Quelle  Extended_Real.thy

(*  Title:      HOL/Library/Extended_Real.thy
    Author:     Johannes Hölzl, TU München
    Author:     Robert Himmelmann, TU München
    Author:     Armin Heller, TU München
    Author:     Bogdan Grechuk, University of Edinburgh
    Author:     Manuel Eberl, TU München
*)

section ‹Extended real number line›

theory Extended_Real
imports Complex_Main Extended_Nat Liminf_Limsup
begin

text ‹
 This should be part of 🚫‹HOL-Library.Extended_Nat› or 🚫‹HOL-Library.Order_Continuity›, but then the AFP-entry ‹Jinja_Thread› fails, as it does overload
 certain named from 🚫‹Complex_Main›.
 ›

lemma incseq_sumI2:
  fixes f :: "'i → nat → 'a::ordered_comm_monoid_add"
  shows "(∧n. n ∈ A ==> mono (f n)) ==> mono (λi. ∑n∈A. f n i)"
  unfolding incseq_def by (auto intro: sum_mono)

lemma incseq_sumI:
  fixes f :: "nat → 'a::ordered_comm_monoid_add"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "incseq (λi. sum f {..< i})"
proof (intro incseq_SucI)
  fix n
  have "sum f {..< n} + 0 ≤ sum f {..<n} + f n"
    using assms by (rule add_left_mono)
  then show "sum f {..< n} ≤ sum f {..< Suc n}"
    by auto
qed

lemma continuous_at_left_imp_sup_continuous:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology} → 'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  assumes "mono f" "∧x. continuous (at_left x) f"
  shows "sup_continuous f"
  unfolding sup_continuous_def
proof safe
  fix M :: "nat → 'a" assume "incseq M" then show "f (SUP i. M i) = (SUP i. f (M i))"
    using continuous_at_Sup_mono [OF assms, of "range M"] by (simp add: image_comp)
qed

lemma sup_continuous_at_left:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, first_countable_topology} →
    'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  assumes f: "sup_continuous f"
  shows "continuous (at_left x) f"
proof cases
  assume "x = bot" then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: trivial_limit_at_left_bot)
next
  assume x: "x ≠ bot"
  show ?thesis
    unfolding continuous_within
  proof (intro tendsto_at_left_sequentially[of bot])
    fix S :: "nat → 'a" assume S: "incseq S" and S_x: "S <---- x"
    from S_x have x_eq: "x = (SUP i. S i)"
      by (rule LIMSEQ_unique) (intro LIMSEQ_SUP S)
    show "(λn. f (S n)) <---- f x"
      unfolding x_eq sup_continuousD[OF f S]
      using S sup_continuous_mono[OF f] by (intro LIMSEQ_SUP) (auto simp: mono_def)
  qed (insert x, auto simp: bot_less)
qed

lemma sup_continuous_iff_at_left:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, first_countable_topology} →
             'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "sup_continuous f ⟷ (∀x. continuous (at_left x) f) ∧ mono f"
  using continuous_at_left_imp_sup_continuous sup_continuous_at_left sup_continuous_mono
  by blast

lemma continuous_at_right_imp_inf_continuous:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology} → 'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  assumes "mono f" "∧x. continuous (at_right x) f"
  shows "inf_continuous f"
  unfolding inf_continuous_def
proof safe
  fix M :: "nat → 'a" 
  assume "decseq M" 
    then show "f (INF i. M i) = (INF i. f (M i))"
      using continuous_at_Inf_mono [OF assms, of "range M"] 
      by (simp add: image_comp)
qed

lemma inf_continuous_at_right:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, first_countable_topology} →
    'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  assumes f: "inf_continuous f"
  shows "continuous (at_right x) f"
proof cases
  assume "x = top" then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: trivial_limit_at_right_top)
next
  assume x: "x ≠ top"
  show ?thesis
    unfolding continuous_within
  proof (intro tendsto_at_right_sequentially[of _ top])
    fix S :: "nat → 'a" 
    assume S: "decseq S" and S_x: "S <---- x"
    then have x_eq: "x = (INF i. S i)"
      using INF_Lim by blast
    show "(λn. f (S n)) <---- f x"
      unfolding x_eq inf_continuousD[OF f S]
      using S inf_continuous_mono[OF f] by (intro LIMSEQ_INF) (auto simp: mono_def antimono_def)
  qed (insert x, auto simp: less_top)
qed

lemma inf_continuous_iff_at_right:
  fixes f :: "'a::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology, first_countable_topology} →
    'b::{complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "inf_continuous f ⟷ (∀x. continuous (at_right x) f) ∧ mono f"
  using continuous_at_right_imp_inf_continuous inf_continuous_at_right inf_continuous_mono
  by blast

instantiation enat :: linorder_topology
begin

definition open_enat :: "enat set → bool" where
  "open_enat = generate_topology (range lessThan ∪ range greaterThan)"

instance
  proof qed (rule open_enat_def)

end

lemma open_enat: "open {enat n}"
proof (cases n)
  case 0
  then have "{enat n} = {..< eSuc 0}"
    by (auto simp: enat_0)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
next
  case (Suc n')
  then have "{enat n} = {enat n' <..< enat (Suc n)}"
    using enat_iless by (fastforce simp: set_eq_iff)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma open_enat_iff:
  fixes A :: "enat set"
  shows "open A ⟷ (∞ ∈ A ⟶ (∃n::nat. {n <..} ⊆ A))"
proof safe
  assume "∞ ∉ A"
  then have "A = (∪n∈{n. enat n ∈ A}. {enat n})"
    by (simp add: set_eq_iff) (metis not_enat_eq)
  moreover have "open …"
    by (auto intro: open_enat)
  ultimately show "open A"
    by simp
next
  fix n assume "{enat n <..} ⊆ A"
  then have "A = (∪n∈{n. enat n ∈ A}. {enat n}) ∪ {enat n <..}"
    using enat_ile leI by (simp add: set_eq_iff) blast
  moreover have "open …"
    by (intro open_Un open_UN ballI open_enat open_greaterThan)
  ultimately show "open A"
    by simp
next
  assume "open A" "∞ ∈ A"
  then have "generate_topology (range lessThan ∪ range greaterThan) A" "∞ ∈ A"
    unfolding open_enat_def by auto
  then show "∃n::nat. {n <..} ⊆ A"
  proof induction
    case (Int A B)
    then obtain n m where "{enat n<..} ⊆ A" "{enat m<..} ⊆ B"
      by auto
    then have "{enat (max n m) <..} ⊆ A ∩ B"
      by (auto simp: subset_eq Ball_def max_def simp flip: enat_ord_code(1))
    then show ?case
      by auto
  next
    case (UN K)
    then obtain k where "k ∈ K" "∞ ∈ k"
      by auto
    with UN.IH[OF this] show ?case
      by auto
  qed auto
qed

lemma nhds_enat: "nhds x = (if x = ∞ then INF i. principal {enat i..} else principal {x})"
proof auto
  show "nhds ∞ = (INF i. principal {enat i..})"
  proof (rule antisym)
    show "nhds ∞ ≤ (INF i. principal {enat i..})"
      unfolding nhds_def
      using Ioi_le_Ico by (intro INF_greatest INF_lower) (auto simp: open_enat_iff)
    show "(INF i. principal {enat i..}) ≤ nhds ∞"
      unfolding nhds_def
      by (intro INF_greatest) (force intro: INF_lower2[of "Suc _"] simp add: open_enat_iff Suc_ile_eq)
  qed
  show "nhds (enat i) = principal {enat i}" for i
    by (simp add: nhds_discrete_open open_enat)
qed

instance enat :: topological_comm_monoid_add
proof
  have [simp]: "enat i ≤ aa ==> enat i ≤ aa + ba" for aa ba i
    by (rule order_trans[OF _ add_mono[of aa aa 0 ba]]) auto
  then have [simp]: "enat i ≤ ba ==> enat i ≤ aa + ba" for aa ba i
    by (metis add.commute)
  fix a b :: enat 
  have "∀_F x in INF m n. principal ({enat n..} × {enat m..}). enat i ≤ fst x + snd x"
       "∀_F x in INF n. principal ({enat n..} × {enat j}). enat i ≤ fst x + snd x" 
       "∀_F x in INF n. principal ({enat j} × {enat n..}). enat i ≤ fst x + snd x" 
    for i j
    by (auto intro!: eventually_INF1[of i] simp: eventually_principal)
  then show "((λx. fst x + snd x) ---> a + b) (nhds a ×_F nhds b)"
    by (auto simp: nhds_enat filterlim_INF prod_filter_INF1 prod_filter_INF2
        filterlim_principal principal_prod_principal eventually_principal)
qed

text ‹
 For more lemmas about the extended real numbers see
 🚫‹~~/src/HOL/Analysis/Extended_Real_Limits.thy›.
 ›

subsection ‹Definition and basic properties›

datatype ereal = ereal real | PInfty | MInfty

instantiation ereal :: uminus
begin

fun uminus_ereal where
  "- (ereal r) = ereal (- r)"
| "- PInfty = MInfty"
| "- MInfty = PInfty"

instance ..

end

instantiation ereal :: infinity
begin

definition "(∞::ereal) = PInfty"
instance ..

end

declare [[coercion "ereal :: real → ereal"]]

lemma ereal_uminus_uminus[simp]:
  fixes a :: ereal
  shows "- (- a) = a"
  by (cases a) simp_all

lemma
  shows PInfty_eq_infinity[simp]: "PInfty = ∞"
    and MInfty_eq_minfinity[simp]: "MInfty = -∞"
    and MInfty_neq_PInfty[simp]: "∞ ≠ - (∞::ereal)" "-∞ ≠ (∞::ereal)"
    and MInfty_neq_ereal[simp]: "ereal r ≠ -∞" "-∞ ≠ ereal r"
    and PInfty_neq_ereal[simp]: "ereal r ≠ ∞" "∞ ≠ ereal r"
    and PInfty_cases[simp]: "(case ∞ of ereal r → f r | PInfty → y | MInfty → z) = y"
    and MInfty_cases[simp]: "(case -∞ of ereal r → f r | PInfty → y | MInfty → z) = z"
  by (simp_all add: infinity_ereal_def)

declare
  PInfty_eq_infinity[code_post]
  MInfty_eq_minfinity[code_post]

lemma [code_unfold]:
  "∞ = PInfty"
  "- PInfty = MInfty"
  by simp_all

lemma inj_ereal[simp]: "inj_on ereal A"
  unfolding inj_on_def by auto

lemma ereal_cases[cases type: ereal]:
  obtains (real) r where "x = ereal r"
    | (PInf) "x = ∞"
    | (MInf) "x = -∞"
  by (cases x) auto

lemmas ereal2_cases = ereal_cases[case_product ereal_cases]
lemmas ereal3_cases = ereal2_cases[case_product ereal_cases]

lemma ereal_all_split: "∧P. (∀x::ereal. P x) ⟷ P ∞ ∧ (∀x. P (ereal x)) ∧ P (-∞)"
  by (metis ereal_cases)

lemma ereal_ex_split: "∧P. (∃x::ereal. P x) ⟷ P ∞ ∨ (∃x. P (ereal x)) ∨ P (-∞)"
  by (metis ereal_cases)

lemma ereal_uminus_eq_iff[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "-a = -b ⟷ a = b"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) simp_all

function real_of_ereal :: "ereal → real" where
  "real_of_ereal (ereal r) = r"
| "real_of_ereal ∞ = 0"
| "real_of_ereal (-∞) = 0"
  by (auto intro: ereal_cases)
termination by standard (rule wf_on_bot)

lemma real_of_ereal[simp]:
  "real_of_ereal (- x :: ereal) = - (real_of_ereal x)"
  by (cases x) simp_all

lemma range_ereal[simp]: "range ereal = UNIV - {∞, -∞}"
proof safe
  fix x
  assume "x ∉ range ereal" "x ≠ ∞"
  then show "x = -∞"
    by (cases x) auto
qed auto

lemma ereal_range_uminus[simp]: "range uminus = (UNIV::ereal set)"
proof safe
  fix x :: ereal
  show "x ∈ range uminus"
    by (intro image_eqI[of _ _ "-x"]) auto
qed auto

instantiation ereal :: abs
begin

function abs_ereal where
  "∣ereal r∣ = ereal ∣r∣"
| "∣-∞∣ = (∞::ereal)"
| "∣∞∣ = (∞::ereal)"
by (auto intro: ereal_cases)
termination proof qed (rule wf_on_bot)

instance ..

