (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S))" using hS_sub by (simp add: Hausdorff_Euclidean_space Hausdorff_space_subtopology) show"continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S)) h" using cmh continuous_map_in_subtopology by fastforce show"h ` topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S) = topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S))" using clo_hS clo_S closedin_subset by auto show"inj_on h (topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S))" by (metis ‹inj_on h S› clo_S closedin_def topspace_subtopology_subset) qed thenshow"subtopology (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S) homeomorphic_space subtopology (Euclidean_space n) S" using homeomorphic_space homeomorphic_space_sym by blast qed
lemma lemmaIOD: assumes "∃T. T ∈ U ∧ c ⊆ T""∃T. T ∈ U ∧ d ⊆ T""∪U = c ∪ d""∧T. T ∈ U ==> T ≠ {}" "pairwise disjnt U""~(∃T. U ⊆ {T})" shows"c ∈ U" using assms apply safe subgoalfor C' D' proof (cases "C'=D'") show"c ∈ U" if UU: "∪ U = c ∪ d" and U: "∧T. T ∈ U ==> T ≠ {}""disjoint U"and"∄T. U ⊆ {T}""c ⊆ C'""D' ∈ U""d ⊆ D'""C' = D'" proof - have"c ∪ d = D'" using Union_upper sup_mono UU that(5) that(6) that(7) that(8) by auto thenhave"∪U = D'" by (simp add: UU) with U have"U = {D'}" by (metis (no_types, lifting) disjnt_Union1 disjnt_self_iff_empty insertCI pairwiseD subset_iff that(4) that(6)) thenshow ?thesis using that(4) by auto qed show"c ∈ U" if"∪ U = c ∪ d""disjoint U""C' ∈ U""c ⊆ C'""D' ∈ U""d ⊆ D'""C' ≠ D'" proof - have"C' ∩ D' = {}" using‹disjoint U›‹C' ∈ U›‹D' ∈ U›‹C' ≠ D'›unfolding disjnt_iff pairwise_def by blast thenshow ?thesis using subset_antisym that(1) ‹C' ∈ U›‹c ⊆ C'›‹d ⊆ D'›by fastforce qed qed done
theorem invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space: assumes U: "openin (Euclidean_space n) U" and cmf: "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) U) (Euclidean_space n) f" and"inj_on f U" shows"openin (Euclidean_space n) (f ` U)" (is"openin ?E (f ` U)") proof (cases "n = 0") case True have [simp]: "Euclidean_space 0 = discrete_topology {λi. 0}" by (auto simp: subtopology_eq_discrete_topology_sing topspace_Euclidean_space) show ?thesis using cmf True U by auto next case False define enorm where"enorm ≡ λx. sqrt(∑i<n. x i ^ 2)" have enorm_if [simp]: "enorm (λi. if i = k then d else 0) = (if k < n then ∣d∣ else 0)"for k d using‹n ≠ 0›by (auto simp: enorm_def power2_eq_square if_distrib [of "λx. x * _"] cong: if_cong) define zero::"nat→real"where"zero ≡ λi. 0" have zero_in [simp]: "zero ∈ topspace ?E" using False by (simp add: zero_def topspace_Euclidean_space) have enorm_eq_0 [simp]: "enorm x = 0 ⟷ x = zero" if"x ∈ topspace(Euclidean_space n)"for x using that unfolding zero_def enorm_def apply (simp add: sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff fun_eq_iff topspace_Euclidean_space) using le_less_linear by blast have [simp]: "enorm zero = 0" by (simp add: zero_def enorm_def) have cm_enorm: "continuous_map ?E euclideanreal enorm" unfolding enorm_def proof (intro continuous_intros) show"continuous_map ?E euclideanreal (λx. x i)" if"i ∈ {..<n}"for i using that by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def intro: continuous_map_product_projection continuous_map_from_subtopology) qed auto have enorm_ge0: "0 ≤ enorm x"for x by (auto simp: enorm_def sum_nonneg) have le_enorm: "∣x i∣≤ enorm x"if"i < n"for i x proof - have"∣x i∣≤ sqrt (∑k∈{i}. (x k)2)" by auto alsohave"…≤ sqrt (∑k<n. (x k)2)" by (rule real_sqrt_le_mono [OF sum_mono2]) (use that in auto) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: enorm_def) qed define B where"B ≡ λr. {x ∈ topspace ?E. enorm x < r}" define C where"C ≡ λr. {x ∈ topspace ?E. enorm x ≤ r}" define S where"S ≡ λr. {x ∈ topspace ?E. enorm x = r}" have BC: "B r ⊆ C r"and SC: "S r ⊆ C r"and disjSB: "disjnt (S r) (B r)"and eqC: "B r ∪ S r = C r"for r by (auto simp: B_def C_def S_def disjnt_def)
consider "n = 1" | "n ≥ 2" using False by linarith thenhave **: "openin ?E (h ` (B r))" if"r > 0"and cmh: "continuous_map(subtopology ?E (C r)) ?E h"and injh: "inj_on h (C r)"for r h proof cases case1 define e :: "[real,nat]→real"where"e ≡ λx i. if i = 0 then x else 0" define e' :: "(nat→real)→real"where"e' ≡ λx. x 0" have"continuous_map euclidean euclideanreal (λf. f (0::nat))" by auto thenhave"continuous_map (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) {f. ∀n≥Suc 0. f n = 0}) euclideanreal (λf. f 0)" by (metis (mono_tags) continuous_map_from_subtopology euclidean_product_topology) thenhave hom_ee': "homeomorphic_maps euclideanreal (Euclidean_space 1) e e'" by (auto simp: homeomorphic_maps_def e_def e'_def continuous_map_in_subtopology Euclidean_space_def) have eBr: "e ` {-r<..<r} = B r" unfolding B_def e_def C_def by(force simp: "1" topspace_Euclidean_space enorm_def power2_eq_square if_distrib [of "λx. x * _"] cong: if_cong) have in_Cr: "∧x. [-r < x; x < r]==> (λi. if i = 0 then x else 0) ∈ C r" using‹n ≠ 0›by (auto simp: C_def topspace_Euclidean_space) have inj: "inj_on (e' ∘ h ∘ e) {- r<..<r}" proof (clarsimp simp: inj_on_def e_def e'_def) show"(x::real) = y" if f: "h (λi. if i = 0 then x else 0) 0 = h (λi. if i = 0 then y else 0) 0" and"-r < x""x < r""-r < y""y < r" for x y :: real proof - have x: "(λi. if i = 0 then x else 0) ∈ C r"and y: "(λi. if i = 0 then y else 0) ∈ C r" by (blast intro: inj_onD [OF ‹inj_on h (C r)›] that in_Cr)+ have"continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (Suc 0)) (C r)) (Euclidean_space (Suc 0)) h" using cmh by (simp add: 1) thenhave"h ` ({x. ∀i≥Suc 0. x i = 0} ∩ C r) ⊆ {x. ∀i≥Suc 0. x i = 0}" by (force simp: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology continuous_map_def) have"h (λi. if i = 0 then x else 0) j = h (λi. if i = 0 then y else 0) j"for j proof (cases j) case (Suc j') have"h ` ({x. ∀i≥Suc 0. x i = 0} ∩ C r) ⊆ {x. ∀i≥Suc 0. x i = 0}" using continuous_map_image_subset_topspace [OF cmh] by (simp add: 1 Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology) with Suc f x y show ?thesis by (simp add: "1" image_subset_iff) qed (use f in blast) thenhave"(λi. if i = 0 then x else 0) = (λi::nat. if i = 0 then y else 0)" by (blast intro: inj_onD [OF ‹inj_on h (C r)›] that in_Cr) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) presburger qed qed have hom_e': "homeomorphic_map (Euclidean_space 1) euclideanreal e'" using hom_ee' homeomorphic_maps_map by blast have"openin (Euclidean_space n) (h ` e ` {- r<..<r})" unfolding1 proof (subst homeomorphic_map_openness [OF hom_e', symmetric]) show hesub: "h ` e ` {- r<..<r} ⊆ topspace (Euclidean_space 1)" using"1" C_def ‹∧r. B r ⊆ C r› cmh continuous_map_image_subset_topspace eBr by fastforce have cont: "continuous_on {- r<..<r} (e' ∘ h ∘ e)" proof (intro continuous_on_compose) have"∧i. continuous_on {- r<..<r} (λx. if i = 0 then x else 0)" by (auto simp: continuous_on_topological) thenshow"continuous_on {- r<..<r} e" by (force simp: e_def intro: continuous_on_coordinatewise_then_product) have subCr: "e ` {- r<..<r} ⊆ topspace (subtopology ?E (C r))" by (auto simp: eBr ‹∧r. B r ⊆ C r›) (auto simp: B_def) with cmh show"continuous_on (e ` {- r<..<r}) h" by (meson cm_Euclidean_space_iff_continuous_on continuous_on_subset) have"continuous_on (topspace ?E) e'" by (metis "1" continuous_map_Euclidean_space_iff hom_ee' homeomorphic_maps_def) thenshow"continuous_on (h ` e ` {- r<..<r}) e'" using hesub by (simp add: 1 e'_def continuous_on_subset) qed show"openin euclideanreal (e' ` h ` e ` {- r<..<r})" using injective_eq_1d_open_map_UNIV [OF cont] inj by (simp add: image_image is_interval_1) qed
then show ?thesis
by (simp flip: eBr)
next case2
have cloC: "\<And>r. closedin (Euclidean_space n) (C r)"
unfolding C_def
by (rule closedin_continuous_map_preimage [OF cm_enorm, of concl: "{.._}", simplified])
have cloS: "\<And>r. closedin (Euclidean_space n) (S r)"
unfolding S_def
by (rule closedin_continuous_map_preimage [OF cm_enorm, of concl: "{_}", simplified])
have C_subset: "C r \<subseteq> UNIV \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E {- \<bar>r\<bar>..\<bar>r\<bar>}"
using le_enorm \<open>r > 0\<close>
apply (auto simp: C_def topspace_Euclidean_space abs_le_iff)
apply (metis add.inverse_neutral le_cases less_minus_iff not_le order_trans)
by (metis enorm_ge0 not_le order.trans)
have compactinC: "compactin (Euclidean_space n) (C r)"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def compactin_subtopology
proof
show "compactin (powertop_real UNIV) (C r)"
proof (rule closed_compactin [OF _ C_subset])
show "closedin (powertop_real UNIV) (C r)"
by (metis Euclidean_space_def cloC closedin_Euclidean_space closedin_closed_subtopology topspace_Euclidean_space)
qed (simp add: compactin_PiE)
qed (auto simp: C_def topspace_Euclidean_space)
have compactinS: "compactin (Euclidean_space n) (S r)"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def compactin_subtopology
proof
show "compactin (powertop_real UNIV) (S r)"
proof (rule closed_compactin)
show "S r \<subseteq> UNIV \<rightarrow>\<^sub>E {- \<bar>r\<bar>..\<bar>r\<bar>}"
using C_subset \<open>\<And>r. S r \<subseteq> C r\<close> by blast
show "closedin (powertop_real UNIV) (S r)"
by (metis Euclidean_space_def cloS closedin_Euclidean_space closedin_closed_subtopology topspace_Euclidean_space)
qed (simp add: compactin_PiE)
qed (auto simp: S_def topspace_Euclidean_space)
have h_if_B: "\<And>y. y \<in> B r \<Longrightarrow> h y \<in> topspace ?E"
using B_def \<open>\<And>r. B r \<union> S r = C r\<close> cmh continuous_map_image_subset_topspace by fastforce
have com_hSr: "compactin (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S r)"
by (meson \<open>\<And>r. S r \<subseteq> C r\<close> cmh compactinS compactin_subtopology image_compactin)
have ope_comp_hSr: "openin (Euclidean_space n) (topspace (Euclidean_space n) - h ` S r)"
proof (rule openin_diff)
show "closedin (Euclidean_space n) (h ` S r)"
using Hausdorff_Euclidean_space com_hSr compactin_imp_closedin by blast
qed auto
have h_pcs: "h ` (B r) \<in> path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` (S r)))"
proof (rule lemmaIOD)
have pc_interval: "path_connectedin (Euclidean_space n) {x \<in> topspace(Euclidean_space n). enorm x \<in> T}" if T: "is_interval T"for T
proof -
define mul :: "[real, nat \<Rightarrow> real, nat] \<Rightarrow> real" where "mul \<equiv> \<lambda>a x i. a * x i"
let ?neg = "mul (-1)"
have neg_neg [simp]: "?neg (?neg x) = x"for x
by (simp add: mul_def)
have enorm_mul [simp]: "enorm(mul a x) = abs a * enorm x"for a x
by (simp add: enorm_def mul_def power_mult_distrib) (metis real_sqrt_abs real_sqrt_mult sum_distrib_left)
have mul_in_top: "mul a x \<in> topspace ?E" if"x \<in> topspace ?E"for a x
using mul_def that topspace_Euclidean_space by auto
have neg_in_S: "?neg x \<in> S r" if"x \<in> S r"for x r
using that topspace_Euclidean_space S_def by simp (simp add: mul_def)
have *: "path_connectedin ?E (S d)" if"d \<ge> 0"for d
proof (cases "d = 0")
let ?ES = "subtopology ?E (S d)" caseFalse
then have "d > 0"
using that by linarith
moreover have "path_connected_space ?ES"
unfolding path_connected_space_iff_path_component
proof clarify
have **: "path_component_of ?ES x y" if x: "x \<in> topspace ?ES"and y: "y \<in> topspace ?ES""x \<noteq> ?neg y"for x y
proof -
show ?thesis
unfolding path_component_of_def pathin_def S_def
proof (intro exI conjI)
let ?g = "(\<lambda>x. mul (d / enorm x) x) \<circ> (\<lambda>t i. (1 - t) * x i + t * y i)"
show "continuous_map (top_of_set {0::real..1}) (subtopology ?E {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x = d}) ?g"
proof (rule continuous_map_compose)
let ?Y = "subtopology ?E (- {zero})"
have **: False if eq0: "\<And>j. (1 - r) * x j + r * y j = 0" and ne: "x i \<noteq> - y i" and d: "enorm x = d""enorm y = d" and r: "0 \<le> r""r \<le> 1" for i r
proof -
have "mul (1-r) x = ?neg (mul r y)"
using eq0 by (simp add: mul_def fun_eq_iff algebra_simps)
then have "enorm (mul (1-r) x) = enorm (?neg (mul r y))"
by metis
with r have "(1-r) * enorm x = r * enorm y"
by simp
then have r12: "r = 1/2"
using \<open>d \<noteq> 0\<close> d by auto
show ?thesis
using ne eq0 [of i] unfolding r12 by (simp add: algebra_simps)
qed
show "continuous_map (top_of_set {0..1}) ?Y (\<lambda>t i. (1 - t) * x i + t * y i)"
using x y
unfolding continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV Euclidean_space_def continuous_map_in_subtopology
apply (intro conjI allI continuous_intros)
apply (auto simp: zero_def mul_def S_def Euclidean_space_def fun_eq_iff)
using ** by blast
have cm_enorm': "continuous_map (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) A) euclideanreal enorm" for A
unfolding enorm_def by (intro continuous_intros) auto
have "continuous_map ?Y (subtopology ?E {x. enorm x = d}) (\<lambda>x. mul (d / enorm x) x)"
unfolding continuous_map_in_subtopology
proof (intro conjI)
show "continuous_map ?Y (Euclidean_space n) (\<lambda>x. mul (d / enorm x) x)"
unfolding continuous_map_in_subtopology Euclidean_space_def mul_def zero_def subtopology_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV
proof (intro conjI allI cm_enorm' continuous_intros)
show "enorm x \<noteq> 0" if"x \<in> topspace (subtopology (powertop_real UNIV) ({x. \<forall>i\<ge>n. x i = 0} \<inter> - {\<lambda>i. 0}))"for x
using that by simp (metis abs_le_zero_iff le_enorm not_less)
qed auto
qed (use \<open>d > 0\<close> enorm_ge0 in auto)
moreover have "subtopology ?E {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x = d} = subtopology ?E {x. enorm x = d}"
by (simp add: subtopology_restrict Collect_conj_eq)
ultimately show "continuous_map ?Y (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) {x \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n). enorm x = d}) (\<lambda>x. mul (d / enorm x) x)"
by metis
qed
show "?g (0::real) = x""?g (1::real) = y"
using that by (auto simp: S_def zero_def mul_def fun_eq_iff)
qed
qed
obtain a b where a: "a \<in> topspace ?ES"and b: "b \<in> topspace ?ES" and"a \<noteq> b"and negab: "?neg a \<noteq> b"
proof
let ?v = "\<lambda>j i::nat. if i = j then d else 0"
show "?v 0 \<in> topspace (subtopology ?E (S d))""?v 1 \<in> topspace (subtopology ?E (S d))"
using \<open>n \<ge> 2\<close> \<open>d \<ge> 0\<close> by (auto simp: S_def topspace_Euclidean_space)
show "?v 0 \<noteq> ?v 1""?neg (?v 0) \<noteq> (?v 1)"
using \<open>d > 0\<close> by (auto simp: mul_def fun_eq_iff)
qed
show "path_component_of ?ES x y" if x: "x \<in> topspace ?ES"and y: "y \<in> topspace ?ES" for x y
proof -
have "path_component_of ?ES x (?neg x)"
proof -
have "path_component_of ?ES x a"
by (metis (no_types, opaque_lifting) ** a b \<open>a \<noteq> b\<close> negab path_component_of_trans path_component_of_sym x)
moreover
have pa_ab: "path_component_of ?ES a b" using "**" a b negab neg_neg by blast
then have "path_component_of ?ES a (?neg x)"
by (metis "**" \<open>a \<noteq> b\<close> cloS closedin_def neg_in_S path_component_of_equiv topspace_subtopology_subset x)
ultimately show ?thesis
by (meson path_component_of_trans)
qed
then show ?thesis
using "**" x y by force
qed
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
by (simp add: cloS closedin_subset path_connectedin_def)
qed (simp add: S_def cong: conj_cong)
have "path_component_of (subtopology ?E {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<in> T}) x y" if"enorm x = a""x \<in> topspace ?E""enorm x \<in> T""enorm y = b""y \<in> topspace ?E""enorm y \<in> T" for x y a b
using that
proof (induction a b arbitrary: x y rule: linorder_less_wlog) case (less a b)
then have "a \<ge> 0"
using enorm_ge0 by blast
with less.hyps have "b > 0"
by linarith
show ?case
proof (rule path_component_of_trans)
have y'_ts: "mul (a / b) y \<in> topspace ?E"
using \<open>y \<in> topspace ?E\<close> mul_in_top by blast
moreover have "enorm (mul (a / b) y) = a"
unfolding enorm_mul using \<open>0 < b\<close> \<open>0 \<le> a\<close> less.prems by simp
ultimately have y'_S: "mul (a / b) y \<in> S a"
using S_def by blast
have "x \<in> S a"
using S_def less.prems by blast
with \<open>x \<in> topspace ?E\<close> y'_ts y'_S
have "path_component_of (subtopology ?E (S a)) x (mul (a / b) y)"
by (metis * [OF \<open>a \<ge> 0\<close>] path_connected_space_iff_path_component path_connectedin_def topspace_subtopology_subset)
moreover
have "{f \<in> topspace ?E. enorm f = a} \<subseteq> {f \<in> topspace ?E. enorm f \<in> T}"
using \<open>enorm x = a\<close> \<open>enorm x \<in> T\<close> by force
ultimately
show "path_component_of (subtopology ?E {x. x \<in> topspace ?E \<and> enorm x \<in> T}) x (mul (a / b) y)"
by (simp add: S_def path_component_of_mono)
have "pathin ?E (\<lambda>t. mul (((1 - t) * b + t * a) / b) y)"
using \<open>b > 0\<close> \<open>y \<in> topspace ?E\<close>
unfolding pathin_def Euclidean_space_def mul_def continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV
by (intro allI conjI continuous_intros) auto
moreover have "mul (((1 - t) * b + t * a) / b) y \<in> topspace ?E" if"t \<in> {0..1}"for t
using \<open>y \<in> topspace ?E\<close> mul_in_top by blast
moreover have "enorm (mul (((1 - t) * b + t * a) / b) y) \<in> T" if"t \<in> {0..1}"for t
proof -
have "a \<in> T""b \<in> T"
using less.prems by auto
then have "\<bar>(1 - t) * b + t * a\<bar> \<in> T"
proof (rule mem_is_interval_1_I [OF T])
show "a \<le> \<bar>(1 - t) * b + t * a\<bar>"
using that \<open>a \<ge> 0\<close> less.hyps segment_bound_lemma by auto
show "\<bar>(1 - t) * b + t * a\<bar> \<le> b"
using that \<open>a \<ge> 0\<close> less.hyps by (auto intro: convex_bound_le)
qed
then show ?thesis
unfolding enorm_mul \<open>enorm y = b\<close> using that \<open>b > 0\<close> by simp
qed
ultimately have pa: "pathin (subtopology ?E {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<in> T})
(\<lambda>t. mul (((1 - t) * b + t * a) / b) y)"
by (auto simp: pathin_subtopology)
have ex_pathin: "\<exists>g. pathin (subtopology ?E {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<in> T}) g \<and>
g 0 = y \<and> g 1 = mul (a / b) y"
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>t. mul (((1 - t) * b + t * a) / b) y" in exI)
using \<open>b > 0\<close> pa by (auto simp: mul_def)
show "path_component_of (subtopology ?E {x. x \<in> topspace ?E \<and> enorm x \<in> T}) (mul (a / b) y) y"
by (rule path_component_of_sym) (simp add: path_component_of_def ex_pathin)
qed
next case (refl a)
then have pc: "path_component_of (subtopology ?E (S (enorm u))) u v" if"u \<in> topspace ?E \<inter> S (enorm x)""v \<in> topspace ?E \<inter> S (enorm u)"for u v
using * [of a] enorm_ge0 that
by (auto simp: path_connectedin_def path_connected_space_iff_path_component S_def)
have sub: "{u \<in> topspace ?E. enorm u = enorm x} \<subseteq> {u \<in> topspace ?E. enorm u \<in> T}"
using \<open>enorm x \<in> T\<close> by auto
show ?case
using pc [of x y] refl by (auto simp: S_def path_component_of_mono [OF _ sub])
next case (sym a b)
then show ?case
by (blast intro: path_component_of_sym)
qed
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: path_connectedin_def path_connected_space_iff_path_component)
qed
have "h ` S r \<subseteq> topspace ?E"
by (meson SC cmh compact_imp_compactin_subtopology compactinS compactin_subset_topspace image_compactin)
moreover
have "\<not> compact_space ?E "
by (metis compact_Euclidean_space \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close>)
then have "\<not> compactin ?E (topspace ?E)"
by (simp add: compact_space_def topspace_Euclidean_space)
then have "h ` S r \<noteq> topspace ?E"
using com_hSr by auto
ultimately have top_hSr_ne: "topspace (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) \<noteq> {}"
by auto
show pc1: "\<exists>T. T \<in> path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) \<and> h ` B r \<subseteq> T"
proof (rule exists_path_component_of_superset [OF _ top_hSr_ne])
have "path_connectedin ?E (h ` B r)"
proof (rule path_connectedin_continuous_map_image)
show "continuous_map (subtopology ?E (C r)) ?E h"
by (simp add: cmh)
have "path_connectedin ?E (B r)"
using pc_interval[of "{..<r}"] is_interval_convex_1 unfolding B_def by auto
then show "path_connectedin (subtopology ?E (C r)) (B r)"
by (simp add: path_connectedin_subtopology BC)
qed
moreover have "h ` B r \<subseteq> topspace ?E - h ` S r"
apply (auto simp: h_if_B)
by (metis BC SC disjSB disjnt_iff inj_onD [OF injh] subsetD)
ultimately show "path_connectedin (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) (h ` B r)"
by (simp add: path_connectedin_subtopology)
qed metis
show "\<exists>T. T \<in> path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) \<and> topspace ?E - h ` (C r) \<subseteq> T"
proof (rule exists_path_component_of_superset [OF _ top_hSr_ne])
have eq: "topspace ?E - {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<le> r} = {x \<in> topspace ?E. r < enorm x}"
by auto
have "path_connectedin ?E (topspace ?E - C r)"
using pc_interval[of "{r<..}"] is_interval_convex_1 unfolding C_def eq by auto
then have "path_connectedin ?E (topspace ?E - h ` C r)"
by (metis biglemma [OF \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close> compactinC cmh injh])
then show "path_connectedin (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) (topspace ?E - h ` C r)"
by (simp add: Diff_mono SC image_mono path_connectedin_subtopology)
qed metis
have "topspace ?E \<inter> (topspace ?E - h ` S r) = h ` B r \<union> (topspace ?E - h ` C r)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
using \<open>\<And>r. B r \<union> S r = C r\<close> by auto
have "h ` B r \<inter> h ` S r = {}"
by (metis Diff_triv \<open>\<And>r. B r \<union> S r = C r\<close> \<open>\<And>r. disjnt (S r) (B r)\<close> disjnt_def inf_commute inj_on_Un injh)
then show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
using path_components_of_subset pc1 \<open>\<And>r. B r \<union> S r = C r\<close>
by (fastforce simp add: h_if_B)
qed
then show "\<Union> (path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r))) = h ` B r \<union> (topspace ?E - h ` (C r))"
by (simp add: Union_path_components_of)