end

lemma abs_eq_infinity_cases[elim!]:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "∣x∣ = ∞"
  obtains "x = ∞" | "x = -∞"
  using assms by (cases x) auto

lemma abs_neq_infinity_cases[elim!]:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  obtains r where "x = ereal r"
  using assms by (cases x) auto

lemma abs_ereal_uminus[simp]:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "∣- x∣ = ∣x∣"
  by (cases x) auto

lemma ereal_infinity_cases:
  fixes a :: ereal
  shows "a ≠ ∞ ==> a ≠ -∞ ==> ∣a∣ ≠ ∞"
  by auto

subsubsection "Addition"

instantiation ereal :: "{one,comm_monoid_add,zero_neq_one}"
begin

definition "0 = ereal 0"
definition "1 = ereal 1"

function plus_ereal where
  "ereal r + ereal p = ereal (r + p)"
| "∞ + a = (∞::ereal)"
| "a + ∞ = (∞::ereal)"
| "ereal r + -∞ = -∞"
| "-∞ + ereal p = -(∞::ereal)"
| "-∞ + -∞ = -(∞::ereal)"
proof goal_cases
  case prems: (1 P x)
  then obtain a b where "x = (a, b)"
    by (cases x) auto
  with prems show P
   by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto
qed auto
termination by standard (rule wf_on_bot)

lemma Infty_neq_0[simp]:
  "(∞::ereal) ≠ 0" "0 ≠ (∞::ereal)"
  "-(∞::ereal) ≠ 0" "0 ≠ -(∞::ereal)"
  by (simp_all add: zero_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_eq_0[simp]:
  "ereal r = 0 ⟷ r = 0"
  "0 = ereal r ⟷ r = 0"
  unfolding zero_ereal_def by simp_all

lemma ereal_eq_1[simp]:
  "ereal r = 1 ⟷ r = 1"
  "1 = ereal r ⟷ r = 1"
  unfolding one_ereal_def by simp_all

instance
proof
  fix a b c :: ereal
  show "0 + a = a"
    by (cases a) (simp_all add: zero_ereal_def)
  show "a + b = b + a"
    by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) simp_all
  show "a + b + c = a + (b + c)"
    by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) simp_all
  show "0 ≠ (1::ereal)"
    by (simp add: one_ereal_def zero_ereal_def)
qed

end

lemma ereal_0_plus [simp]: "ereal 0 + x = x"
  and plus_ereal_0 [simp]: "x + ereal 0 = x"
  by(simp_all flip: zero_ereal_def)

instance ereal :: numeral ..

lemma real_of_ereal_0[simp]: "real_of_ereal (0::ereal) = 0"
  unfolding zero_ereal_def by simp

lemma abs_ereal_zero[simp]: "∣0∣ = (0::ereal)"
  unfolding zero_ereal_def abs_ereal.simps by simp

lemma ereal_uminus_zero[simp]: "- 0 = (0::ereal)"
  by (simp add: zero_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_uminus_zero_iff[simp]:
  fixes a :: ereal
  shows "-a = 0 ⟷ a = 0"
  by (cases a) simp_all

lemma ereal_plus_eq_PInfty[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "a + b = ∞ ⟷ a = ∞ ∨ b = ∞"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_plus_eq_MInfty[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "a + b = -∞ ⟷ (a = -∞ ∨ b = -∞) ∧ a ≠ ∞ ∧ b ≠ ∞"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_add_cancel_left:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  assumes "a ≠ -∞"
  shows "a + b = a + c ⟷ a = ∞ ∨ b = c"
  using assms by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) auto

lemma ereal_add_cancel_right:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  assumes "a ≠ -∞"
  shows "b + a = c + a ⟷ a = ∞ ∨ b = c"
  using assms by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) auto

lemma ereal_real: "ereal (real_of_ereal x) = (if ∣x∣ = ∞ then 0 else x)"
  by auto

lemma real_of_ereal_add:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "real_of_ereal (a + b) =
    (if (∣a∣ = ∞) ∧ (∣b∣ = ∞) ∨ (∣a∣ ≠ ∞) ∧ (∣b∣ ≠ ∞) then real_of_ereal a + real_of_ereal b else 0)"
  by auto


subsubsection "Linear order on typ‹ereal›"

instantiation ereal :: linorder
begin

function less_ereal
where
  "   ereal x < ereal y     ⟷ x < y"
| "(∞::ereal) < a           ⟷ False"
| "         a < -(∞::ereal) ⟷ False"
| "ereal x    < ∞           ⟷ True"
| "        -∞ < ereal r     ⟷ True"
| "        -∞ < (∞::ereal) ⟷ True"
proof goal_cases
  case prems: (1 P x)
  then obtain a b where "x = (a,b)" by (cases x) auto
  with prems show P by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto
qed simp_all
termination by (relation "{}") simp

definition "x ≤ (y::ereal) ⟷ x < y ∨ x = y"

lemma ereal_infty_less[simp]:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "x < ∞ ⟷ (x ≠ ∞)"
       "-∞ < x ⟷ (x ≠ -∞)"
  by (cases x, simp_all)+

lemma ereal_infty_less_eq[simp]:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "∞ ≤ x ⟷ x = ∞"
    and "x ≤ -∞ ⟷ x = -∞"
  by (auto simp: less_eq_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_less[simp]:
  "ereal r < 0 ⟷ (r < 0)"
  "0 < ereal r ⟷ (0 < r)"
  "ereal r < 1 ⟷ (r < 1)"
  "1 < ereal r ⟷ (1 < r)"
  "0 < (∞::ereal)"
  "-(∞::ereal) < 0"
  by (simp_all add: zero_ereal_def one_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_less_eq[simp]:
  "x ≤ (∞::ereal)"
  "-(∞::ereal) ≤ x"
  "ereal r ≤ ereal p ⟷ r ≤ p"
  "ereal r ≤ 0 ⟷ r ≤ 0"
  "0 ≤ ereal r ⟷ 0 ≤ r"
  "ereal r ≤ 1 ⟷ r ≤ 1"
  "1 ≤ ereal r ⟷ 1 ≤ r"
  by (auto simp: less_eq_ereal_def zero_ereal_def one_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_infty_less_eq2:
  "a ≤ b ==> a = ∞ ==> b = (∞::ereal)"
  "a ≤ b ==> b = -∞ ==> a = -(∞::ereal)"
  by simp_all

instance
proof
  fix x y z :: ereal
  show "x ≤ x"
    by (cases x) simp_all
  show "x < y ⟷ x ≤ y ∧ ¬ y ≤ x"
    by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto
  show "x ≤ y ∨ y ≤ x "
    by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto
  assume "x ≤ y"
  then show "y ≤ x ==> x = y"
    by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto
  show "y ≤ z ==> x ≤ z"
    using ‹x ≤ y›
    by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto
qed

end

lemma ereal_dense2: "x < y ==> ∃z. x < ereal z ∧ ereal z < y"
  using lt_ex gt_ex dense by (cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) auto

instance ereal :: dense_linorder
  by standard (blast dest: ereal_dense2)

instance ereal :: ordered_comm_monoid_add
proof
  fix a b c :: ereal
  assume "a ≤ b"
  then show "c + a ≤ c + b"
    by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) auto
qed

lemma ereal_one_not_less_zero_ereal[simp]: "¬ 1 < (0::ereal)"
  by (simp add: zero_ereal_def)

lemma real_of_ereal_positive_mono:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  shows "0 ≤ x ==> x ≤ y ==> y ≠ ∞ ==> real_of_ereal x ≤ real_of_ereal y"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto

lemma ereal_MInfty_lessI[intro, simp]:
  fixes a :: ereal
  shows "a ≠ -∞ ==> -∞ < a"
  by simp

lemma ereal_less_PInfty[intro, simp]:
  fixes a :: ereal
  shows "a ≠ ∞ ==> a < ∞"
  by simp

lemma ereal_less_ereal_Ex:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "x < ereal r ⟷ x = -∞ ∨ (∃p. p < r ∧ x = ereal p)"
  by (cases x) auto

lemma less_PInf_Ex_of_nat: "x ≠ ∞ ⟷ (∃n::nat. x < ereal (real n))"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then show ?thesis
    using reals_Archimedean2[of r] by simp
qed simp_all

lemma ereal_add_strict_mono2:
  fixes a b c d :: ereal
  assumes "a < b" and "c < d"
  shows "a + c < b + d"
  using assms
  by (cases a; force simp: elim: less_ereal.elims)

lemma ereal_minus_le_minus[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "- a ≤ - b ⟷ b ≤ a"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_minus_less_minus[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "- a < - b ⟷ b < a"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_le_real_iff:
  "x ≤ real_of_ereal y ⟷ (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ ereal x ≤ y) ∧ (∣y∣ = ∞ ⟶ x ≤ 0)"
  by (cases y) auto

lemma real_le_ereal_iff:
  "real_of_ereal y ≤ x ⟷ (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ y ≤ ereal x) ∧ (∣y∣ = ∞ ⟶ 0 ≤ x)"
  by (cases y) auto

lemma ereal_less_real_iff:
  "x < real_of_ereal y ⟷ (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ ereal x < y) ∧ (∣y∣ = ∞ ⟶ x < 0)"
  by (cases y) auto

lemma real_less_ereal_iff:
  "real_of_ereal y < x ⟷ (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ y < ereal x) ∧ (∣y∣ = ∞ ⟶ 0 < x)"
  by (cases y) auto

text ‹
  To help with inferences like prop‹a < ereal x ==> x < y ==> a < ereal y›,
  where x and y are real.
\<close>

lemma le_ereal_le: "  ≤ ereal x ==> x ≤ y ==> a ≤ ereal y"
 using ereal_less_eq(3) order.trans by blast

  le_ereal_less: "a ≤ ereal x ==> x < y ==> a < ereal y"
 by (simp add: le_less_trans)

  less_ereal_le: "a < ereal x ==> x ≤ y ==> a < ereal y"
 using ereal_less_ereal_Ex by auto

  ereal_le_le: "ereal y ≤ a ==> x ≤ y ==> ereal x ≤ a"
 by (simp add: order_subst2)

  ereal_le_less: "ereal y ≤ a ==> x < y ==> ereal x < a"
 by (simp add: dual_order.strict_trans1)

  ereal_less_le: "ereal y < a ==> x ≤ y ==> ereal x < a"
 using ereal_less_eq(3) le_less_trans by blast

  real_of_ereal_pos:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ x ==> 0 ≤ real_of_ereal x"
 by (cases x) auto

  real_of_ereal_ord_simps =
 ereal_le_real_iff real_le_ereal_iff ereal_less_real_iff real_less_ereal_iff

  abs_ereal_ge0[simp]: "0 ≤ x ==> ∣x :: ereal∣ = x"
 by (cases x) auto

  abs_ereal_less0[simp]: "x < 0 ==> ∣x :: ereal∣ = -x"
 by (cases x) auto

  abs_ereal_pos[simp]: "0 ≤ ∣x :: ereal∣"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_abs_leI:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "[ x ≤ y; -x ≤ y ] ==> ∣x∣ ≤ y"
 by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases)(simp_all)

  ereal_abs_add:
 fixes a b::ereal
 shows "abs(a+b) ≤ abs a + abs b"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (auto)

  real_of_ereal_le_0[simp]: "real_of_ereal (x :: ereal) ≤ 0 ⟷ x ≤ 0 ∨ x = ∞"
 by (cases x) auto

  abs_real_of_ereal[simp]: "∣real_of_ereal (x :: ereal)∣ = real_of_ereal ∣x∣"
 by (cases x) auto

  zero_less_real_of_ereal:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "0 < real_of_ereal x ⟷ 0 < x ∧ x ≠ ∞"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_0_le_uminus_iff[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ - a ⟷ a ≤ 0"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a]) auto

  ereal_uminus_le_0_iff[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "- a ≤ 0 ⟷ 0 ≤ a"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a]) auto