show "T \<noteq> {}" if"T \<in> path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r))"for T
using that by (simp add: nonempty_path_components_of)
show "disjoint (path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)))"
by (simp add: pairwise_disjoint_path_components_of)
have "\<not> path_connectedin ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)"
proof (subst biglemma [OF \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close> compactinS])
show "continuous_map (subtopology ?E (S r)) ?E h"
by (metis Un_commute Un_upper1 cmh continuous_map_from_subtopology_mono eqC)
show "inj_on h (S r)"
using SC inj_on_subset injh by blast
show "\<not> path_connectedin ?E (topspace ?E - S r)"
proof
have "topspace ?E - S r = {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<noteq> r}"
by (auto simp: S_def)
moreover have "enorm ` {x \<in> topspace ?E. enorm x \<noteq> r} = {0..} - {r}"
proof
have "\<exists>x. x \<in> topspace ?E \<and> enorm x \<noteq> r \<and> d = enorm x" if"d \<noteq> r""d \<ge> 0"for d
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "(\<lambda>i. if i = 0 then d else 0) \<in> topspace ?E"
using \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close> by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def)
show "enorm (\<lambda>i if i = 0 then d else 0) \<noteq> r""d = enorm (\<lambda>i. if i = 0 then d else 0)"
using \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close> that by simp_all
qed
then show "{0.} {r \<subseteq>enorm {\<> topspace ?. x \noteq>r"
bya : auto java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 36 out of bounds for length 36
ultimately have non_r: "enorm ` (topspace ?E - S r) = {0..} - {r}"
by simp
have "\<exists>x\<ge>0. x \<noteq> r \<and> r \<le> x"
by (metis gt_ex le_cases not_le order_trans)
then have "\<not> is_interval ({0..} - {r})"
unfolding is_interval_1
using \<open>r > 0\<close> by (auto simp: Bex_def)
then show False if"path_connectedin ?E (topspace ?E - S r)"
using path_connectedin_continuous_map_image [OF cm_enorm that] by (simp add: is_interval_path_connected_1 non_r)
qed
qed
then have "\<not> path_connected_space (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r))"
by (simp add: path_connectedin_def)
then show "\<nexists>T. path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` S r)) \<subseteq> {T}"
by (simp add: path_components_of_subset_singleton)
qed
moreover have "openin ?E A" if"A \<in> path_components_of (subtopology ?E (topspace ?E - h ` (S r)))"for A
using locally_path_connected_Euclidean_space [of n] that ope_comp_hSr
by (simp add: locally_path_connected_space_open_path_components)
ultimately show ?thesis by metis
qed
have "\<exists>T. openin ?E T \<and> f x \<in> T \<and> T \<subseteq> f ` U" if"x \<in> U"for x
proof -
have x: "x \<in> topspace ?E"
by (meson U in_mono openin_subset that)
obtain V where V: "openin (powertop_real UNIV) V"and Ueq: "U = V \<inter> {x. \<forall>i\<ge>n. x i = 0}"
using U by (auto simp: openin_subtopology Euclidean_space_def)
with \<open>x \<in> U\<close> have "x \<in> V" by blast
then obtain T where Tfin: "finite {i. T i \<noteq> UNIV}"and Topen: "\<And>i. open (T i)" and Tx: "x \<in> Pi\<^sub>E UNIV T"and TV: "Pi\<^sub>E UNIV T \<subseteq> V"
using V by (force simp: openin_product_topology_alt)
have "\<exists>e>0. \<forall>x'. \<bar>x' - x i\<bar> < e \<longrightarrow> x' \<in> T i"for i
using Topen [of i] Tx by (auto simp: open_real)
then obtain \<beta> where B0: "\<And>i. \<beta> i > 0"and BT: "\<And>i x'. \<bar>x' - x i\<bar> < \<beta> i \<Longrightarrow> x' \<in> T i"
by metis
define r where "r \<equiv> Min (insert 1 (\<beta> ` {i. T i \<noteq> UNIV}))"
have "r > 0"
by (simp add: B0 Tfin r_def)
have inU: "y \<in> U" if y: "y \<in> topspace ?E"and yxr: "\<And>i. i<n \<Longrightarrow> \<bar>y i - x i\<bar> < r"for y
proof -
have "y i \<in> T i"for i
proof (cases "T i = UNIV")
show "y i \<in> T i"if"T i \<noteq> UNIV"
proof (cases "i < n") case True
then show ?thesis
using yxr [OF True] that by (simp add: r_def BT Tfin)
next caseFalse
then show ?thesis
using B0 Ueq \<open>x \<in> U\<close> topspace_Euclidean_space y by (force intro: BT)
qed
qed auto
with TV have "y \<in> V" by auto
then show ?thesis
using that by (auto simp: Ueq topspace_Euclidean_space)
qed
have xinU: "(\<lambda>i. x i + y i) \<in> U"if"y \<in> C(r/2)"for y
proof (rule inU)
have y: "y \<in> topspace ?E"
using C_def that by blast
show "(\<lambda>i. x i + y i) \<in> topspace ?E"
using x y by (simp add: topspace_Euclidean_space)
have "enorm y \<le> r/2"
using that by (simp add: C_def)
then show "\<bar>x i + y i - x i\<bar> < r"if"i < n"for i
using le_enorm enorm_ge0 that \<open>0 < r\<close> leI order_trans by fastforce
qed
show ?thesis
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "openin ?E ((f \<circ> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i)) ` B (r/2))"
proof (rule **)
have "continuous_map (subtopology ?E (C(r/2))) (subtopology ?E U) (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i)"
by (auto simp: xinU continuous_map_in_subtopology
intro!: continuous_intros continuous_map_Euclidean_space_add x)
then show "continuous_map (subtopology ?E (C(r/2))) ?E (f \<circ> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i))"
by (rule continuous_map_compose) (simp add: cmf)
show "inj_on (f \<circ> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i)) (C(r/2))"
proof (clarsimp simp add: inj_on_def C_def topspace_Euclidean_space simp del: divide_const_simps)
show "y' = y" if ey: "enorm y \<le> r / 2"and ey': "enorm y' \<le> r / 2" and y0: "\<forall>i\<ge>n. y i = 0"and y'0: "\<forall>i\<ge>n. y' i = 0" and feq: "f (\<lambda>i. x i + y' i) = f (\<lambda>i. x i + y i)" for y' y :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
proof -
have "(\<lambda>i. x i + y i) \<in> U"
proof (rule inU)
show "(\<lambda>i. x i + y i) \<in> topspace ?E"
using topspace_Euclidean_space x y0 by auto
show "\<bar>x i + y i - x i\<bar> < r"if"i < n"for i
using ey le_enorm [of _ y] \<open>r > 0\<close> that by fastforce
qed
moreover have "(\<lambda>i. x i + y' i) \<in> U"
proof (rule inU)
show "(\<lambda>i. x i + y' i) \<in> topspace ?E"
using topspace_Euclidean_space x y'0 by auto
show "\<bar>x i + y' i - x i\<bar> < r"if"i < n"for i
using ey' le_enorm [of _ y'] \<open>r > 0\<close> that by fastforce
qed
ultimately have "(\<lambda>i. x i + y' i) = (\<lambda>i. x i + y i)"
using feq by (meson \<open>inj_on f U\<close> inj_on_def)
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff)
qed
qed
qed (simp add: \<open>0 < r\<close>)
have "x \<in> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i) ` B (r / 2)"
proof
show "x = (\<lambda>i. x i + zero i)"
by (simp add: zero_def)
qed (auto simp: B_def \<open>r > 0\<close>)
then show "f x \<in> (f \<circ> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i)) ` B (r/2)"
by (metis image_comp image_eqI)
show "(f \<circ> (\<lambda>y i. x i + y i)) ` B (r/2) \<subseteq> f ` U"
using \<open>\<And>r. B r \<subseteq> C r\<close> xinU by fastforce
qed
qed
then show ?thesis
using openin_subopen by force
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space_embedding_map:
assumes "openin (Euclidean_space n) U" and cmf: "continuous_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space n) U) (Euclidean_space n) f" and"inj_on f U"
shows "embedding_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space n) U) (Euclidean_space n) f"
proof (rule injective_open_imp_embedding_map [OF cmf])
show "open_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) U) (Euclidean_space n) f"
unfolding open_map_def
by (meson assms continuous_map_from_subtopology_mono inj_on_subset invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space openin_imp_subset openin_trans_full)
show "inj_on f (topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space n) U))"
using assms openin_subset topspace_subtopology_subset by fastforce
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space_gen:
assumes "n \<le> m"and U: "openin (Euclidean_space m) U" and cmf: "continuous_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U) (Euclidean_space n) f" and"inj_on f U"
shows "openin (Euclidean_space n) (f ` U)"
proof -
have *: "Euclidean_space n = subtopology (Euclidean_space m) (topspace(Euclidean_space n))"
by (metis Euclidean_space_def \<open>n \<le> m\<close> inf.absorb_iff2 subset_Euclidean_space subtopology_subtopology topspace_Euclidean_space)
then have "openin (Euclidean_space m) (f ` U)"
by (metis "*" U assms(4) cmf continuous_map_in_subtopology invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space)
moreover have "U \<subseteq> topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U)"
by (metis U inf.absorb_iff2 openin_subset openin_subtopology openin_topspace)
ultimately show ?thesis
by (metis "*" cmf continuous_map_image_subset_topspace dual_order.antisym
openin_imp_subset openin_topspace subset_openin_subtopology)
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space_embedding_map_gen:
assumes "n \<le> m"and U: "openin (Euclidean_space m) U" and cmf: "continuous_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U) (Euclidean_space n) f" and"inj_on f U"
shows "embedding_map(subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U) (Euclidean_space n) f"
proof (rule injective_open_imp_embedding_map [OF cmf])
show "open_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U) (Euclidean_space n) f"
by (meson U \<open>n \<le> m\<close> \<open>inj_on f U\<close> cmf continuous_map_from_subtopology_mono invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space_gen open_map_def openin_open_subtopology inj_on_subset)
show "inj_on f (topspace (subtopology (Euclidean_space m) U))"
using assms openin_subset topspace_subtopology_subset by fastforce
qed
subsection\<open>Relating two variants of Euclidean space, one within product topology. \<close>
proposition homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean_gen_OLD:
fixes B :: "'n::euclidean_space set"
assumes "finite B""independent B"and orth: "pairwise orthogonal B"and n: "card B = n"
obtains f g where "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) f g"
proof -
note representation_basis [OF \<open>independent B\<close>, simp]
obtain b where injb: "inj_on b {..<n}"and beq: "b ` {..<n} = B"
using finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on [OF \<open>finite B\<close>]
by (metis n card_Collect_less_nat card_image lessThan_def)
then have biB: "\<And>i. i < n \<Longrightarrow> b i \<in> B"
by force
have repr: "\<And>v. v \<in> span B \<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>i<n. representation B v (b i) *\<^sub>R b i) = v"
using real_vector.sum_representation_eq [OF \<open>independent B\<close> _ \<open>finite B\<close>]
by (metis (no_types, lifting) injb beq order_refl sum.reindex_cong)
let ?f = "\<lambda>x. \<Sum>i<n. x i *\<^sub>R b i"
let ?g = "\<lambda>v i. if i < n then representation B v (b i) else 0"
show thesis
proof
show "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) ?f ?g"