  ereal_add_strict_mono:
 fixes a b c d :: ereal
 assumes "a ≤ b"
 and "0 ≤ a"
 and "a ≠ ∞"
 and "c < d"
 shows "a + c < b + d"
 using assms
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[case_product ereal_cases, of a b c d]) auto

  ereal_less_add:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "∣a∣ ≠ ∞ ==> c < b ==> a + c < a + b"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of b c]) auto

  ereal_uminus_eq_reorder: "- a = b ⟷ a = (-b::ereal)"
 by auto

  ereal_uminus_less_reorder: "- a < b ⟷ -b < a"
 and ereal_less_uminus_reorder: "a < - b ⟷ b < - a"
 and ereal_uminus_le_reorder: "- a ≤ b ⟷ -b ≤ a" for a::ereal
 using ereal_minus_le_minus ereal_minus_less_minus by fastforce+

  ereal_uminus_reorder =
 ereal_uminus_eq_reorder ereal_uminus_less_reorder ereal_uminus_le_reorder

  ereal_bot:
 fixes x :: ereal
 assumes "∧B. x ≤ ereal B"
 shows "x = -∞"
  (cases x)
 case (real r)
 with assms[of "r - 1"] show ?thesis
 by auto
 
 case PInf
 with assms[of 0] show ?thesis
 by auto
 
 case MInf
 then show ?thesis
 by simp
 

  ereal_top:
 fixes x :: ereal
 assumes "∧B. x ≥ ereal B"
 shows "x = ∞"
  (cases x)
 case (real r)
 with assms[of "r + 1"] show ?thesis
 by auto
 
 case MInf
 with assms[of 0] show ?thesis
 by auto
 
 case PInf
 then show ?thesis
 by simp
 

 
 shows ereal_max[simp]: "ereal (max x y) = max (ereal x) (ereal y)"
 and ereal_min[simp]: "ereal (min x y) = min (ereal x) (ereal y)"
 by (simp_all add: min_def max_def)

  ereal_max_0: "max 0 (ereal r) = ereal (max 0 r)"
 by (auto simp: zero_ereal_def)

 
 fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
 shows ereal_incseq_uminus[simp]: "incseq (λx. - f x) ⟷ decseq f"
 and ereal_decseq_uminus[simp]: "decseq (λx. - f x) ⟷ incseq f"
 unfolding decseq_def incseq_def by auto

  incseq_ereal: "incseq f ==> incseq (λx. ereal (f x))"
 unfolding incseq_def by auto

  sum_ereal[simp]: "(∑x∈A. ereal (f x)) = ereal (∑x∈A. f x)"
 by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto

  sum_list_ereal [simp]: "sum_list (map (λx. ereal (f x)) xs) = ereal (sum_list (map f xs))"
 by (induction xs) simp_all

  sum_Pinfty:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 shows "(∑x∈P. f x) = ∞ ⟷ finite P ∧ (∃i∈P. f i = ∞)"
  safe
 assume *: "sum f P = ∞"
 show "finite P"
 by (metis "*" Infty_neq_0(2) sum.infinite)
 show "∃i∈P. f i = ∞"
 proof (rule ccontr)
 assume "¬ ?thesis"
 then have "∧i. i ∈ P ==> f i ≠ ∞"
 by auto
 with ‹finite P› have "sum f P ≠ ∞"
 by induct auto
 with * show False
 by auto
 qed
 
 fix i
 assume "finite P" and "i ∈ P" and "f i = ∞"
 then show "sum f P = ∞"
 proof induct
 case (insert x A)
 show ?case using insert by (cases "x = i") auto
 qed simp
 

  sum_Inf:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 shows "∣sum f A∣ = ∞ ⟷ finite A ∧ (∃i∈A. ∣f i∣ = ∞)"
 
 assume *: "∣sum f A∣ = ∞"
 have "finite A"
 by (rule ccontr) (insert *, auto)
 moreover have "∃i∈A. ∣f i∣ = ∞"
 proof (rule ccontr)
 assume "¬ ?thesis"
 then have "∀i∈A. ∃r. f i = ereal r"
 by auto
 then obtain r where "∀x∈A. f x = ereal (r x)"
 by metis
 with * show False
 by auto
 qed
 ultimately show "finite A ∧ (∃i∈A. ∣f i∣ = ∞)"
 by auto
 
 assume "finite A ∧ (∃i∈A. ∣f i∣ = ∞)"
 then obtain i where "finite A" "i ∈ A" and "∣f i∣ = ∞"
 by auto
 then show "∣sum f A∣ = ∞"
 proof induct
 case (insert j A)
 then show ?case
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of "f i" "f j" "sum f A"]) auto
 qed simp
 

  sum_real_of_ereal:
 fixes f :: "'i → ereal"
 assumes "∧x. x ∈ S ==> ∣f x∣ ≠ ∞"
 shows "(∑x∈S. real_of_ereal (f x)) = real_of_ereal (sum f S)"
  -
 have "∀x∈S. ∃r. f x = ereal r"
 using assms by blast
 then obtain r where "∀x∈S. f x = ereal (r x)"
 by metis
 then show ?thesis
 by simp
 

  "Multiplication"

  ereal :: "{comm_monoid_mult,sgn}"
 

  sgn_ereal :: "ereal → ereal" where
 "sgn (ereal r) = ereal (sgn r)"
  "sgn (∞::ereal) = 1"
  "sgn (-∞::ereal) = -1"
  (auto intro: ereal_cases)
  by standard (rule wf_on_bot)

  times_ereal where
 "ereal r * ereal p = ereal (r * p)"
  "ereal r * ∞ = (if r = 0 then 0 else if r > 0 then ∞ else -∞)"
  "∞ * ereal r = (if r = 0 then 0 else if r > 0 then ∞ else -∞)"
  "ereal r * -∞ = (if r = 0 then 0 else if r > 0 then -∞ else ∞)"
  "-∞ * ereal r = (if r = 0 then 0 else if r > 0 then -∞ else ∞)"
  "(∞::ereal) * ∞ = ∞"
  "-(∞::ereal) * ∞ = -∞"
  "(∞::ereal) * -∞ = -∞"
  "-(∞::ereal) * -∞ = ∞"
  goal_cases
 case prems: (1 P x)
 then obtain a b where "x = (a, b)"
 by (cases x) auto
 with prems show P
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto
  simp_all
  by (relation "{}") simp

 
 
 fix a b c :: ereal
 show "1 * a = a"
 by (cases a) (simp_all add: one_ereal_def)
 show "a * b = b * a"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) simp_all
 show "a * b * c = a * (b * c)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c])
 (simp_all add: zero_ereal_def zero_less_mult_iff)
 

 

  [simp]:
 shows ereal_1_times: "ereal 1 * x = x"
 and times_ereal_1: "x * ereal 1 = x"
 (simp_all flip: one_ereal_def)

  one_not_le_zero_ereal[simp]: "¬ (1 ≤ (0::ereal))"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def zero_ereal_def)

  real_ereal_1[simp]: "real_of_ereal (1::ereal) = 1"
 unfolding one_ereal_def by simp

  real_of_ereal_le_1:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "a ≤ 1 ==> real_of_ereal a ≤ 1"
 by (cases a) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  abs_ereal_one[simp]: "∣1∣ = (1::ereal)"
 unfolding one_ereal_def by simp

  ereal_mult_zero[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "a * 0 = 0"
 by (cases a) (simp_all add: zero_ereal_def)

  ereal_zero_mult[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "0 * a = 0"
 by (metis ereal_mult_zero mult.commute)

  ereal_m1_less_0[simp]: "-(1::ereal) < 0"
 by (simp add: zero_ereal_def one_ereal_def)

  ereal_times[simp]:
 "1 ≠ (∞::ereal)" "(∞::ereal) ≠ 1"
 "1 ≠ -(∞::ereal)" "-(∞::ereal) ≠ 1"
 by (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_plus_1[simp]:
 "1 + ereal r = ereal (r + 1)"
 "ereal r + 1 = ereal (r + 1)"
 "1 + -(∞::ereal) = -∞"
 "-(∞::ereal) + 1 = -∞"
 unfolding one_ereal_def by auto

  ereal_zero_times[simp]:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "a * b = 0 ⟷ a = 0 ∨ b = 0"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_mult_eq_PInfty[simp]:
 "a * b = (∞::ereal) ⟷
 (a = ∞ ∧ b > 0) ∨ (a > 0 ∧ b = ∞) ∨ (a = -∞ ∧ b < 0) ∨ (a < 0 ∧ b = -∞)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_mult_eq_MInfty[simp]:
 "a * b = -(∞::ereal) ⟷
 (a = ∞ ∧ b < 0) ∨ (a < 0 ∧ b = ∞) ∨ (a = -∞ ∧ b > 0) ∨ (a > 0 ∧ b = -∞)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_abs_mult: "∣x * y :: ereal∣ = ∣x∣ * ∣y∣"
 by (cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) (auto simp: abs_mult)

  ereal_0_less_1[simp]: "0 < (1::ereal)"
 by (simp add: zero_ereal_def one_ereal_def)

  ereal_mult_minus_left[simp]:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "-a * b = - (a * b)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_mult_minus_right[simp]:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "a * -b = - (a * b)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_mult_infty[simp]:
 "a * (∞::ereal) = (if a = 0 then 0 else if 0 < a then ∞ else -∞)"
 by (cases a) auto

  ereal_infty_mult[simp]:
 "(∞::ereal) * a = (if a = 0 then 0 else if 0 < a then ∞ else -∞)"
 by (cases a) auto

  ereal_mult_strict_right_mono:
 assumes "a < b"
 and "0 < c"
 and "c < (∞::ereal)"
 shows "a * c < b * c"
 using assms
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) (auto simp: zero_le_mult_iff)

  ereal_mult_strict_left_mono:
 "a < b ==> 0 < c ==> c < (∞::ereal) ==> c * a < c * b"
 using ereal_mult_strict_right_mono
 by (simp add: mult.commute[of c])

  ereal_mult_right_mono:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "a ≤ b" "0 ≤ c"
 shows "a * c ≤ b * c"
  (cases "c = 0")
 case False
 with assms show ?thesis
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) auto
  auto

  ereal_mult_left_mono:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "a ≤ b ==> 0 ≤ c ==> c * a ≤ c * b"
 by (simp add: ereal_mult_right_mono mult.commute)

  ereal_mult_mono:
 fixes a b c d::ereal
 assumes "b ≥ 0" "c ≥ 0" "a ≤ b" "c ≤ d"
 shows "a * c ≤ b * d"
 by (metis ereal_mult_right_mono mult.commute order_trans assms)

  ereal_mult_mono':
 fixes a b c d::ereal
 assumes "a ≥ 0" "c ≥ 0" "a ≤ b" "c ≤ d"
 shows "a * c ≤ b * d"
 by (metis ereal_mult_right_mono mult.commute order_trans assms)

  ereal_mult_mono_strict:
 fixes a b c d::ereal
 assumes "b > 0" "c > 0" "a < b" "c < d"
 shows "a * c < b * d"
  -
 have "c < \∞" using ‹c < d›
 by auto
 then have "a * c < b * c"
 by (metis ereal_mult_strict_left_mono[OF assms(3) assms(2)] mult.commute)
 moreover have "b * c ≤ b * d"
 using assms(1,4) ereal_mult_left_mono by force
 ultimately show ?thesis by simp
 

  ereal_mult_mono_strict':
 fixes a b c d::ereal
 assumes "a > 0" "c > 0" "a < b" "c < d"
 shows "a * c < b * d"
 using assms ereal_mult_mono_strict by auto

  zero_less_one_ereal[simp]: "0 ≤ (1::ereal)"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def zero_ereal_def)

  ereal_0_le_mult[simp]: "0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> 0 ≤ a * (b :: ereal)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_right_distrib:
 fixes r a b :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> r * (a + b) = r * a + r * b"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of r a b]) (simp_all add: field_simps)

  ereal_left_distrib:
 fixes r a b :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> (a + b) * r = a * r + b * r"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of r a b]) (simp_all add: field_simps)

  ereal_mult_le_0_iff:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "a * b ≤ 0 ⟷ (0 ≤ a ∧ b ≤ 0) ∨ (a ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ b)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (simp_all add: mult_le_0_iff)

  ereal_zero_le_0_iff:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ a * b ⟷ (0 ≤ a ∧ 0 ≤ b) ∨ (a ≤ 0 ∧ b ≤ 0)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (simp_all add: zero_le_mult_iff)

  ereal_mult_less_0_iff:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "a * b < 0 ⟷ (0 < a ∧ b < 0) ∨ (a < 0 ∧ 0 < b)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (simp_all add: mult_less_0_iff)

  ereal_zero_less_0_iff:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "0 < a * b ⟷ (0 < a ∧ 0 < b) ∨ (a < 0 ∧ b < 0)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (simp_all add: zero_less_mult_iff)

  ereal_left_mult_cong:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "c = d ==> (d ≠ 0 ==> a = b) ==> a * c = b * d"
 by (cases "c = 0") simp_all

  ereal_right_mult_cong:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "c = d ==> (d ≠ 0 ==> a = b) ==> c * a = d * b"
 by (cases "c = 0") simp_all

  ereal_distrib:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "a ≠ ∞ ∨ b ≠ -∞"
 and "a ≠ -∞ ∨ b ≠ ∞"
 and "∣c∣ ≠ ∞"
 shows "(a + b) * c = a * c + b * c"
 using assms
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) (simp_all add: field_simps)

  numeral_eq_ereal [simp]: "numeral w = ereal (numeral w)"
  (induct w rule: num_induct)
 case One
 then show ?case
 by simp
 
 case (inc x)
 then show ?case
 by (simp add: inc numeral_inc)
 

  m1_ereal_less_iff [simp]:
 "((-1::ereal) < numeral a) ⟷ ((-1::real) < numeral a)"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  m1_ereal_le_iff [simp]:
 "((-1::ereal) ≤ numeral a) ⟷ ((-1::real) ≤ numeral a)"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  m1_ereal_eq_iff [simp]:
 "((-1::ereal) = numeral a) ⟷ ((-1::real) = numeral a)"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_less_m1_iff [simp]:
 "(numeral a < (-1::ereal)) ⟷ (numeral a < (-1::real))"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_le_m1_iff [simp]:
 "(numeral a ≤ (-1::ereal)) ⟷ (numeral a ≤ (-1::real))"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_eq_m1_iff [simp]:
 "(numeral a = (-1::ereal)) ⟷ (numeral a = (-1::real))"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

  distrib_left_ereal_nn:
 "c ≥ 0 ==> (x + y) * ereal c = x * ereal c + y * ereal c"
 by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases)(simp_all add: ring_distribs)

  sum_ereal_right_distrib:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 shows "(∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i) ==> r * sum f A = (∑n∈A. r * f n)"
 by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: ereal_right_distrib sum_nonneg)

  sum_ereal_left_distrib:
 "(∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i) ==> sum f A * r = (∑n∈A. f n * r :: ereal)"
 using sum_ereal_right_distrib[of A f r] by (simp add: mult_ac)

  sum_distrib_right_ereal:
 "c ≥ 0 ==> sum f A * ereal c = (∑x∈A. f x * c :: ereal)"
 (subst sum_comp_morphism[where h="λx. x * ereal c", symmetric])(simp_all add: distrib_left_ereal_nn)

  ereal_le_epsilon:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 assumes "∧e. 0 < e ==> x ≤ y + e"
 shows "x ≤ y"
  (cases "x = -∞ ∨ x = ∞ ∨ y = -∞ ∨ y = ∞")
 case True
 then show ?thesis
 using assms[of 1] by auto
 
 case False
 then obtain p q where "x = ereal p" "y = ereal q"
 by (metis MInfty_eq_minfinity ereal.distinct(3) uminus_ereal.elims)
 then show ?thesis
 by (metis assms field_le_epsilon ereal_less(2) ereal_less_eq(3) plus_ereal.simps(1))
 

  ereal_le_epsilon2:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 assumes "∧e::real. 0 < e ==> x ≤ y + ereal e"
 shows "x ≤ y"
  (rule ereal_le_epsilon)
 show "∧ε::ereal. 0 < \ε ==> x ≤ y + ε"
 using assms less_ereal.elims(2) zero_less_real_of_ereal by fastforce
 

  ereal_le_real:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 assumes "∧z. x ≤ ereal z ==> y ≤ ereal z"
 shows "y ≤ x"
 by (metis assms ereal_bot ereal_cases ereal_infty_less_eq(2) ereal_less_eq(1) linorder_le_cases)

  prod_ereal_0:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 shows "(∏i∈A. f i) = 0 ⟷ finite A ∧ (∃i∈A. f i = 0)"
 by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto

  prod_ereal_pos:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 assumes "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i"
 shows "0 ≤ (∏i∈I. f i)"
 using assms
 by (induction I rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto

  prod_PInf:
 fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
 assumes "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i"
 shows "(∏i∈I. f i) = ∞ ⟷ finite I ∧ (∃i∈I. f i = ∞) ∧ (∀i∈I. f i ≠ 0)"
 using assms
  (induction I rule: infinite_finite_induct)
 case (insert i I)
 then have pos: "0 ≤ f i" "0 ≤ prod f I"
 by (auto intro!: prod_ereal_pos)
 from insert have "(∏j∈insert i I. f j) = ∞ ⟷ prod f I * f i = ∞"
 by auto
 also have "… ⟷ (prod f I = ∞ ∨ f i = ∞) ∧ f i ≠ 0 ∧ prod f I ≠ 0"
 using prod_ereal_pos[of I f] pos
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of "f i" "prod f I"]) auto
 also have "… ⟷ finite (insert i I) ∧ (∃j∈insert i I. f j = ∞) ∧ (∀j∈insert i I. f j ≠ 0)"
 using insert by (auto simp: prod_ereal_0)
 finally show ?case .
  auto

  prod_ereal: "(∏i∈A. ereal (f i)) = ereal (prod f A)"
 by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)


  ‹Power›

  ereal_power[simp]: "(ereal x) ^ n = ereal (x^n)"
 by (induct n) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_power_PInf[simp]: "(∞::ereal) ^ n = (if n = 0 then 1 else ∞)"
 by (induct n) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_power_uminus[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "(- x) ^ n = (if even n then x ^ n else - (x^n))"
 by (induct n) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  ereal_power_numeral[simp]:
 "(numeral num :: ereal) ^ n = ereal (numeral num ^ n)"
 by (induct n) (auto simp: one_ereal_def)

  zero_le_power_ereal[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 assumes "0 ≤ a"
 shows "0 ≤ a ^ n"
 using assms by (induct n) (auto simp: ereal_zero_le_0_iff)


  ‹Subtraction›

  ereal_minus_minus_image[simp]:
 fixes S :: "ereal set"
 shows "uminus ` uminus ` S = S"
 by (auto simp: image_iff)

  ereal_uminus_lessThan[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "uminus ` {..<a} = {-a<..}"
 by (force simp: ereal_uminus_less_reorder)

  ereal_uminus_greaterThan[simp]: "uminus ` {(a::ereal)<..} = {..<-a}"
 by (metis ereal_uminus_lessThan ereal_uminus_uminus ereal_minus_minus_image)

  ereal :: minus
 

  "x - y = x + -(y::ereal)"
  ..

 

  ereal_minus[simp]:
 "ereal r - ereal p = ereal (r - p)"
 "-∞ - ereal r = -∞"
 "ereal r -∞ = -∞"
 "(∞::ereal) - x = ∞"
 "-(∞::ereal) -∞ = -∞"
 "x - -y = x + y"
 "x - 0 = x"
 "0 - x = -x"
 by (simp_all add: minus_ereal_def)

  ereal_x_minus_x[simp]: "x - x = (if ∣x∣ = ∞ then ∞ else 0::ereal)"
 by auto

  ereal_eq_minus_iff:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x = z - y ⟷
 (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ x + y = z) ∧
 (y = -∞ ⟶ x = ∞) ∧
 (y = ∞ ⟶ z = ∞ ⟶ x = ∞) ∧
 (y = ∞ ⟶ z ≠ ∞ ⟶ x = -∞)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto

  ereal_eq_minus:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x = z - y ⟷ x + y = z"
 by (auto simp: ereal_eq_minus_iff)

  ereal_less_minus_iff:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x < z - y ⟷
 (y = ∞ ⟶ z = ∞ ∧ x ≠ ∞) ∧
 (y = -∞ ⟶ x ≠ ∞) ∧
 (∣y∣ ≠ ∞⟶ x + y < z)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto

  ereal_less_minus:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x < z - y ⟷ x + y < z"
 by (auto simp: ereal_less_minus_iff)

  ereal_le_minus_iff:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x ≤ z - y ⟷ (y = ∞ ⟶ z ≠ ∞ ⟶ x = -∞) ∧ (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ x + y ≤ z)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto

  ereal_le_minus:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x ≤ z - y ⟷ x + y ≤ z"
 by (auto simp: ereal_le_minus_iff)

  ereal_minus_less_iff:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x - y < z ⟷ y ≠ -∞ ∧ (y = ∞ ⟶ x ≠ ∞ ∧ z ≠ -∞) ∧ (y ≠ ∞ ⟶ x < z + y)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto

  ereal_minus_less:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x - y < z ⟷ x < z + y"
 by (auto simp: ereal_minus_less_iff)

  ereal_minus_le_iff:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x - y ≤ z ⟷
 (y = -∞ ⟶ z = ∞) ∧
 (y = ∞ ⟶ x = ∞ ⟶ z = ∞) ∧
 (∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ⟶ x ≤ z + y)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) auto

  ereal_minus_le:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x - y ≤ z ⟷ x ≤ z + y"
 by (auto simp: ereal_minus_le_iff)

  ereal_minus_eq_minus_iff:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "a - b = a - c ⟷
 b = c ∨ a = ∞ ∨ (a = -∞ ∧ b ≠ -∞ ∧ c ≠ -∞)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) auto

  ereal_add_le_add_iff:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "c + a ≤ c + b ⟷
 a ≤ b ∨ c = ∞ ∨ (c = -∞ ∧ a ≠ ∞ ∧ b ≠ ∞)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) (simp_all add: field_simps)

  ereal_add_le_add_iff2:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "a + c ≤ b + c ⟷ a ≤ b ∨ c = ∞ ∨ (c = -∞ ∧ a ≠ ∞ ∧ b ≠ ∞)"
 by (metis (no_types, lifting) add.commute ereal_add_le_add_iff)

  ereal_mult_le_mult_iff:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "∣c∣ ≠ ∞ ==> c * a ≤ c * b ⟷ (0 < c ⟶ a ≤ b) ∧ (c < 0 ⟶ b ≤ a)"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) (simp_all add: mult_le_cancel_left)

  ereal_minus_mono:
 fixes A B C D :: ereal assumes "A ≤ B" "D ≤ C"
 shows "A - C ≤ B - D"
 using assms
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[case_product ereal_cases, of A B C D]) simp_all

  ereal_mono_minus_cancel:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "c - a ≤ c - b ==> 0 ≤ c ==> c < \∞ ==> b ≤ a"
 by (cases a b c rule: ereal3_cases) auto

  real_of_ereal_minus:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "real_of_ereal (a - b) = (if ∣a∣ = ∞ ∨ ∣b∣ = ∞ then 0 else real_of_ereal a - real_of_ereal b)"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  real_of_ereal_minus': "∣x∣ = ∞ ⟷ ∣y∣ = ∞ ==> real_of_ereal x - real_of_ereal y = real_of_ereal (x - y :: ereal)"
 (subst real_of_ereal_minus) auto

  ereal_diff_positive:
 fixes a b :: ereal shows "a ≤ b ==> 0 ≤ b - a"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

  ereal_between:
 fixes x e :: ereal
 assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞" and "0 < e"
 shows "x - e < x"
 and "x < x + e"
 using assms by (cases x, cases e, auto)+

  ereal_minus_eq_PInfty_iff:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "x - y = ∞ ⟷ y = -∞ ∨ x = ∞"
 by (cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

  ereal_diff_add_eq_diff_diff_swap:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "∣y∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x - (y + z) = x - y - z"
 by(cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) simp_all

  ereal_diff_add_assoc2:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x + y - z = x - z + y"
 by(cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) simp_all

  ereal_add_uminus_conv_diff: fixes x y z :: ereal shows "- x + y = y - x"
 by (simp add: add.commute minus_ereal_def)

  ereal_minus_diff_eq:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "[ x = ∞ ⟶ y ≠ ∞; x = -∞ ⟶ y ≠ -∞ ] ==> - (x - y) = y - x"
 by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

  ediff_le_self [simp]: "x - y ≤ (x :: enat)"
 by(cases x y rule: enat.exhaust[case_product enat.exhaust]) simp_all

  ereal_abs_diff:
 fixes a b::ereal
 shows "abs(a-b) ≤ abs a + abs b"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (auto)


  ‹Division›

  ereal :: inverse
 

  inverse_ereal where
 "inverse (ereal r) = (if r = 0 then ∞ else ereal (inverse r))"
  "inverse (∞::ereal) = 0"
  "inverse (-∞::ereal) = 0"
 by (auto intro: ereal_cases)
  by (relation "{}") simp

  "x div y = x * inverse (y :: ereal)"

  ..