unfolding homeomorphic_maps_def
proof (intro conjI)
have *: "continuous_map euclidean (top_of_set (span B)) ?f"
by (metis (mono_tags) biB continuous_map_span_sum lessThan_iff)
show "continuous_map (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) ?f"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def
by (rule continuous_map_from_subtopology) (simp add: euclidean_product_topology *)
show "continuous_map (top_of_set (span B)) (Euclidean_space n) ?g"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def
by (auto simp: continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV continuous_on_representation \<open>independent B\<close> biB orth pairwise_orthogonal_imp_finite)
have [simp]: "\<And>x i. i<n \<Longrightarrow> x i *\<^sub>R b i \<in> span B"
by (simp add: biB span_base span_scale)
have "representation B (?f x) (b j) = x j" if0: "\<forall>i\<ge>n. x i = (0::real)"and"j < n"for x j
proof -
have "representation B (?f x) (b j) = (\<Sum>i<n. representation B (x i *\<^sub>R b i) (b j))"
by (subst real_vector.representation_sum) (auto simp add: \<open>independent B\<close>)
also have "... = (\<Sum>i<n. x i * representation B (b i) (b j))"
by (simp add: assms(2) biB representation_scale span_base)
also have "... = (\<Sum>i<n. if b j = b i then x i else 0)"
by (simp add: biB if_distrib cong: if_cong)
also have "... = x j"
using that inj_on_eq_iff [OF injb] by auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
then show "\<forall>x\<in>topspace (Euclidean_space n). ?g (?f x) = x"
by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def)
show "\<forall>y\<in>topspace (top_of_set (span B)). ?f (?g y) = y"
using repr by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def)
qed
qed
qed
proposition homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean_gen:
fixes B :: "'n::euclidean_space set"
assumes "independent B"and orth: "pairwise orthogonal B"and n: "card B = n" and1: "\<And>u. u \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> norm u = 1"
obtains f g where "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) f g" and"\<And>x. x \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n) \<Longrightarrow> (norm (f x))\<^sup>2 = (\<Sum>i<n. (x i)\<^sup>2)"
proof -
note representation_basis [OF \<open>independent B\<close>, simp]
have "finite B"
using \<open>independent B\<close> finiteI_independent by metis
obtain b where injb: "inj_on b {..<n}"and beq: "b ` {..<n} = B"
using finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on [OF \<open>finite B\<close>]
by (metis n card_Collect_less_nat card_image lessThan_def)
then have biB: "\<And>i. i < n \<Longrightarrow> b i \<in> B"
by force
have "0 \<notin> B"
using \<open>independent B\<close> dependent_zero by blast
have [simp]: "b i \<bullet> b j = (if j = i then 1 else 0)" if"i < n""j < n"for i j
proof (cases "i = j") case True
with 1 that show ?thesis
by (auto simp: norm_eq_sqrt_inner biB)
next caseFalse
then have "b i \<noteq> b j"
by (meson inj_onD injb lessThan_iff that)
then show ?thesis
using orth by (auto simp: orthogonal_def pairwise_def norm_eq_sqrt_inner that biB)
qed
have [simp]: "\<And>x i. i<n \<Longrightarrow> x i *\<^sub>R b i \<in> span B"
by (simp add: biB span_base span_scale)
have repr: "\<And>v. v \<in> span B \<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>i<n. representation B v (b i) *\<^sub>R b i) = v"
using real_vector.sum_representation_eq [OF \<open>independent B\<close> _ \<open>finite B\<close>]
by (metis (no_types, lifting) injb beq order_refl sum.reindex_cong)
define f where "f \<equiv> \<lambda>x. \<Sum>i<n. x i *\<^sub>R b i"
define g where "g \<equiv> \<lambda>v i. if i < n then representation B v (b i) else 0"
show thesis
proof
show "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) f g"
unfolding homeomorphic_maps_def
proof (intro conjI)
have *: "continuous_map euclidean (top_of_set (span B)) f"
unfolding f_def
by (rule continuous_map_span_sum) (use biB \<open>0 \<notin> B\<close> in auto)
show "continuous_map (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) f"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def
by (rule continuous_map_from_subtopology) (simp add: euclidean_product_topology *)
show "continuous_map (top_of_set (span B)) (Euclidean_space n) g"
unfolding Euclidean_space_def g_def
by (auto simp: continuous_map_in_subtopology continuous_map_componentwise_UNIV continuous_on_representation \<open>independent B\<close> biB orth pairwise_orthogonal_imp_finite)
have "representation B (f x) (b j) = x j" if0: "\<forall>i\<ge>n. x i = (0::real)"and"j < n"for x j
proof -
have "representation B (f x) (b j) = (\<Sum>i<n. representation B (x i *\<^sub>R b i) (b j))"
unfolding f_def
by (subst real_vector.representation_sum) (auto simp add: \<open>independent B\<close>)
also have "... = (\<Sum>i<n. x i * representation B (b i) (b j))"
by (simp add: \<open>independent B\<close> biB representation_scale span_base)
also have "... = (\<Sum>i<n. if b j = b i then x i else 0)"
by (simp add: biB if_distrib cong: if_cong)
also have "... = x j"
using that inj_on_eq_iff [OF injb] by auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
then show "\<forall>x\<in>topspace (Euclidean_space n). g (f x) = x"
by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def f_def g_def)
show "\<forall>y\<in>topspace (top_of_set (span B)). f (g y) = y"
using repr by (auto simp: Euclidean_space_def f_def g_def)
qed
show normeq: "(norm (f x))\<^sup>2 = (\<Sum>i<n. (x i)\<^sup>2)"if"x \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n)"for x
unfolding f_def dot_square_norm [symmetric]
by (simp add: power2_eq_square inner_sum_left inner_sum_right if_distrib biB cong: if_cong)
qed
qed
corollary homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean:
obtains f :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> real) \<Rightarrow> 'n::euclidean_space"and g
where "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space (DIM('n))) euclidean f g"
by (force intro: homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean_gen [OF independent_Basis orthogonal_Basis refl norm_Basis])
lemma homeomorphic_maps_nsphere_euclidean_sphere:
fixes B :: "'n::euclidean_space set"
assumes B: "independent B"and orth: "pairwise orthogonal B"and n: "card B = n"and"n \<noteq> 0" and1: "\<And>u. u \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> norm u = 1"
obtains f :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> real) \<Rightarrow> 'n::euclidean_space"and g
where "homeomorphic_maps (nsphere(n - 1)) (top_of_set (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span B)) f g"
proof -
have "finite B"
using \<open>independent B\<close> finiteI_independent by metis
obtain f g where fg: "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space n) (top_of_set (span B)) f g" and normf: "\<And>x. x \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n) \<Longrightarrow> (norm (f x))\<^sup>2 = (\<Sum>i<n. (x i)\<^sup>2)"
using homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean_gen [OF B orth n 1]
by blast
obtain b where injb: "inj_on b {..<n}"and beq: "b ` {..<n} = B"
using finite_imp_nat_seg_image_inj_on [OF \<open>finite B\<close>]
by (metis n card_Collect_less_nat card_image lessThan_def)
then have biB: "\<And>i. i < n \<Longrightarrow> b i \<in> B"
by force
have [simp]: "\<And>i. i < n \<Longrightarrow> b i \<noteq> 0"
using \<open>independent B\<close> biB dependent_zero by fastforce
have [simp]: "b i \<bullet> b j = (if j = i then (norm (b i))\<^sup>2 else 0)" if"i < n""j < n"for i j
proof (cases "i = j") caseFalse
then have "b i \<noteq> b j"
by (meson inj_onD injb lessThan_iff that)
then show ?thesis
using orth by (auto simp: orthogonal_def pairwise_def norm_eq_sqrt_inner that biB)
qed (auto simp: norm_eq_sqrt_inner)
have [simp]: "Suc (n - Suc 0) = n"
using Suc_pred \<open>n \<noteq> 0\<close> by blast
then have [simp]: "{..card B - Suc 0} = {..<card B}"
using n by fastforce
show thesis
proof
have 1: "norm (f x) = 1" if"(\<Sum>i<card B. (x i)\<^sup>2) = (1::real)""x \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n)"for x
proof -
have "norm (f x)^2 = 1"
using normf that by (simp add: n)
with that show ?thesis
by (simp add: power2_eq_imp_eq)
qed
have "homeomorphic_maps (nsphere (n - 1)) (top_of_set (span B \<inter> sphere 0 1)) f g"
unfolding nsphere_def subtopology_subtopology [symmetric]
proof (rule homeomorphic_maps_subtopologies_alt)
show "homeomorphic_maps (Euclidean_space (Suc (n - 1))) (top_of_set (span B)) f g"
using fg by (force simp add: )
show "f ` (topspace (Euclidean_space (Suc (n - 1))) \<inter> {x. (\<Sum>i\<le>n - 1. (x i)\<^sup>2) = 1}) \<subseteq> sphere 0 1"
using n by (auto simp: image_subset_iff Euclidean_space_def 1)
have "(\<Sum>i\<le>n - Suc 0. (g u i)\<^sup>2) = 1" if"u \<in> span B"and"norm (u::'n) = 1"for u
proof -
obtain v where [simp]: "u = f v""v \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n)"
using fg unfolding homeomorphic_maps_map subset_iff
by (metis \<open>u \<in> span B\<close> homeomorphic_imp_surjective_map image_eqI topspace_euclidean_subtopology)
then have [simp]: "g (f v) = v"
by (meson fg homeomorphic_maps_map)
have fv21: "norm (f v) ^ 2 = 1"
using that by simp
show ?thesis
using that normf fv21 \<open>v \<in> topspace (Euclidean_space n)\<close> n by force
qed
then show "g ` (topspace (top_of_set (span B)) \<inter> sphere 0 1) \<subseteq> {x. (\<Sum>i\<le>n - 1. (x i)\<^sup>2) = 1}"
by auto
qed
then show "homeomorphic_maps (nsphere(n - 1)) (top_of_set (sphere 0 1 \<inter> span B)) f g"
by (simp add: inf_commute)
qed
qed
subsection\<open> Invariance of dimension and domain\<close>
lemma homeomorphic_maps_iff_homeomorphism [simp]: "homeomorphic_maps (top_of_set S) (top_of_set T) f g \<longleftrightarrow> homeomorphism S T f g"
by (force simp: Pi_iff homeomorphic_maps_def homeomorphism_def)
lemma homeomorphic_space_iff_homeomorphic [simp]: "(top_of_set S) homeomorphic_space (top_of_set T) \<longleftrightarrow> S homeomorphic T"
by (simp add: homeomorphic_def homeomorphic_space_def)
lemma homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "subspace S"
shows "top_of_set S homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space n \<longleftrightarrow> dim S = n"
proof -
obtain B where B: "B \<subseteq> S""independent B""span B = S""card B = dim S" and orth: "pairwise orthogonal B"and1: "\<And>x. x \<in> B \<Longrightarrow> norm x = 1"
by (metis assms orthonormal_basis_subspace)
then have "finite B"
by (simp add: pairwise_orthogonal_imp_finite)
have "top_of_set S homeomorphic_space top_of_set (span B)"
unfolding homeomorphic_space_iff_homeomorphic
by (auto simp: assms B intro: homeomorphic_subspaces)
also have "\<dots> homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim S)"
unfolding homeomorphic_space_def
using homeomorphic_maps_Euclidean_space_euclidean_gen [OF \<open>independent B\<close> orth] homeomorphic_maps_sym 1 B
by metis
finally have "top_of_set S homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim S)" .
then show ?thesis
using homeomorphic_space_sym homeomorphic_space_trans invariance_of_dimension_Euclidean_space by blast
qed
lemma homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space_dim:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "subspace S"
shows "top_of_set S homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim S)"
by (simp add: homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space assms)
lemma homeomorphic_subspaces_eq:
fixes S T:: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "subspace S""subspace T"
shows "S homeomorphic T \<longleftrightarrow> dim S = dim T"
proof
show "dim S = dim T" if"S homeomorphic T"
proof -
have "Euclidean_space (dim S) homeomorphic_space top_of_set S"
using \<open>subspace S\<close> homeomorphic_space_sym homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space_dim by blast
also have "\<dots> homeomorphic_space top_of_set T"
by (simp add: that)
also have "\<dots> homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim T)"
by (simp add: homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space assms)
finally have "Euclidean_space (dim S) homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim T)" .
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: invariance_of_dimension_Euclidean_space)
qed
next
show "S homeomorphic T" if"dim S = dim T"
by (metis that assms homeomorphic_subspaces)
qed
lemma homeomorphic_affine_Euclidean_space:
assumes "affine S"
shows "top_of_set S homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space n \<longleftrightarrow> aff_dim S = n"
(is "?X homeomorphic_space ?E \<longleftrightarrow> aff_dim S = n")
proof (cases "S = {}") case True
with assms show ?thesis
using homeomorphic_empty_space nontrivial_Euclidean_space by fastforce
next caseFalse
then obtain a where "a \<in> S"
by force
have "(?X homeomorphic_space ?E)
= (top_of_set (image (\<lambda>x. -a + x) S) homeomorphic_space ?E)"
proof
show "top_of_set ((+) (- a) ` S) homeomorphic_space ?E" if"?X homeomorphic_space ?E"
using that
by (meson homeomorphic_space_iff_homeomorphic homeomorphic_space_sym homeomorphic_space_trans homeomorphic_translation)
show "?X homeomorphic_space ?E" if"top_of_set ((+) (- a) ` S) homeomorphic_space ?E"
using that
by (meson homeomorphic_space_iff_homeomorphic homeomorphic_space_trans homeomorphic_translation)
qed
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> aff_dim S = n"
by (metis \<open>a \<in> S\<close> aff_dim_eq_dim affine_diffs_subspace affine_hull_eq assms homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space of_nat_eq_iff)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_subspaces:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes ope: "openin (top_of_set U) S" and"subspace U""subspace V"and VU: "dim V \<le> dim U" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f \<in> S \<rightarrow> V" and injf: "inj_on f S"
shows "openin (top_of_set V) (f ` S)"
proof -
have "S \<subseteq> U"
using openin_imp_subset [OF ope] .
have Uhom: "top_of_set U homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim U)" and Vhom: "top_of_set V homeomorphic_space Euclidean_space (dim V)"
by (simp_all add: assms homeomorphic_subspace_Euclidean_space_dim)
then obtain \<phi> \<phi>' where hom: "homeomorphic_maps (top_of_set U) (Euclidean_space (dim U)) \<phi> \<phi>'"
by (auto simp: homeomorphic_space_def)
obtain \<psi> \<psi>' where \<psi>: "homeomorphic_map (top_of_set V) (Euclidean_space (dim V)) \<psi>" and \<psi>'\<psi>: "\<forall>x\<in>V. \<psi>' (\<psi> x) = x"
using Vhom by (auto simp: homeomorphic_space_def homeomorphic_maps_map)
have "((\<psi> \<circ> f \<circ> \<phi>') o \<phi>) ` S = (\<psi> o f) ` S"
proof (rule image_cong [OF refl])
show "(\<psi> \<circ> f \<circ> \<phi>' \<circ> \<phi>) x = (\<psi> \<circ> f) x"if"x \<in> S"for x
using that unfolding o_def
by (metis \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> hom homeomorphic_maps_map in_mono topspace_euclidean_subtopology)
qed
moreover
have "openin (Euclidean_space (dim V)) ((\<psi> \<circ> f \<circ> \<phi>') ` \<phi> ` S)"
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_Euclidean_space_gen [OF VU])
show "openin (Euclidean_space (dim U)) (\<phi> ` S)"
using homeomorphic_map_openness_eq hom homeomorphic_maps_map ope by blast
show "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (dim U)) (\<phi> ` S)) (Euclidean_space (dim V)) (\<psi> \<circ> f \<circ> \<phi>')"
proof (intro continuous_map_compose)
have "continuous_on ({x. \<forall>i\<ge>dim U. x i = 0} \<inter> \<phi> ` S) \<phi>'" if"continuous_on {x. \<forall>i\<ge>dim U. x i = 0} \<phi>'"
using that by (force elim: continuous_on_subset)
moreover have "\<phi>' \<in> ({x. \<forall>i\<ge>dim U. x i = 0} \<inter> \<phi> ` S) \<rightarrow> S" if"\<forall>x\<in>U. \<phi>' (\<phi> x) = x"
using that \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> by fastforce
ultimately show "continuous_map (subtopology (Euclidean_space (dim U)) (\<phi> ` S)) (top_of_set S) \<phi>'"
using hom unfolding homeomorphic_maps_def
by (simp add: Euclidean_space_def subtopology_subtopology euclidean_product_topology)
show "continuous_map (top_of_set S) (top_of_set V) f"
by (simp add: contf fim)
show "continuous_map (top_of_set V) (Euclidean_space (dim V)) \<psi>"
by (simp add: \<psi> homeomorphic_imp_continuous_map)
qed
show "inj_on (\<psi> \<circ> f \<circ> \<phi>') (\<phi> ` S)"
using injf hom \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<psi>'\<psi> fim
by (simp add: inj_on_def homeomorphic_maps_map Pi_iff) (metis subsetD)
qed
ultimately have "openin (Euclidean_space (dim V)) (\<psi> ` f ` S)"
by (simp add: image_comp)
with fim show ?thesis
by (auto simp: homeomorphic_map_openness_eq [OF \<psi>])
qed
lemma invariance_of_domain:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a::euclidean_space"
assumes "continuous_on S f""open S""inj_on f S" shows "open(f ` S)"
using invariance_of_domain_subspaces [of UNIV S UNIV] assms by (force simp add: )
corollary invariance_of_dimension_subspaces:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes ope: "openin (top_of_set U) S" and"subspace U""subspace V" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> V" and injf: "inj_on f S"and"S \<noteq> {}"
shows "dim U \<le> dim V"
proof -
have "False"if"dim V < dim U"
proof -
obtain T where "subspace T""T \<subseteq> U""dim T = dim V"
using choose_subspace_of_subspace [of "dim V" U]
by (metis \<open>dim V < dim U\<close> assms(2) order.strict_implies_order span_eq_iff)
then have "V homeomorphic T"
by (simp add: \<open>subspace V\<close> homeomorphic_subspaces)
then obtain h k where homhk: "homeomorphism V T h k"
using homeomorphic_def by blast
have "continuous_on S (h \<circ> f)"
by (meson contf continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset fim homeomorphism_cont1 homhk)
moreover have "(h \<circ> f) ` S \<subseteq> U"
using \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close> fim homeomorphism_image1 homhk by fastforce
moreover have "inj_on (h \<circ> f) S"
apply (clarsimp simp: inj_on_def)
by (metis fim homeomorphism_apply1 homhk image_subset_iff inj_onD injf)
ultimately have ope_hf: "openin (top_of_set U) ((h \<circ> f) ` S)"
using invariance_of_domain_subspaces [OF ope \<open>subspace U\<close> \<open>subspace U\<close>] by blast
have "(h \<circ> f) ` S \<subseteq> T"
using fim homeomorphism_image1 homhk by fastforce
then have "dim ((h \<circ> f) ` S) \<le> dim T"
by (rule dim_subset)
also have "dim ((h \<circ> f) ` S) = dim U"
using \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close> \<open>subspace U\<close>
by (blast intro: dim_openin ope_hf)
finally show False
using \<open>dim V < dim U\<close> \<open>dim T = dim V\<close> by simp
qed
then show ?thesis
using not_less by blast
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_affine_sets:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes ope: "openin (top_of_set U) S" and aff: "affine U""affine V""aff_dim V \<le> aff_dim U" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> V" and injf: "inj_on f S"
shows "openin (top_of_set V) (f ` S)"
proof (cases "S = {}") caseFalse
obtain a b where "a \<in> S""a \<in> U""b \<in> V"
using False fim ope openin_contains_cball by fastforce
have "openin (top_of_set ((+) (- b) ` V)) (((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a) ` (+) (- a) ` S)"
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_subspaces)
show "openin (top_of_set ((+) (- a) ` U)) ((+) (- a) ` S)"
by (metis ope homeomorphism_imp_open_map homeomorphism_translation translation_galois)
show "subspace ((+) (- a) ` U)"
by (simp add: \<open>a \<in> U\<close> affine_diffs_subspace_subtract \<open>affine U\<close> cong: image_cong_simp)
show "subspace ((+) (- b) ` V)"
by (simp add: \<open>b \<in> V\<close> affine_diffs_subspace_subtract \<open>affine V\<close> cong: image_cong_simp)
show "dim ((+) (- b) ` V) \<le> dim ((+) (- a) ` U)"
by (metis \<open>a \<in> U\<close> \<open>b \<in> V\<close> aff_dim_eq_dim affine_hull_eq aff of_nat_le_iff)
show "continuous_on ((+) (- a) ` S) ((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a)"
by (metis contf continuous_on_compose homeomorphism_cont2 homeomorphism_translation translation_galois)
show "((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a) \<in> (+) (- a) ` S \<rightarrow> (+) (- b) ` V"
using fim by auto
show "inj_on ((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a) ((+) (- a) ` S)"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def) (meson inj_onD injf)
qed
then show ?thesis
by (metis (no_types, lifting) homeomorphism_imp_open_map homeomorphism_translation image_comp translation_galois)
qed auto
corollary invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes ope: "openin (top_of_set U) S" and aff: "affine U""affine V" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> V" and injf: "inj_on f S"and"S \<noteq> {}"
shows "aff_dim U \<le> aff_dim V"
proof -
obtain a b where "a \<in> S""a \<in> U""b \<in> V"
using \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close> fim ope openin_contains_cball by fastforce
have "dim ((+) (- a) ` U) \<le> dim ((+) (- b) ` V)"
proof (rule invariance_of_dimension_subspaces)
show "openin (top_of_set ((+) (- a) ` U)) ((+) (- a) ` S)"
by (metis ope homeomorphism_imp_open_map homeomorphism_translation translation_galois)
show "subspace ((+) (- a) ` U)"