 

  real_of_ereal_inverse[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "real_of_ereal (inverse a) = 1 / real_of_ereal a"
 by (cases a) (auto simp: inverse_eq_divide)

  ereal_inverse[simp]:
 "inverse (0::ereal) = ∞"
 "inverse (1::ereal) = 1"
 by (simp_all add: one_ereal_def zero_ereal_def)

  ereal_divide[simp]:
 "ereal r / ereal p = (if p = 0 then ereal r * ∞ else ereal (r / p))"
 unfolding divide_ereal_def by (auto simp: divide_real_def)

  ereal_divide_same[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "x / x = (if ∣x∣ = ∞ ∨ x = 0 then 0 else 1)"
 by (cases x) (simp_all add: divide_real_def divide_ereal_def one_ereal_def)

  ereal_inv_inv[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "inverse (inverse x) = (if x ≠ -∞ then x else ∞)"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_inverse_minus[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "inverse (- x) = (if x = 0 then ∞ else -inverse x)"
 by (cases x) simp_all

  ereal_uminus_divide[simp]:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "- x / y = - (x / y)"
 unfolding divide_ereal_def by simp

  ereal_divide_Infty[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "x / ∞ = 0" "x / -∞ = 0"
 unfolding divide_ereal_def by simp_all

  ereal_divide_one[simp]: "x / 1 = (x::ereal)"
 unfolding divide_ereal_def by simp

  ereal_divide_ereal[simp]: "∞ / ereal r = (if 0 ≤ r then ∞ else -∞)"
 unfolding divide_ereal_def by simp

  ereal_inverse_nonneg_iff: "0 ≤ inverse (x :: ereal) ⟷ 0 ≤ x ∨ x = -∞"
 by (cases x) auto

  inverse_ereal_ge0I: "0 ≤ (x :: ereal) ==> 0 ≤ inverse x"
 (cases x) simp_all

  zero_le_divide_ereal[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 assumes "0 ≤ a" and "0 ≤ b"
 shows "0 ≤ a / b"
 by (simp add: assms divide_ereal_def ereal_inverse_nonneg_iff)

  ereal_le_divide_pos:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x > 0 ==> x ≠ ∞ ==> y ≤ z / x ⟷ x * y ≤ z"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) (auto simp: field_simps)

  ereal_divide_le_pos:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x > 0 ==> x ≠ ∞ ==> z / x ≤ y ⟷ z ≤ x * y"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) (auto simp: field_simps)

  ereal_le_divide_neg:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x < 0 ==> x ≠ -∞ ==> y ≤ z / x ⟷ z ≤ x * y"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) (auto simp: field_simps)

  ereal_divide_le_neg:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 shows "x < 0 ==> x ≠ -∞ ==> z / x ≤ y ⟷ x * y ≤ z"
 by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z]) (auto simp: field_simps)

  ereal_inverse_antimono_strict:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ x ==> x < y ==> inverse y < inverse x"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto

  ereal_inverse_antimono:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "0 ≤ x ==> x ≤ y ==> inverse y ≤ inverse x"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of x y]) auto

  inverse_inverse_Pinfty_iff[simp]:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "inverse x = ∞ ⟷ x = 0"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_inverse_eq_0:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "inverse x = 0 ⟷ x = ∞ ∨ x = -∞"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_0_gt_inverse:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "0 < inverse x ⟷ x ≠ ∞ ∧ 0 ≤ x"
 by (cases x) auto

  ereal_inverse_le_0_iff:
 fixes x :: ereal
 shows "inverse x ≤ 0 ⟷ x < 0 ∨ x = ∞"
 by(cases x) auto

  ereal_divide_eq_0_iff: "x / y = 0 ⟷ x = 0 ∨ ∣y :: ereal∣ = ∞"
 (cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

  ereal_mult_less_right:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "b * a < c * a" "0 < a" "a < \∞"
 shows "b < c"
 using assms
 by (metis order.asym ereal_mult_strict_left_mono linorder_neqE mult.commute)

  ereal_mult_divide:
 fixes a b :: ereal
 shows "0 < b ==> b < \∞ ==> b * (a / b) = a"
 by (cases a b rule: ereal2_cases) auto

  ereal_power_divide:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 shows "y ≠ 0 ==> (x / y) ^ n = x^n / y^n"
 by (cases rule: ereal2_cases [of x y])
 (auto simp: one_ereal_def zero_ereal_def power_divide zero_le_power_eq)

  ereal_le_mult_one_interval:
 fixes x y :: ereal
 assumes y: "y ≠ -∞"
 assumes z: "∧z. 0 < z ==> z < 1 ==> z * x ≤ y"
 shows "x ≤ y"
  (cases x)
 case PInf
 with z[of "1 / 2"] show "x ≤ y"
 by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
 
 case r: (real r)
 show "x ≤ y"
 proof (cases y)
 case p: (real p)
 have "r ≤ p"
 proof (rule field_le_mult_one_interval)
 fix z :: real
 assume "0 < z" and "z < 1"
 with z[of "ereal z"] show "z * r ≤ p"
 using p r by (auto simp: zero_le_mult_iff one_ereal_def)
 qed
 then show "x ≤ y"
 using p r by simp
 qed (use y in simp_all)
  simp

  ereal_divide_right_mono[simp]:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 assumes "x ≤ y"
 and "0 < z"
 shows "x / z ≤ y / z"
 using assms by (cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) (auto intro: divide_right_mono)

  ereal_divide_left_mono[simp]:
 fixes x y z :: ereal
 assumes "y ≤ x"
 and "0 < z"
 and "0 < x * y"
 shows "z / x ≤ z / y"
 using assms
 by (cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases)
 (auto intro: divide_left_mono simp: field_simps zero_less_mult_iff mult_less_0_iff split: if_split_asm)

  ereal_divide_zero_left[simp]:
 fixes a :: ereal
 shows "0 / a = 0"
 using ereal_divide_eq_0_iff by blast

  ereal_times_divide_eq_left[simp]:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 shows "b / c * a = b * a / c"
 by (metis divide_ereal_def mult.assoc mult.commute)

  ereal_times_divide_eq: "a * (b / c :: ereal) = a * b / c"
 by (metis ereal_times_divide_eq_left mult.commute)

  ereal_inverse_real [simp]: "∣z∣ ≠ ∞ ==> z ≠ 0 ==> ereal (inverse (real_of_ereal z)) = inverse z"
 by auto

  ereal_inverse_mult:
 "a ≠ 0 ==> b ≠ 0 ==> inverse (a * (b::ereal)) = inverse a * inverse b"
 by (cases a; cases b) auto

  inverse_eq_infinity_iff_eq_zero [simp]:
 "1/(x::ereal) = ∞ ⟷ x = 0"
  (simp add: divide_ereal_def)

  ereal_distrib_left:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "a ≠ ∞ ∨ b ≠ -∞"
 and "a ≠ -∞ ∨ b ≠ ∞"
 and "∣c∣ ≠ ∞"
 shows "c * (a + b) = c * a + c * b"
 by (metis assms ereal_distrib mult.commute)

  ereal_distrib_minus_left:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "a ≠ ∞ ∨ b ≠ ∞"
 and "a ≠ -∞ ∨ b ≠ -∞"
 and "∣c∣ ≠ ∞"
 shows "c * (a - b) = c * a - c * b"
 using assms ereal_distrib_left ereal_uminus_eq_reorder minus_ereal_def by auto

  ereal_distrib_minus_right:
 fixes a b c :: ereal
 assumes "a ≠ ∞ ∨ b ≠ ∞"
 and "a ≠ -∞ ∨ b ≠ -∞"
 and "∣c∣ ≠ ∞"
 shows "(a - b) * c = a * c - b * c"
 by (metis assms ereal_distrib_minus_left mult.commute)


  "Complete lattice"

  ereal :: lattice
 

  [simp]: "sup x y = (max x y :: ereal)"
  [simp]: "inf x y = (min x y :: ereal)"
  by standard simp_all

 

  ereal :: complete_lattice
 

  "bot = (-∞::ereal)"
  "top = (∞::ereal)"

  "Sup S = (SOME x :: ereal. (∀y∈S. y ≤ x) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈S. y ≤ z) ⟶ x ≤ z))"
  "Inf S = (SOME x :: ereal. (∀y∈S. x ≤ y) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈S. z ≤ y) ⟶ z ≤ x))"

  ereal_complete_Sup:
 fixes S :: "ereal set"
 shows "∃x. (∀y∈S. y ≤ x) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈S. y ≤ z) ⟶ x ≤ z)"
  (cases "∃x. ∀a∈S. a ≤ ereal x")
 case True
 then obtain y where y: "a ≤ ereal y" if "a∈S" for a
 by auto
 then have "∞ ∉ S"
 by force
 show ?thesis
 proof (cases "S ≠ {-∞} ∧ S ≠ {}")
 case True
 with ‹∞ ∉ S› obtain x where x: "x ∈ S" "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
 by auto
 obtain s where s: "∀x∈ereal -` S. x ≤ s" "(∀x∈ereal -` S. x ≤ z) ==> s ≤ z" for z
 proof (atomize_elim, rule complete_real)
 show "∃x. x ∈ ereal -` S"
 using x by auto
 show "∃z. ∀x∈ereal -` S. x ≤ z"
 by (auto dest: y intro!: exI[of _ y])
 qed
 show ?thesis
 proof (safe intro!: exI[of _ "ereal s"])
 fix y
 assume "y ∈ S"
 with s ‹∞ ∉ S› show "y ≤ ereal s"
 by (cases y) auto
 next
 fix z
 assume "∀y∈S. y ≤ z"
 with ‹S ≠ {-∞} ∧ S ≠ {}› show "ereal s ≤ z"
 by (cases z) (auto intro!: s)
 qed
 next
 case False
 then show ?thesis
 by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "-∞"])
 qed
 
 case False
 then show ?thesis
 by (fastforce intro!: exI[of _ ∞] ereal_top intro: order_trans dest: less_imp_le simp: not_le)
 

  ereal_complete_uminus_eq:
 fixes S :: "ereal set"
 shows "(∀y∈uminus`S. y ≤ x) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈uminus`S. y ≤ z) ⟶ x ≤ z)
 ⟷ (∀y∈S. -x ≤ y) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈S. z ≤ y) ⟶ z ≤ -x)"
 by simp (metis ereal_minus_le_minus ereal_uminus_uminus)

  ereal_complete_Inf:
 "∃x. (∀y∈S::ereal set. x ≤ y) ∧ (∀z. (∀y∈S. z ≤ y) ⟶ z ≤ x)"
 using ereal_complete_Sup[of "uminus ` S"]
 unfolding ereal_complete_uminus_eq
 by auto

 
 
 show "Sup {} = (bot::ereal)"
 using ereal_bot by (auto simp: bot_ereal_def Sup_ereal_def)
 show "Inf {} = (top::ereal)"
 unfolding top_ereal_def Inf_ereal_def
 using ereal_infty_less_eq(1) ereal_less_eq(1) by blast
 show "∧x::ereal. ∧A. x ∈ A ==> Inf A ≤ x"
 "∧A z. (∧x::ereal. x ∈ A ==> z ≤ x) ==> z ≤ Inf A"
 by (auto intro: someI2_ex ereal_complete_Inf simp: Inf_ereal_def)
 show "∧x::ereal. ∧A. x ∈ A ==> x ≤ Sup A"
 "∧A z. (∧x::ereal. x ∈ A ==> x ≤ z) ==> Sup A ≤ z"
 by (auto intro: someI2_ex ereal_complete_Sup simp: Sup_ereal_def)
 