by (simp add: \<open>a \<in> U\<close> affine_diffs_subspace_subtract \<open>affine U\<close> cong: image_cong_simp)
show "subspace ((+) (- b) ` V)"
by (simp add: \<open>b \<in> V\<close> affine_diffs_subspace_subtract \<open>affine V\<close> cong: image_cong_simp)
show "continuous_on ((+) (- a) ` S) ((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a)"
by (metis contf continuous_on_compose homeomorphism_cont2 homeomorphism_translation translation_galois)
show "((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a) ` (+) (- a) ` S \<subseteq> (+) (- b) ` V"
using fim by auto
show "inj_on ((+) (- b) \<circ> f \<circ> (+) a) ((+) (- a) ` S)"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def) (meson inj_onD injf)
qed (use \<open>S \<noteq> {}\<close> in auto)
then show ?thesis
by (metis \<open>a \<in> U\<close> \<open>b \<in> V\<close> aff_dim_eq_dim affine_hull_eq aff of_nat_le_iff)
qed
corollary invariance_of_dimension:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on S f"and"open S" and injf: "inj_on f S"and"S \<noteq> {}"
shows "DIM('a) \<le> DIM('b)"
using invariance_of_dimension_subspaces [of UNIV S UNIV f] assms
by auto
corollary continuous_injective_image_subspace_dim_le:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "subspace S""subspace T" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> T" and injf: "inj_on f S"
shows "dim S \<le> dim T"
apply (rule invariance_of_dimension_subspaces [of S S _ f])
using assms by (auto simp: subspace_affine)
lemma invariance_of_dimension_convex_domain:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "convex S" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> affine hull T" and injf: "inj_on f S"
shows "aff_dim S \<le> aff_dim T"
proof (cases "S = {}") case True
then show ?thesis by (simp add: aff_dim_geq)
next caseFalse
have "aff_dim (affine hull S) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull T)"
proof (rule invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets)
show "openin (top_of_set (affine hull S)) (rel_interior S)"
by (simp add: openin_rel_interior)
show "continuous_on (rel_interior S) f"
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
show "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> affine hull T"
using fim rel_interior_subset by blast
show "inj_on f (rel_interior S)"
using inj_on_subset injf rel_interior_subset by blast
show "rel_interior S \<noteq> {}"
by (simp add: False \<open>convex S\<close> rel_interior_eq_empty)
qed auto
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma homeomorphic_convex_sets_le:
assumes "convex S""S homeomorphic T"
shows "aff_dim S \<le> aff_dim T"
proof -
obtain h k where homhk: "homeomorphism S T h k"
using homeomorphic_def assms by blast
show ?thesis
proof (rule invariance_of_dimension_convex_domain [OF \<open>convex S\<close>])
show "continuous_on S h"
using homeomorphism_def homhk by blast
show "h ` S \<subseteq> affine hull T"
by (metis homeomorphism_def homhk hull_subset)
show "inj_on h S"
by (meson homeomorphism_apply1 homhk inj_on_inverseI)
qed
qed
lemma homeomorphic_convex_sets:
assumes "convex S""convex T""S homeomorphic T"
shows "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
by (meson assms dual_order.antisym homeomorphic_convex_sets_le homeomorphic_sym)
lemma homeomorphic_convex_compact_sets_eq:
assumes "convex S""compact S""convex T""compact T"
shows "S homeomorphic T \<longleftrightarrow> aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
by (meson assms homeomorphic_convex_compact_sets homeomorphic_convex_sets)
lemma invariance_of_domain_gen:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "open S""continuous_on S f""inj_on f S""DIM('b) \<le> DIM('a)"
shows "open(f ` S)"
using invariance_of_domain_subspaces [of UNIV S UNIV f] assms by auto
lemma injective_into_1d_imp_open_map_UNIV:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "open T""continuous_on S f""inj_on f S""T \<subseteq> S"
shows "open (f ` T)"
apply (rule invariance_of_domain_gen [OF \<open>open T\<close>])
using assms apply (auto simp: elim: continuous_on_subset inj_on_subset)
done
lemma continuous_on_inverse_open:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "open S""continuous_on S f""DIM('b) \<le> DIM('a)"and gf: "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> g(f x) = x"
shows "continuous_on (f ` S) g"
proof (clarsimp simp add: continuous_openin_preimage_eq)
fix T :: "'a set"
assume "open T"
have eq: "f ` S \<inter> g -` T = f ` (S \<inter> T)"
by (auto simp: gf)
have "openin (top_of_set (f ` S)) (f ` (S \<inter> T))"
proof (rule open_openin_trans [OF invariance_of_domain_gen])
show "inj_on f S"
using inj_on_inverseI gf by auto
show "open (f ` (S \<inter> T))"
by (meson \<open>inj_on f S\<close> \<open>open T\<close> assms(1-3) continuous_on_subset inf_le1 inj_on_subset invariance_of_domain_gen open_Int)
qed (use assms in auto)
then show "openin (top_of_set (f ` S)) (f ` S \<inter> g -` T)"
by (simp add: eq)
qed
lemma invariance_of_domain_homeomorphism:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "open S""continuous_on S f""DIM('b) \<le> DIM('a)""inj_on f S"
obtains g where "homeomorphism S (f ` S) f g"
proof
show "homeomorphism S (f ` S) f (inv_into S f)"
by (simp add: assms continuous_on_inverse_open homeomorphism_def)
qed
corollary invariance_of_domain_homeomorphic:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "open S""continuous_on S f""DIM('b) \<le> DIM('a)""inj_on f S"
shows "S homeomorphic (f ` S)"
using invariance_of_domain_homeomorphism [OF assms]
by (meson homeomorphic_def)
lemma continuous_image_subset_interior:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "continuous_on S f""inj_on f S""DIM('b) \<le> DIM('a)"
shows "f ` (interior S) \<subseteq> interior(f ` S)"
proof (rule interior_maximal)
show "f ` interior S \<subseteq> f ` S"
by (simp add: image_mono interior_subset)
show "open (f ` interior S)"
using assms
by (auto simp: inj_on_subset interior_subset continuous_on_subset invariance_of_domain_gen)
qed
lemma homeomorphic_interiors_same_dimension:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T"and dimeq: "DIM('a) = DIM('b)"
shows "(interior S) homeomorphic (interior T)"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal]
unfolding homeomorphic_def
proof (clarify elim!: ex_forward)
fix f g
assume S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x"and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and contg: "continuous_on T g"
then have fST: "f ` S = T"and gTS: "g ` T = S"and"inj_on f S""inj_on g T"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def intro: rev_image_eqI) metis+
have fim: "f ` interior S \<subseteq> interior T"
using continuous_image_subset_interior [OF contf \<open>inj_on f S\<close>] dimeq fST by simp
have gim: "g ` interior T \<subseteq> interior S"
using continuous_image_subset_interior [OF contg \<open>inj_on g T\<close>] dimeq gTS by simp
show "homeomorphism (interior S) (interior T) f g"
unfolding homeomorphism_def
proof (intro conjI ballI)
show "\<And>x. x \<in> interior S \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) = x"
by (meson \<open>\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x\<close> subsetD interior_subset)
have "interior T \<subseteq> f ` interior S"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> interior T"
then have "g x \<in> interior S"
using gim by blast
then show "x \<in> f ` interior S"
by (metis T \<open>x \<in> interior T\<close> image_iff interior_subset subsetCE)
qed
then show "f ` interior S = interior T"
using fim by blast
show "continuous_on (interior S) f"
by (metis interior_subset continuous_on_subset contf)
show "\<And>y. y \<in> interior T \<Longrightarrow> f (g y) = y"
by (meson T subsetD interior_subset)
have "interior S \<subseteq> g ` interior T"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> interior S"
then have "f x \<in> interior T"
using fim by blast
then show "x \<in> g ` interior T"
by (metis S \<open>x \<in> interior S\<close> image_iff interior_subset subsetCE)
qed
then show "g ` interior T = interior S"
using gim by blast
show "continuous_on (interior T) g"
by (metis interior_subset continuous_on_subset contg)
qed
qed
proposition homeomorphic_interiors:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T""interior S = {} \<longleftrightarrow> interior T = {}"
shows "(interior S) homeomorphic (interior T)"
proof (cases "interior T = {}") case True
with assms show ?thesis by auto
next caseFalse
then have "DIM('a) = DIM('b)"
using assms
apply (simp add: homeomorphic_minimal)
apply (rule order_antisym; metis continuous_on_subset inj_onI inj_on_subset interior_subset invariance_of_dimension open_interior)
done
then show ?thesis
by (rule homeomorphic_interiors_same_dimension [OF \<open>S homeomorphic T\<close>])
qed
lemma homeomorphic_frontiers_same_dimension:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T""closed S""closed T"and dimeq: "DIM('a) = DIM('b)"
shows "(frontier S) homeomorphic (frontier T)"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal]
unfolding homeomorphic_def
proof (clarify elim!: ex_forward)
fix f g
assume S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x"and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y" and contf: "continuous_on S f"and contg: "continuous_on T g"
then have fST: "f ` S = T"and gTS: "g ` T = S"and"inj_on f S""inj_on g T"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def intro: rev_image_eqI) metis+
have "g ` interior T \<subseteq> interior S"
using continuous_image_subset_interior [OF contg \<open>inj_on g T\<close>] dimeq gTS by simp
then have fim: "f ` frontier S \<subseteq> frontier T"
apply (simp add: frontier_def)
using continuous_image_subset_interior assms(2) assms(3) S by auto
have "f ` interior S \<subseteq> interior T"
using continuous_image_subset_interior [OF contf \<open>inj_on f S\<close>] dimeq fST by simp
then have gim: "g ` frontier T \<subseteq> frontier S"
apply (simp add: frontier_def)
using continuous_image_subset_interior T assms(2) assms(3) by auto
show "homeomorphism (frontier S) (frontier T) f g"
unfolding homeomorphism_def
proof (intro conjI ballI)
show gf: "\<And>x. x \<in> frontier S \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) = x"
by (simp add: S assms(2) frontier_def)
show fg: "\<And>y. y \<in> frontier T \<Longrightarrow> f (g y) = y"
by (simp add: T assms(3) frontier_def)