 

  ereal :: complete_linorder ..

  ereal :: linear_continuum
 
 show "∃a b::ereal. a ≠ b"
 using zero_neq_one by blast
 

  min_PInf [simp]: "min (∞::ereal) x = x"
 by (metis min_top top_ereal_def)

  min_PInf2 [simp]: "min x (∞::ereal) = x"
 by (metis min_top2 top_ereal_def)

  max_PInf [simp]: "max (∞::ereal) x = ∞"
 by (metis max_top top_ereal_def)

  max_PInf2 [simp]: "max x (∞::ereal) = ∞"
 by (metis max_top2 top_ereal_def)

  min_MInf [simp]: "min (-∞::ereal) x = -∞"
 by (metis min_bot bot_ereal_def)

  min_MInf2 [simp]: "min x (-∞::ereal) = -∞"
 by (metis min_bot2 bot_ereal_def)

  max_MInf [simp]: "max (-∞::ereal) x = x"
 by (metis max_bot bot_ereal_def)

  max_MInf2 [simp]: "max x (-∞::ereal) = x"
 by (metis max_bot2 bot_ereal_def)

  ‹Extended real intervals›

  real_greaterThanLessThan_infinity_eq:
 "real_of_ereal ` {N::ereal<..<\<infinity>} =
 (if N = ∞ then {} else if N = -∞ then UNIV else {real_of_ereal N<..})"
 by (force simp: real_less_ereal_iff intro!: image_eqI[where x="ereal _"] elim!: less_ereal.elims)

  real_greaterThanLessThan_minus_infinity_eq:
 "real_of_ereal ` {-∞<..<N::ereal} =
 (if N = ∞ then UNIV else if N = -∞ then {} else {..<real_of_ereal N})"
  -
 have "real_of_ereal ` {-∞<..<N::ereal} = uminus ` real_of_ereal ` {-N<..<\<infinity>}"
 by (auto simp: ereal_uminus_less_reorder intro!: image_eqI[where x="-x" for x])
 also note real_greaterThanLessThan_infinity_eq
 finally show ?thesis by (auto intro!: image_eqI[where x="-x" for x])
 

  real_greaterThanLessThan_inter:
 "real_of_ereal ` {N<..<M::ereal} = real_of_ereal ` {-∞<..<M} ∩ real_of_ereal ` {N<..<\<infinity>}"
 by (force elim!: less_ereal.elims)

  real_atLeastGreaterThan_eq: "real_of_ereal ` {N<..<M::ereal} =
 (if N = ∞ then {} else
 if N = -∞ then
 (if M = ∞ then UNIV
 else if M = -∞ then {}
 else {..< real_of_ereal M})
 else if M = -∞ then {}
 else if M = ∞ then {real_of_ereal N<..}
 else {real_of_ereal N <..< real_of_ereal M})"
  (cases "M = -∞ ∨ M = ∞ ∨ N = -∞ ∨ N = ∞")
 case True
 then show ?thesis
 by (auto simp: real_greaterThanLessThan_minus_infinity_eq real_greaterThanLessThan_infinity_eq )
 
 case False
 then obtain p q where "M = ereal p" "N = ereal q"
 by (metis MInfty_eq_minfinity ereal.distinct(3) uminus_ereal.elims)
 moreover have "∧x. [q < x; x < p] ==> x ∈ real_of_ereal ` {ereal q<..<ereal p}"
 by (metis greaterThanLessThan_iff imageI less_ereal.simps(1) real_of_ereal.simps(1))
 ultimately show ?thesis
 by (auto elim!: less_ereal.elims)
 

  real_image_ereal_ivl:
 fixes a b::ereal
 shows
 "real_of_ereal ` {a<..<b} =
 (if a < b then (if a = -∞ then if b = ∞ then UNIV else {..<real_of_ereal b}
 else if b = ∞ then {real_of_ereal a<..} else {real_of_ereal a <..< real_of_ereal b}) else {})"
 by (cases a; cases b; simp add: real_atLeastGreaterThan_eq not_less)

  fixes a b c::ereal
 shows not_inftyI: "a < b ==> b < c ==> abs b ≠ ∞"
 by force

 
 fixes r s t::real
 

  interval_Ioo_neq_Ioi: "{r<..<s} ≠ {t<..}"
 by (simp add: set_eq_iff) (meson linordered_field_no_ub nless_le order_less_trans)

  interval_Ioo_neq_Iio: "{r<..<s} ≠ {..<t}"
 by (simp add: set_eq_iff) (meson linordered_field_no_lb order_less_irrefl order_less_trans)

  interval_neq_ioo_UNIV: "{r<..<s} ≠ UNIV"
 and interval_Ioi_neq_UNIV: "{r<..} ≠ UNIV"
 and interval_Iio_neq_UNIV: "{..<r} ≠ UNIV"
 by auto

  interval_Ioi_neq_Iio: "{r<..} ≠ {..<s}"
 by (simp add: set_eq_iff) (meson lt_ex order_less_irrefl order_less_trans)

  interval_empty_neq_Ioi: "{} ≠ {r<..}"
 and interval_empty_neq_Iio: "{} ≠ {..<r}"
 by (auto simp: set_eq_iff linordered_field_no_ub linordered_field_no_lb)

 

  interval_neqs = interval_Ioo_neq_Ioi interval_Ioo_neq_Iio
 interval_neq_ioo_UNIV interval_Ioi_neq_Iio
 interval_Ioi_neq_UNIV interval_Iio_neq_UNIV
 interval_empty_neq_Ioi interval_empty_neq_Iio

  greaterThanLessThan_eq_iff:
 fixes r s t u::real
 shows "({r<..<s} = {t<..<u}) = (r ≥ s ∧ u ≤ t ∨ r = t ∧ s = u)"
 by (metis cInf_greaterThanLessThan cSup_greaterThanLessThan greaterThanLessThan_empty_iff not_le)

  real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan_iff:
 "real_of_ereal ` {a <..< b} = real_of_ereal ` {c <..< d} ⟷ (a ≥ b ∧ c ≥ d ∨ a = c ∧ b = d)"
 unfolding real_atLeastGreaterThan_eq
 by (cases a; cases b; cases c; cases d;
 simp add: greaterThanLessThan_eq_iff interval_neqs interval_neqs[symmetric])

  uminus_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan:
 "uminus ` real_of_ereal ` {l <..< u} = real_of_ereal ` {-u <..< -l}"
 by (force simp: algebra_simps ereal_less_uminus_reorder
 ereal_uminus_less_reorder intro: image_eqI[where x="-x" for x])

  add_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan:
 "(+) c ` real_of_ereal ` {l <..< u} = real_of_ereal ` {c + l <..< c + u}"
 apply safe
 subgoal for x
 using ereal_less_add[of c]
 by (force simp: real_of_ereal_add add.commute)
 subgoal for _ x
 by (force simp: add.commute real_of_ereal_minus ereal_minus_less ereal_less_minus
 intro: image_eqI[where x="x - c"])
 done

  add2_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan:
 "(λx. x + c) ` real_of_ereal ` {l <..< u} = real_of_ereal ` {l + c <..< u + c}"
 using add_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan[of c l u]
 by (metis add.commute image_cong)

  minus_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan:
 "(-) c ` real_of_ereal ` {l <..< u} = real_of_ereal ` {c - u <..< c - l}"
 (is "?l = ?r")
  -
 have "?l = (+) c ` uminus ` real_of_ereal ` {l <..< u}" by auto
 also note uminus_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan
 also note add_image_real_of_ereal_image_greaterThanLessThan
 finally show ?thesis by (simp add: minus_ereal_def)
 

  real_ereal_bound_lemma_up:
 assumes "s ∈ real_of_ereal ` {a<..<b}"
 assumes "t ∉ real_of_ereal ` {a<..<b}"
 assumes "s ≤ t"
 shows "b ≠ ∞"
  (cases b)
 case PInf
 then show ?thesis
 using assms
 by (metis UNIV_I empty_iff greaterThan_iff order_less_le_trans real_image_ereal_ivl)
  auto

  real_ereal_bound_lemma_down:
 assumes s: "s ∈ real_of_ereal ` {a<..<b}"
 and t: "t ∉ real_of_ereal ` {a<..<b}"
 and "t ≤ s"
  "a ≠ -∞"
 by (metis UNIV_I assms empty_iff lessThan_iff order_le_less_trans
 real_greaterThanLessThan_minus_infinity_eq)


  "Topological space"

  ereal :: linear_continuum_topology
 

  "open_ereal" :: "ereal set → bool" where
 open_ereal_generated: "open_ereal = generate_topology (range lessThan ∪ range greaterThan)"

 
 by standard (simp add: open_ereal_generated)

 

  continuous_on_ereal[continuous_intros]:
 assumes f: "continuous_on s f" shows "continuous_on s (λx. ereal (f x))"
 by (rule continuous_on_compose2 [OF continuous_onI_mono[of ereal UNIV] f]) auto

  tendsto_ereal[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]: "(f ---> x) F ==> ((λx. ereal (f x)) ---> ereal x) F"
 using isCont_tendsto_compose[of x ereal f F] continuous_on_ereal[of UNIV "λx. x"]
 by (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_at)

  tendsto_uminus_ereal[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]:
 assumes "(f ---> x) F"
 shows "((λx. - f x::ereal) ---> - x) F"
  (rule tendsto_compose[OF order_tendstoI assms])
 show "∧a. a < - x ==> ∀_F x in at x. a < - x"
 by (metis ereal_less_uminus_reorder eventually_at_topological lessThan_iff open_lessThan)
 show "∧a. - x < a ==> ∀_F x in at x. - x < a"
 by (metis ereal_uminus_reorder(2) eventually_at_topological greaterThan_iff open_greaterThan)
 



  at_infty_ereal_eq_at_top: "at ∞ = filtermap ereal at_top"
  -
 have "∧P b. ∀z. b ≤ z ∧ b ≠ z ⟶ P (ereal z) ==> ∃N. ∀n≥N. P (ereal n)"
 by (metis gt_ex order_less_le order_less_le_trans)
 then show ?thesis
 unfolding filter_eq_iff eventually_at_filter eventually_at_top_linorder eventually_filtermap
 top_ereal_def[symmetric]
 apply (subst eventually_nhds_top[of 0])
 apply (auto simp: top_ereal_def less_le ereal_all_split ereal_ex_split)
 done
 

  ereal_Lim_uminus: "(f ---> f0) net ⟷ ((λx. - f x::ereal) ---> - f0) net"
 using tendsto_uminus_ereal[of f f0 net] tendsto_uminus_ereal[of "λx. - f x" "- f0" net]
 by auto

  ereal_divide_less_iff: "0 < (c::ereal) ==> c < \∞ ==> a / c < b ⟷ a < b * c"
 by (cases a b c rule: ereal3_cases) (auto simp: field_simps)

  ereal_less_divide_iff: "0 < (c::ereal) ==> c < \∞ ==> a < b / c ⟷ a * c < b"
 by (cases a b c rule: ereal3_cases) (auto simp: field_simps)

  tendsto_cmult_ereal[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]:
 assumes c: "∣c∣ ≠ ∞" and f: "(f ---> x) F"
 shows "((λx. c * f x::ereal) ---> c * x) F"
  -
 have *: "((λx. c * f x::ereal) ---> c * x) F" if "0 < c" "c < \∞" for c :: ereal
 using that
 apply (intro tendsto_compose[OF _ f])
 apply (auto intro!: order_tendstoI simp: eventually_at_topological)
 apply (rule_tac x="{a/c <..}" in exI)
 apply (auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_divide_less_iff mult.commute) []
 apply (rule_tac x="{..< a/c}" in exI)
 apply (auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_less_divide_iff mult.commute) []
 done
 have "((0 < c ∧ c < \∞) ∨ (-∞ < c ∧ c < 0) ∨ c = 0)"
 using c by (cases c) auto
 then show ?thesis
 proof (elim disjE conjE)
 assume "-∞ < c" "c < 0"
 then have "0 < - c" "- c < \∞"
 by (auto simp: ereal_uminus_reorder ereal_less_uminus_reorder[of 0])
 then have "((λx. (- c) * f x) ---> (- c) * x) F"
      by (rule *)
    from tendsto_uminus_ereal[OF this] show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed (auto intro!: *)
qed

lemma tendsto_cmult_ereal_not_0[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]:
  assumes "x ≠ 0" and f: "(f ---> x) F" 
  shows "((λx. c * f x::ereal) ---> c * x) F"
proof cases
  assume "∣c∣ = ∞"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule filterlim_cong[THEN iffD1, OF refl refl _ tendsto_const])
    have "0 < x ∨ x < 0"
      using ‹x ≠ 0› by (auto simp: neq_iff)
    then show "eventually (λx'. c * x = c * f x') F"
    proof
      assume "0 < x" from order_tendstoD(1)[OF f this] show ?thesis
        by eventually_elim (use ‹0<x\› ‹∣c∣ = ∞› in auto)
    next
      assume "x < 0" from order_tendstoD(2)[OF f this] show ?thesis
        by eventually_elim (use ‹x<0\› ‹∣c∣ = ∞› in auto)
    qed
  qed
qed (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal[OF _ f])

lemma tendsto_cadd_ereal[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]:
  assumes c: "y ≠ -∞" "x ≠ -∞" and f: "(f ---> x) F" 
  shows "((λx. f x + y::ereal) ---> x + y) F"
  apply (intro tendsto_compose[OF _ f])
  apply (auto intro!: order_tendstoI simp: eventually_at_topological)
  apply (rule_tac x="{a - y <..}" in exI)
  apply (auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_minus_less_iff c) []
  apply (rule_tac x="{..< a - y}" in exI)
  apply (auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_less_minus_iff c) []
  done

lemma tendsto_add_left_ereal[tendsto_intros, simp, intro]:
  assumes c: "∣y∣ ≠ ∞" and f: "(f ---> x) F" 
  shows "((λx. f x + y::ereal) ---> x + y) F"
  apply (intro tendsto_compose[OF _ f])
  apply (auto intro!: order_tendstoI simp: eventually_at_topological)
  apply (rule_tac x="{a - y <..}" in exI)
  apply (insert c, auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_minus_less_iff) []
  apply (rule_tac x="{..< a - y}" in exI)
  apply (auto split: ereal.split simp: ereal_less_minus_iff c) []
  done

lemma continuous_at_ereal[continuous_intros]: "continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. ereal (f x))"
  unfolding continuous_def by auto

lemma ereal_Sup:
  assumes *: "∣SUP a∈A. ereal a∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "ereal (Sup A) = (SUP a∈A. ereal a)"
proof (rule continuous_at_Sup_mono)
  obtain r where r: "ereal r = (SUP a∈A. ereal a)" "A ≠ {}"
    using * by (force simp: bot_ereal_def)
  then show "bdd_above A" "A ≠ {}"
    by (auto intro!: SUP_upper bdd_aboveI[of _ r] simp flip: ereal_less_eq)
qed (auto simp: mono_def continuous_at_imp_continuous_at_within continuous_at_ereal)

lemma ereal_SUP: "∣SUP a∈A. ereal (f a)∣ ≠ ∞ ==> ereal (SUP a∈A. f a) = (SUP a∈A. ereal (f a))"
  by (simp add: ereal_Sup image_comp)

lemma ereal_Inf:
  assumes *: "∣INF a∈A. ereal a∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "ereal (Inf A) = (INF a∈A. ereal a)"
proof (rule continuous_at_Inf_mono)
  obtain r where r: "ereal r = (INF a∈A. ereal a)" "A ≠ {}"
    using * by (force simp: top_ereal_def)
  then show "bdd_below A" "A ≠ {}"
    by (auto intro!: INF_lower bdd_belowI[of _ r] simp flip: ereal_less_eq)
qed (auto simp: mono_def continuous_at_imp_continuous_at_within continuous_at_ereal)

lemma ereal_Inf':
  assumes *: "bdd_below A" "A ≠ {}"
  shows "ereal (Inf A) = (INF a∈A. ereal a)"
proof (rule ereal_Inf)
  from * obtain l u where "x ∈ A ==> l ≤ x" "u ∈ A" for x
    by (auto simp: bdd_below_def)
  then have "l ≤ (INF x∈A. ereal x)" "(INF x∈A. ereal x) ≤ u"
    by (auto intro!: INF_greatest INF_lower)
  then show "∣INF a∈A. ereal a∣ ≠ ∞"
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_INF: "∣INF a∈A. ereal (f a)∣ ≠ ∞ ==> ereal (INF a∈A. f a) = (INF a∈A. ereal (f a))"
  by (simp add: ereal_Inf image_comp)

lemma ereal_Sup_uminus_image_eq: "Sup (uminus ` S::ereal set) = - Inf S"
  by (auto intro!: SUP_eqI
           simp: Ball_def[symmetric] ereal_uminus_le_reorder le_Inf_iff
           intro!: complete_lattice_class.Inf_lower2)

lemma ereal_SUP_uminus_eq:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  shows "(SUP x∈S. uminus (f x)) = - (INF x∈S. f x)"
  using ereal_Sup_uminus_image_eq [of "f ` S"] by (simp add: image_comp)

lemma ereal_inj_on_uminus[intro, simp]: "inj_on uminus (A :: ereal set)"
  by (auto intro!: inj_onI)

lemma ereal_Inf_uminus_image_eq: "Inf (uminus ` S::ereal set) = - Sup S"
  using ereal_Sup_uminus_image_eq[of "uminus ` S"] by simp

lemma ereal_INF_uminus_eq:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  shows "(INF x∈S. - f x) = - (SUP x∈S. f x)"
  using ereal_Inf_uminus_image_eq [of "f ` S"] by (simp add: image_comp)

lemma ereal_SUP_not_infty:
  fixes f :: "_ → ereal"
  shows "A ≠ {} ==> l ≠ -∞ ==> u ≠ ∞ ==> ∀a∈A. l ≤ f a ∧ f a ≤ u ==> ∣Sup (f ` A)∣ ≠ ∞"
  using SUP_upper2[of _ A l f] SUP_least[of A f u]
  by (cases "Sup (f ` A)") auto

lemma ereal_INF_not_infty:
  fixes f :: "_ → ereal"
  shows "A ≠ {} ==> l ≠ -∞ ==> u ≠ ∞ ==> ∀a∈A. l ≤ f a ∧ f a ≤ u ==> ∣Inf (f ` A)∣ ≠ ∞"
  using INF_lower2[of _ A f u] INF_greatest[of A l f]
  by (cases "Inf (f ` A)") auto

lemma ereal_image_uminus_shift:
  fixes X Y :: "ereal set"
  shows "uminus ` X = Y ⟷ X = uminus ` Y"
  by (metis ereal_minus_minus_image)

lemma Sup_eq_MInfty:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "Sup S = -∞ ⟷ S = {} ∨ S = {-∞}"
  unfolding bot_ereal_def[symmetric] by auto

lemma Inf_eq_PInfty:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "Inf S = ∞ ⟷ S = {} ∨ S = {∞}"
  using Sup_eq_MInfty[of "uminus`S"]
  unfolding ereal_Sup_uminus_image_eq ereal_image_uminus_shift by simp

lemma Inf_eq_MInfty:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "-∞ ∈ S ==> Inf S = -∞"
  unfolding bot_ereal_def[symmetric] by auto

lemma Sup_eq_PInfty:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "∞ ∈ S ==> Sup S = ∞"
  unfolding top_ereal_def[symmetric] by auto

lemma not_MInfty_nonneg[simp]: "0 ≤ (x::ereal) ==> x ≠ -∞"
  by auto

lemma Sup_ereal_close:
  fixes e :: ereal
  assumes "0 < e"
    and S: "∣Sup S∣ ≠ ∞" "S ≠ {}"
  shows "∃x∈S. Sup S - e < x"
  using assms by (cases e) (auto intro!: less_Sup_iff[THEN iffD1])

lemma Inf_ereal_close:
  fixes e :: ereal
  assumes "∣Inf X∣ ≠ ∞"
    and "0 < e"
  shows "∃x∈X. x < Inf X + e"
  by (meson Inf_less_iff assms ereal_between(2))

lemma SUP_PInfty:
  "(∧n::nat. ∃i∈A. ereal (real n) ≤ f i) ==> (SUP i∈A. f i :: ereal) = ∞"
  by (meson SUP_upper2 less_PInf_Ex_of_nat linorder_not_less)

lemma SUP_nat_Infty: "(SUP i. ereal (real i)) = ∞"
  by (rule SUP_PInfty) auto

lemma SUP_ereal_add_left:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" "c ≠ -∞"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. f i + c :: ereal) = (SUP i∈I. f i) + c"
proof (cases "(SUP i∈I. f i) = -∞")
  case True
  then have "∧i. i ∈ I ==> f i = -∞"
    unfolding Sup_eq_MInfty by auto
  with True show ?thesis
    by (cases c) (auto simp: ‹I ≠ {}›)
next
  case False
  then show ?thesis
    by (subst continuous_at_Sup_mono[where f="λx. x + c"])
      (auto simp: continuous_at_imp_continuous_at_within continuous_at mono_def add_mono ‹I ≠ {}›
      ‹c ≠ -∞› image_comp)
qed

lemma SUP_ereal_add_right:
  fixes c :: ereal
  shows "I ≠ {} ==> c ≠ -∞ ==> (SUP i∈I. c + f i) = c + (SUP i∈I. f i)"
  using SUP_ereal_add_left[of I c f] by (simp add: add.commute)

lemma SUP_ereal_minus_right:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" "c ≠ -∞"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. c - f i :: ereal) = c - (INF i∈I. f i)"
  using SUP_ereal_add_right[OF assms, of "λi. - f i"]
  by (simp add: ereal_SUP_uminus_eq minus_ereal_def)

lemma SUP_ereal_minus_left:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" "c ≠ ∞"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. f i - c:: ereal) = (SUP i∈I. f i) - c"
  using SUP_ereal_add_left[OF ‹I ≠ {}›, of "-c" f] by (simp add: ‹c ≠ ∞› minus_ereal_def)

lemma INF_ereal_minus_right:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" and "∣c∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "(INF i∈I. c - f i) = c - (SUP i∈I. f i::ereal)"
proof -
  have *: "(- c) + b = - (c - b)" for b
    using ‹∣c∣ ≠ ∞› by (cases c b rule: ereal2_cases) auto
  show ?thesis
    using SUP_ereal_add_right[OF ‹I ≠ {}›, of "-c" f] ‹∣c∣ ≠ ∞›
    by (auto simp: * ereal_SUP_uminus_eq)
qed

lemma SUP_ereal_le_addI:
  fixes f :: "'i → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. f i + y ≤ z" and "y ≠ -∞"
  shows "Sup (f ` UNIV) + y ≤ z"
  by (metis SUP_ereal_add_left SUP_least UNIV_not_empty assms)

lemma SUP_combine:
  fixes f :: "'a::semilattice_sup → 'a::semilattice_sup → 'b::complete_lattice"
  assumes mono: "∧a b c d. a ≤ b ==> c ≤ d ==> f a c ≤ f b d"
  shows "(SUP i∈UNIV. SUP j∈UNIV. f i j) = (SUP i. f i i)"
proof (rule antisym)
  show "(SUP i j. f i j) ≤ (SUP i. f i i)"
    by (rule SUP_least SUP_upper2[where i="sup i j" for i j] UNIV_I mono sup_ge1 sup_ge2)+
  show "(SUP i. f i i) ≤ (SUP i j. f i j)"
    by (rule SUP_least SUP_upper2 UNIV_I mono order_refl)+
qed