have "frontier T \<subseteq> f ` frontier S"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> frontier T"
then have "g x \<in> frontier S"
using gim by blast
then show "x \<in> f ` frontier S"
by (metis fg \<open>x \<in> frontier T\<close> imageI)
qed
then show "f ` frontier S = frontier T"
using fim by blast
show "continuous_on (frontier S) f"
by (metis Diff_subset assms(2) closure_eq contf continuous_on_subset frontier_def)
have "frontier S \<subseteq> g ` frontier T"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> frontier S"
then have "f x \<in> frontier T"
using fim by blast
then show "x \<in> g ` frontier T"
by (metis gf \<open>x \<in> frontier S\<close> imageI)
qed
then show "g ` frontier T = frontier S"
using gim by blast
show "continuous_on (frontier T) g"
by (metis Diff_subset assms(3) closure_closed contg continuous_on_subset frontier_def)
qed
qed
lemma homeomorphic_frontiers:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T" "closed S" "closed T"
"interior S = {} \<longleftrightarrow> interior T = {}"
shows "(frontier S) homeomorphic (frontier T)"
proof (cases "interior T = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
by (metis Diff_empty assms closure_eq frontier_def)
next
case False
show ?thesis
apply (rule homeomorphic_frontiers_same_dimension)
apply (simp_all add: assms)
using False assms homeomorphic_interiors homeomorphic_open_imp_same_dimension by blast
qed
lemma continuous_image_subset_rel_interior:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on S f" and injf: "inj_on f S" and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> T"
and TS: "aff_dim T \<le> aff_dim S"
shows "f ` (rel_interior S) \<subseteq> rel_interior(f ` S)"
proof (rule rel_interior_maximal)
show "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> f ` S"
by(simp add: image_mono rel_interior_subset)
show "openin (top_of_set (affine hull f ` S)) (f ` rel_interior S)"
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_affine_sets)
show "openin (top_of_set (affine hull S)) (rel_interior S)"
by (simp add: openin_rel_interior)
show "aff_dim (affine hull f ` S) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull S)"
by (metis aff_dim_affine_hull aff_dim_subset fim TS order_trans)
show "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> affine hull f ` S"
by (meson \<open>f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> f ` S\<close> hull_subset order_trans)
show "continuous_on (rel_interior S) f"
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
show "inj_on f (rel_interior S)"
using inj_on_subset injf rel_interior_subset by blast
qed auto
qed
lemma homeomorphic_rel_interiors_same_dimension:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T" and aff: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
shows "(rel_interior S) homeomorphic (rel_interior T)"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal]
unfolding homeomorphic_def
proof (clarify elim!: ex_forward)
fix f g
assume S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x" and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y"
and contf: "continuous_on S f" and contg: "continuous_on T g"
then have fST: "f ` S = T" and gTS: "g ` T = S" and "inj_on f S" "inj_on g T"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def intro: rev_image_eqI) metis+
have fim: "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> rel_interior T"
by (metis \<open>inj_on f S\<close> aff contf continuous_image_subset_rel_interior fST order_refl)
have gim: "g ` rel_interior T \<subseteq> rel_interior S"
by (metis \<open>inj_on g T\<close> aff contg continuous_image_subset_rel_interior gTS order_refl)
show "homeomorphism (rel_interior S) (rel_interior T) f g"
unfolding homeomorphism_def
proof (intro conjI ballI)
show gf: "\<And>x. x \<in> rel_interior S \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) = x"
using S rel_interior_subset by blast
show fg: "\<And>y. y \<in> rel_interior T \<Longrightarrow> f (g y) = y"
using T mem_rel_interior_ball by blast
have "rel_interior T \<subseteq> f ` rel_interior S"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> rel_interior T"
then have "g x \<in> rel_interior S"
using gim by blast
then show "x \<in> f ` rel_interior S"
by (metis fg \<open>x \<in> rel_interior T\<close> imageI)
qed
moreover have "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> rel_interior T"
by (metis \<open>inj_on f S\<close> aff contf continuous_image_subset_rel_interior fST order_refl)
ultimately show "f ` rel_interior S = rel_interior T"
by blast
show "continuous_on (rel_interior S) f"
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
have "rel_interior S \<subseteq> g ` rel_interior T"
proof
fix x assume "x \<in> rel_interior S"
then have "f x \<in> rel_interior T"
using fim by blast
then show "x \<in> g ` rel_interior T"
by (metis gf \<open>x \<in> rel_interior S\<close> imageI)
qed
then show "g ` rel_interior T = rel_interior S"
using gim by blast
show "continuous_on (rel_interior T) g"
using contg continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
qed
qed
lemma homeomorphic_rel_interiors:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T" "rel_interior S = {} \<longleftrightarrow> rel_interior T = {}"
shows "(rel_interior S) homeomorphic (rel_interior T)"
proof (cases "rel_interior T = {}")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
obtain f g
where S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x" and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y"
and contf: "continuous_on S f" and contg: "continuous_on T g"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal] by auto
have "aff_dim (affine hull S) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull T)"
apply (rule invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets [of _ "rel_interior S" _ f])
apply (simp_all add: openin_rel_interior False assms)
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset apply blast
apply (meson S hull_subset image_subsetI rel_interior_subset rev_subsetD)
apply (metis S inj_on_inverseI inj_on_subset rel_interior_subset)
done
moreover have "aff_dim (affine hull T) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull S)"
apply (rule invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets [of _ "rel_interior T" _ g])
apply (simp_all add: openin_rel_interior False assms)
using contg continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset apply blast
apply (meson T hull_subset image_subsetI rel_interior_subset rev_subsetD)
apply (metis T inj_on_inverseI inj_on_subset rel_interior_subset)
done
ultimately have "aff_dim S = aff_dim T" by force
then show ?thesis
by (rule homeomorphic_rel_interiors_same_dimension [OF \<open>S homeomorphic T\<close>])
qed
lemma homeomorphic_rel_boundaries_same_dimension:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T" and aff: "aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
shows "(S - rel_interior S) homeomorphic (T - rel_interior T)"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal]
unfolding homeomorphic_def
proof (clarify elim!: ex_forward)
fix f g
assume S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x" and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y"
and contf: "continuous_on S f" and contg: "continuous_on T g"
then have fST: "f ` S = T" and gTS: "g ` T = S" and "inj_on f S" "inj_on g T"
by (auto simp: inj_on_def intro: rev_image_eqI) metis+
have fim: "f ` rel_interior S \<subseteq> rel_interior T"
by (metis \<open>inj_on f S\<close> aff contf continuous_image_subset_rel_interior fST order_refl)
have gim: "g ` rel_interior T \<subseteq> rel_interior S"
by (metis \<open>inj_on g T\<close> aff contg continuous_image_subset_rel_interior gTS order_refl)
show "homeomorphism (S - rel_interior S) (T - rel_interior T) f g"
unfolding homeomorphism_def
proof (intro conjI ballI)
show gf: "\<And>x. x \<in> S - rel_interior S \<Longrightarrow> g (f x) = x"
using S rel_interior_subset by blast
show fg: "\<And>y. y \<in> T - rel_interior T \<Longrightarrow> f (g y) = y"
using T mem_rel_interior_ball by blast
show "f ` (S - rel_interior S) = T - rel_interior T"
using S fST fim gim by auto
show "continuous_on (S - rel_interior S) f"
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
show "g ` (T - rel_interior T) = S - rel_interior S"
using T gTS gim fim by auto
show "continuous_on (T - rel_interior T) g"
using contg continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset by blast
qed
qed
lemma homeomorphic_rel_boundaries:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T" "rel_interior S = {} \<longleftrightarrow> rel_interior T = {}"
shows "(S - rel_interior S) homeomorphic (T - rel_interior T)"
proof (cases "rel_interior T = {}")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
obtain f g
where S: "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<in> T \<and> g (f x) = x" and T: "\<forall>y\<in>T. g y \<in> S \<and> f (g y) = y"
and contf: "continuous_on S f" and contg: "continuous_on T g"
using assms [unfolded homeomorphic_minimal] by auto
have "aff_dim (affine hull S) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull T)"
apply (rule invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets [of _ "rel_interior S" _ f])
apply (simp_all add: openin_rel_interior False assms)
using contf continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset apply blast
apply (meson S hull_subset image_subsetI rel_interior_subset rev_subsetD)
apply (metis S inj_on_inverseI inj_on_subset rel_interior_subset)
done
moreover have "aff_dim (affine hull T) \<le> aff_dim (affine hull S)"
apply (rule invariance_of_dimension_affine_sets [of _ "rel_interior T" _ g])
apply (simp_all add: openin_rel_interior False assms)
using contg continuous_on_subset rel_interior_subset apply blast
apply (meson T hull_subset image_subsetI rel_interior_subset rev_subsetD)
apply (metis T inj_on_inverseI inj_on_subset rel_interior_subset)
done
ultimately have "aff_dim S = aff_dim T" by force
then show ?thesis
by (rule homeomorphic_rel_boundaries_same_dimension [OF \<open>S homeomorphic T\<close>])
qed
proposition uniformly_continuous_homeomorphism_UNIV_trivial:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'a"
assumes contf: "uniformly_continuous_on S f" and hom: "homeomorphism S UNIV f g"
shows "S = UNIV"
proof (cases "S = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
by (metis UNIV_I hom empty_iff homeomorphism_def image_eqI)
next
case False
have "inj g"
by (metis UNIV_I hom homeomorphism_apply2 injI)
then have "open (g ` UNIV)"
by (blast intro: invariance_of_domain hom homeomorphism_cont2)
then have "open S"
using hom homeomorphism_image2 by blast
moreover have "complete S"
unfolding complete_def
proof clarify
fix \<sigma>
assume \<sigma>: "\<forall>n. \<sigma> n \<in> S" and "Cauchy \<sigma>"
have "Cauchy (f o \<sigma>)"
using uniformly_continuous_imp_Cauchy_continuous \<open>Cauchy \<sigma>\<close> \<sigma> contf
unfolding Cauchy_continuous_on_def by blast
then obtain l where "(f \<circ> \<sigma>) \<longlonglongrightarrow> l"
by (auto simp: convergent_eq_Cauchy [symmetric])
show "\<exists>l\<in>S. \<sigma> \<longlonglongrightarrow> l"
proof
show "g l \<in> S"
using hom homeomorphism_image2 by blast
have "(g \<circ> (f \<circ> \<sigma>)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> g l"
by (meson UNIV_I \<open>(f \<circ> \<sigma>) \<longlonglongrightarrow> l\<close> continuous_on_sequentially hom homeomorphism_cont2)
then show "\<sigma> \<longlonglongrightarrow> g l"
proof -
have "\<forall>n. \<sigma> n = (g \<circ> (f \<circ> \<sigma>)) n"
by (metis (no_types) \<sigma> comp_eq_dest_lhs hom homeomorphism_apply1)
then show ?thesis
by (metis (no_types) LIMSEQ_iff \<open>(g \<circ> (f \<circ> \<sigma>)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> g l\<close>)
qed
qed
qed
then have "closed S"
by (simp add: complete_eq_closed)
ultimately show ?thesis
using clopen [of S] False by simp
qed
proposition invariance_of_domain_sphere_affine_set_gen:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on S f" and injf: "inj_on f S" and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> T"
and U: "bounded U" "convex U"
and "affine T" and affTU: "aff_dim T < aff_dim U"
and ope: "openin (top_of_set (rel_frontier U)) S"
shows "openin (top_of_set T) (f ` S)"
proof (cases "rel_frontier U = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
using ope openin_subset by force
next
case False
obtain b c where b: "b \<in> rel_frontier U" and c: "c \<in> rel_frontier U" and "b \<noteq> c"
using \<open>bounded U\<close> rel_frontier_not_sing [of U] subset_singletonD False by fastforce
obtain V :: "'a set" where "affine V" and affV: "aff_dim V = aff_dim U - 1"
proof (rule choose_affine_subset [OF affine_UNIV])
show "- 1 \<le> aff_dim U - 1"
by (metis aff_dim_empty aff_dim_geq aff_dim_negative_iff affTU diff_0 diff_right_mono not_le)
show "aff_dim U - 1 \<le> aff_dim (UNIV::'a set)"
by (metis aff_dim_UNIV aff_dim_le_DIM le_cases not_le zle_diff1_eq)
qed auto
have SU: "S \<subseteq> rel_frontier U"
using ope openin_imp_subset by auto
have homb: "rel_frontier U - {b} homeomorphic V"
and homc: "rel_frontier U - {c} homeomorphic V"
using homeomorphic_punctured_sphere_affine_gen [of U _ V]
by (simp_all add: \<open>affine V\<close> affV U b c)
then obtain g h j k
where gh: "homeomorphism (rel_frontier U - {b}) V g h"
and jk: "homeomorphism (rel_frontier U - {c}) V j k"
by (auto simp: homeomorphic_def)
with SU have hgsub: "(h ` g ` (S - {b})) \<subseteq> S" and kjsub: "(k ` j ` (S - {c})) \<subseteq> S"
by (simp_all add: homeomorphism_def subset_eq)
have [simp]: "aff_dim T \<le> aff_dim V"
by (simp add: affTU affV)
have "openin (top_of_set T) ((f \<circ> h) ` g ` (S - {b}))"
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_affine_sets [OF _ \<open>affine V\<close>])
show "openin (top_of_set V) (g ` (S - {b}))"
apply (rule homeomorphism_imp_open_map [OF gh])
by (meson Diff_mono Diff_subset SU ope openin_delete openin_subset_trans order_refl)
show "continuous_on (g ` (S - {b})) (f \<circ> h)"
apply (rule continuous_on_compose)
apply (meson Diff_mono SU homeomorphism_def homeomorphism_of_subsets gh set_eq_subset)
using contf continuous_on_subset hgsub by blast
show "inj_on (f \<circ> h) (g ` (S - {b}))"
using kjsub
apply (clarsimp simp add: inj_on_def)
by (metis SU b homeomorphism_def inj_onD injf insert_Diff insert_iff gh rev_subsetD)
show "(f \<circ> h) ` g ` (S - {b}) \<subseteq> T"
by (metis fim image_comp image_mono hgsub subset_trans)
qed (auto simp: assms)
moreover
have "openin (top_of_set T) ((f \<circ> k) ` j ` (S - {c}))"
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_affine_sets [OF _ \<open>affine V\<close>])
show "openin (top_of_set V) (j ` (S - {c}))"
apply (rule homeomorphism_imp_open_map [OF jk])
by (meson Diff_mono Diff_subset SU ope openin_delete openin_subset_trans order_refl)
show "continuous_on (j ` (S - {c})) (f \<circ> k)"
apply (rule continuous_on_compose)
apply (meson Diff_mono SU homeomorphism_def homeomorphism_of_subsets jk set_eq_subset)
using contf continuous_on_subset kjsub by blast
show "inj_on (f \<circ> k) (j ` (S - {c}))"
using kjsub
apply (clarsimp simp add: inj_on_def)
by (metis SU c homeomorphism_def inj_onD injf insert_Diff insert_iff jk rev_subsetD)
show "(f \<circ> k) ` j ` (S - {c}) \<subseteq> T"
by (metis fim image_comp image_mono kjsub subset_trans)
qed (auto simp: assms)
ultimately have "openin (top_of_set T) ((f \<circ> h) ` g ` (S - {b}) \<union> ((f \<circ> k) ` j ` (S - {c})))"
by (rule openin_Un)
moreover have "(f \<circ> h) ` g ` (S - {b}) = f ` (S - {b})"
proof -
have "h ` g ` (S - {b}) = (S - {b})"
proof
show "h ` g ` (S - {b}) \<subseteq> S - {b}"
using homeomorphism_apply1 [OF gh] SU
by (fastforce simp add: image_iff image_subset_iff)
show "S - {b} \<subseteq> h ` g ` (S - {b})"
using SU gh homeomorphism_apply1 [of \<open>(rel_frontier U - {b})\<close> V g h]
by (auto simp add: image_iff) (metis DiffI singletonD subsetD)
qed
then show ?thesis
by (metis image_comp)
qed
moreover have "(f \<circ> k) ` j ` (S - {c}) = f ` (S - {c})"
proof -
have "k ` j ` (S - {c}) = (S - {c})"
proof
show "k ` j ` (S - {c}) \<subseteq> S - {c}"
using homeomorphism_apply1 [OF jk] SU
by (fastforce simp add: image_iff image_subset_iff)
show "S - {c} \<subseteq> k ` j ` (S - {c})"
using SU jk homeomorphism_apply1 [of \<open>(rel_frontier U - {c})\<close> V j k]
by (auto simp add: image_iff) (metis DiffI singletonD subsetD)
qed
then show ?thesis
by (metis image_comp)
qed
moreover have "f ` (S - {b}) \<union> f ` (S - {c}) = f ` (S)"
using \<open>b \<noteq> c\<close> by blast
ultimately show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma invariance_of_domain_sphere_affine_set:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on S f" and injf: "inj_on f S" and fim: "f ` S \<subseteq> T"
and "r \<noteq> 0" "affine T" and affTU: "aff_dim T < DIM('a)"
and ope: "openin (top_of_set (sphere a r)) S"
shows "openin (top_of_set T) (f ` S)"
proof (cases "sphere a r = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
using ope openin_subset by force
next
case False
show ?thesis
proof (rule invariance_of_domain_sphere_affine_set_gen [OF contf injf fim bounded_cball convex_cball \<open>affine T\<close>])
show "aff_dim T < aff_dim (cball a r)"
by (metis False affTU aff_dim_cball assms(4) linorder_cases sphere_empty)
show "openin (top_of_set (rel_frontier (cball a r))) S"
by (simp add: \<open>r \<noteq> 0\<close> ope)
qed
qed
lemma no_embedding_sphere_lowdim:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on (sphere a r) f" and injf: "inj_on f (sphere a r)" and "r > 0"
shows "DIM('a) \<le> DIM('b)"
proof -
have "False" if "DIM('a) > DIM('b)"
proof -
have "compact (f ` sphere a r)"
using compact_continuous_image
by (simp add: compact_continuous_image contf)
then have "\<not> open (f ` sphere a r)"
using compact_open
by (metis assms(3) image_is_empty not_less_iff_gr_or_eq sphere_eq_empty)
then show False
using invariance_of_domain_sphere_affine_set [OF contf injf subset_UNIV] \<open>r > 0\<close>
by (metis aff_dim_UNIV affine_UNIV less_irrefl of_nat_less_iff open_openin openin_subtopology_self subtopology_UNIV that)
qed
then show ?thesis
using not_less by blast
qed
lemma empty_interior_lowdim_gen:
fixes S :: "'N::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'M::euclidean_space set"
assumes dim: "DIM('M) < DIM('N)" and ST: "S homeomorphic T"
shows "interior S = {}"
proof -
obtain h :: "'M \<Rightarrow> 'N" where "linear h" "\<And>x. norm(h x) = norm x"
by (rule isometry_subset_subspace [OF subspace_UNIV subspace_UNIV, where ?'a = 'M and ?'b = 'N])
(use dim in auto)
then have "inj h"
by (metis linear_inj_iff_eq_0 norm_eq_zero)
then have "h ` T homeomorphic T"
using \<open>linear h\<close> homeomorphic_sym linear_homeomorphic_image by blast
then have "interior (h ` T) homeomorphic interior S"
using homeomorphic_interiors_same_dimension
by (metis ST homeomorphic_sym homeomorphic_trans)
moreover
have "interior (range h) = {}"
by (simp add: \<open>inj h\<close> \<open>linear h\<close> dim dim_image_eq empty_interior_lowdim)
then have "interior (h ` T) = {}"
by (metis image_mono interior_mono subset_empty top_greatest)
ultimately show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma empty_interior_lowdim_gen_le:
fixes S :: "'N::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'M::euclidean_space set"
assumes "DIM('M) \<le> DIM('N)" "interior T = {}" "S homeomorphic T"
shows "interior S = {}"
by (metis assms empty_interior_lowdim_gen homeomorphic_empty(1) homeomorphic_interiors_same_dimension less_le)
lemma homeomorphic_affine_sets_eq:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "affine S" "affine T"
shows "S homeomorphic T \<longleftrightarrow> aff_dim S = aff_dim T"
proof (cases "S = {} \<or> T = {}")
case True
then show ?thesis
using assms homeomorphic_affine_sets by force
next
case False
then obtain a b where "a \<in> S" "b \<in> T"
by blast
then have "subspace ((+) (- a) ` S)" "subspace ((+) (- b) ` T)"
using affine_diffs_subspace assms by blast+
then show ?thesis
by (metis affine_imp_convex assms homeomorphic_affine_sets homeomorphic_convex_sets)
qed
lemma homeomorphic_hyperplanes_eq:
fixes a :: "'M::euclidean_space" and c :: "'N::euclidean_space"
assumes "a \<noteq> 0" "c \<noteq> 0"
shows "({x. a \<bullet> x = b} homeomorphic {x. c \<bullet> x = d} \<longleftrightarrow> DIM('M) = DIM('N))" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
have "(DIM('M) - Suc 0 = DIM('N) - Suc 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (DIM('M) = DIM('N))"
by auto (metis DIM_positive Suc_pred)
then show ?thesis
using assms by (simp add: homeomorphic_affine_sets_eq affine_hyperplane)
qed
end
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