lemma SUP_ereal_add:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes inc: "incseq f" "incseq g"
    and pos: "∧i. f i ≠ -∞" "∧i. g i ≠ -∞"
  shows "(SUP i. f i + g i) = Sup (f ` UNIV) + Sup (g ` UNIV)"
proof -
  have "∧i j k l. [i ≤ j; k ≤ l] ==> f i + g k ≤ f j + g l"
    by (meson add_mono inc incseq_def)
  then have "(SUP i. f i + g i) = (SUP i j. f i + g j)"
    by (simp add: SUP_combine)
  also have "... = (SUP i j. g j + f i)"
    by (simp add: add.commute)
  also have "... = (SUP i. Sup (range g) + f i)"
    by (simp add: SUP_ereal_add_left pos(1))
  also have "... = (SUP i. f i + Sup (range g))"
    by (simp add: add.commute)
  also have "... = Sup (f ` UNIV) + Sup (g ` UNIV)"
    by (simp add: SUP_eq_iff SUP_ereal_add_left pos(2))
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma INF_eq_minf: "(INF i∈I. f i::ereal) ≠ -∞ ⟷ (∃b>-∞. ∀i∈I. b ≤ f i)"
  unfolding bot_ereal_def[symmetric] INF_eq_bot_iff by (auto simp: not_less)

lemma INF_ereal_add_left:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" "c ≠ -∞" "∧x. x ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f x"
  shows "(INF i∈I. f i + c :: ereal) = (INF i∈I. f i) + c"
proof -
  have "(INF i∈I. f i) ≠ -∞"
    unfolding INF_eq_minf using assms by (intro exI[of _ 0]) auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (subst continuous_at_Inf_mono[where f="λx. x + c"])
       (auto simp: mono_def add_mono ‹I ≠ {}› ‹c ≠ -∞› continuous_at_imp_continuous_at_within
        continuous_at image_comp)
qed

lemma INF_ereal_add_right:
  assumes "I ≠ {}" "c ≠ -∞" "∧x. x ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f x"
  shows "(INF i∈I. c + f i :: ereal) = c + (INF i∈I. f i)"
  using INF_ereal_add_left[OF assms] by (simp add: ac_simps)

lemma INF_ereal_add_directed:
  fixes f g :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes nonneg: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i" "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ g i"
  assumes directed: "∧i j. i ∈ I ==> j ∈ I ==> ∃k∈I. f i + g j ≥ f k + g k"
  shows "(INF i∈I. f i + g i) = (INF i∈I. f i) + (INF i∈I. g i)"
proof (cases  "I = {}")
  case False
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule antisym)
    show "(INF i∈I. f i) + (INF i∈I. g i) ≤ (INF i∈I. f i + g i)"
      by (rule INF_greatest; intro add_mono INF_lower)
  next
    have "(INF i∈I. f i + g i) ≤ (INF i∈I. (INF j∈I. f i + g j))"
      using directed by (intro INF_greatest) (blast intro: INF_lower2)
    also have "… = (INF i∈I. f i + (INF i∈I. g i))"
      using nonneg ‹I ≠ {}› by (auto simp: INF_ereal_add_right)
    also have "… = (INF i∈I. f i) + (INF i∈I. g i)"
      using nonneg by (intro INF_ereal_add_left ‹I ≠ {}›) (auto simp: INF_eq_minf intro!: exI[of _ 0])
    finally show "(INF i∈I. f i + g i) ≤ (INF i∈I. f i) + (INF i∈I. g i)" .
  qed
qed (simp add: top_ereal_def)

lemma INF_ereal_add:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "decseq f" "decseq g"
    and fin: "∧i. f i ≠ ∞" "∧i. g i ≠ ∞"
  shows "(INF i. f i + g i) = Inf (f ` UNIV) + Inf (g ` UNIV)"
proof -
  have INF_less: "(INF i. f i) < ∞" "(INF i. g i) < ∞"
    using assms unfolding INF_less_iff by auto
  have *: "- ((- a) + (- b)) = a + b" if "a ≠ ∞" "b ≠ ∞" for a b :: ereal
    using that by (cases a b rule: ereal2_cases) auto
  have "(INF i. f i + g i) = (INF i. - ((- f i) + (- g i)))"
    by (simp add: fin *)
  also have "… = Inf (f ` UNIV) + Inf (g ` UNIV)"
    unfolding ereal_INF_uminus_eq
    using assms INF_less
    by (subst SUP_ereal_add) (auto simp: ereal_SUP_uminus_eq fin *)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma SUP_ereal_add_pos:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "incseq f" "incseq g"
    and "∧i. 0 ≤ f i" "∧i. 0 ≤ g i"
  shows "(SUP i. f i + g i) = Sup (f ` UNIV) + Sup (g ` UNIV)"
  by (simp add: SUP_ereal_add assms)

lemma SUP_ereal_sum:
  fixes f g :: "'a → nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧n. n ∈ A ==> incseq (f n)"
    and pos: "∧n i. n ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f n i"
  shows "(SUP i. ∑n∈A. f n i) = (∑n∈A. Sup ((f n) ` UNIV))"
  using assms
  by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: incseq_sumI2 sum_nonneg SUP_ereal_add_pos)

lemma SUP_ereal_mult_left:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes "I ≠ {}"
  assumes f: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i" and c: "0 ≤ c"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. c * f i) = c * (SUP i∈I. f i)"
proof (cases "(SUP i ∈ I. f i) = 0")
  case True
  then have "∧i. i ∈ I ==> f i = 0"
    by (metis SUP_upper f antisym)
  with True show ?thesis
    by simp
next
  case False
  then show ?thesis
    by (subst continuous_at_Sup_mono[where f="λx. c * x"])
       (auto simp: mono_def continuous_at continuous_at_imp_continuous_at_within ‹I ≠ {}› image_comp
             intro!: ereal_mult_left_mono c)
qed

lemma countable_approach:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "x ≠ -∞"
  shows "∃f. incseq f ∧ (∀i::nat. f i < x) ∧ (f <---- x)"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  moreover have "(λn. r - inverse (real (Suc n))) <---- r - 0"
    by (intro tendsto_intros LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by (intro exI[of _ "λn. x - inverse (Suc n)"]) (auto simp: incseq_def)
next
  case PInf with LIMSEQ_SUP[of "λn::nat. ereal (real n)"] show ?thesis
    by (intro exI[of _ "λn. ereal (real n)"]) (auto simp: incseq_def SUP_nat_Infty)
qed (simp add: assms)

lemma Sup_countable_SUP:
  assumes "A ≠ {}"
  shows "∃f::nat → ereal. incseq f ∧ range f ⊆ A ∧ Sup A = (SUP i. f i)"
proof cases
  assume "Sup A = -∞"
  with ‹A ≠ {}› have "A = {-∞}"
    by (auto simp: Sup_eq_MInfty)
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "λ_. -∞"] simp: bot_ereal_def)
next
  assume "Sup A ≠ -∞"
  then obtain l where "incseq l" and l: "l i < Sup A" and l_Sup: "l <---- Sup A" for i :: nat
    by (auto dest: countable_approach)

  have "∃f. ∀n. (f n ∈ A ∧ l n ≤ f n) ∧ (f n ≤ f (Suc n))" (is "∃f. ?P f")
  proof (rule dependent_nat_choice)
    show "∃x. x ∈ A ∧ l 0 ≤ x"
      using l[of 0] by (auto simp: less_Sup_iff)
  next
    fix x n assume "x ∈ A ∧ l n ≤ x"
    moreover from l[of "Suc n"] obtain y where "y ∈ A" "l (Suc n) < y"
      by (auto simp: less_Sup_iff)
    ultimately show "∃y. (y ∈ A ∧ l (Suc n) ≤ y) ∧ x ≤ y"
      by (auto intro!: exI[of _ "max x y"] split: split_max)
  qed
  then obtain f where f: "?P f" ..
  then have "range f ⊆ A" "incseq f"
    by (auto simp: incseq_Suc_iff)
  then have "(SUP i. f i) = Sup A"
    by (meson LIMSEQ_SUP LIMSEQ_le Sup_subset_mono f l_Sup
        order_class.order_eq_iff)
  then show ?thesis
    by (metis ‹incseq f› ‹range f ⊆ A›)
qed

lemma Inf_countable_INF:
  assumes "A ≠ {}" shows "∃f::nat → ereal. decseq f ∧ range f ⊆ A ∧ Inf A = (INF i. f i)"
proof -
  obtain f where "incseq f" "range f ⊆ uminus`A" "Sup (uminus`A) = (SUP i. f i)"
    using Sup_countable_SUP[of "uminus ` A"] ‹A ≠ {}› by auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (intro exI[of _ "λx. - f x"])
       (auto simp: ereal_Sup_uminus_image_eq ereal_INF_uminus_eq eq_commute[of "- _"])
qed

lemma SUP_countable_SUP:
  "A ≠ {} ==> ∃f::nat → ereal. range f ⊆ g`A ∧ Sup (g ` A) = Sup (f ` UNIV)"
  using Sup_countable_SUP [of "g`A"] by auto

subsection "Relation to typ‹enat›"

definition "ereal_of_enat n = (case n of enat n → ereal (real n) | ∞ → ∞)"

declare [[coercion "ereal_of_enat :: enat → ereal"]]
declare [[coercion "(λn. ereal (real n)) :: nat → ereal"]]

lemma ereal_of_enat_simps[simp]:
  "ereal_of_enat (enat n) = ereal n"
  "ereal_of_enat ∞ = ∞"
  by (simp_all add: ereal_of_enat_def)

lemma ereal_of_enat_le_iff[simp]: "ereal_of_enat m ≤ ereal_of_enat n ⟷ m ≤ n"
  by (cases m n rule: enat2_cases) auto

lemma ereal_of_enat_less_iff[simp]: "ereal_of_enat m < ereal_of_enat n ⟷ m < n"
  by (cases m n rule: enat2_cases) auto

lemma numeral_le_ereal_of_enat_iff[simp]: "numeral m ≤ ereal_of_enat n ⟷ numeral m ≤ n"
by (cases n) (auto)

lemma numeral_less_ereal_of_enat_iff[simp]: "numeral m < ereal_of_enat n ⟷ numeral m < n"
  by (cases n) auto

lemma ereal_of_enat_ge_zero_cancel_iff[simp]: "0 ≤ ereal_of_enat n ⟷ 0 ≤ n"
  by (cases n) (auto simp flip: enat_0)

lemma ereal_of_enat_gt_zero_cancel_iff[simp]: "0 < ereal_of_enat n ⟷ 0 < n"
  by (cases n) (auto simp flip: enat_0)

lemma ereal_of_enat_zero[simp]: "ereal_of_enat 0 = 0"
  by (auto simp flip: enat_0)

lemma ereal_of_enat_inf[simp]: "ereal_of_enat n = ∞ ⟷ n = ∞"
  by (cases n) auto

lemma ereal_of_enat_add: "ereal_of_enat (m + n) = ereal_of_enat m + ereal_of_enat n"
  by (cases m n rule: enat2_cases) auto

lemma ereal_of_enat_sub:
  assumes "n ≤ m"
  shows "ereal_of_enat (m - n) = ereal_of_enat m - ereal_of_enat n "
  using assms by (cases m n rule: enat2_cases) auto

lemma ereal_of_enat_mult:
  "ereal_of_enat (m * n) = ereal_of_enat m * ereal_of_enat n"
  by (cases m n rule: enat2_cases) auto

lemmas ereal_of_enat_pushin = ereal_of_enat_add ereal_of_enat_sub ereal_of_enat_mult
lemmas ereal_of_enat_pushout = ereal_of_enat_pushin[symmetric]

lemma ereal_of_enat_nonneg: "ereal_of_enat n ≥ 0"
  by simp

lemma ereal_of_enat_Sup:
  assumes "A ≠ {}" shows "ereal_of_enat (Sup A) = (SUP a ∈ A. ereal_of_enat a)"
proof (intro antisym mono_Sup)
  show "ereal_of_enat (Sup A) ≤ (SUP a ∈ A. ereal_of_enat a)"
  proof cases
    assume "finite A"
    with ‹A ≠ {}› obtain a where "a ∈ A" "ereal_of_enat (Sup A) = ereal_of_enat a"
      using Max_in[of A] by (auto simp: Sup_enat_def simp del: Max_in)
    then show ?thesis
      by (auto intro: SUP_upper)
  next
    assume "¬ finite A"
    have [simp]: "(SUP a ∈ A. ereal_of_enat a) = top"
      unfolding SUP_eq_top_iff
    proof safe
      fix x :: ereal assume "x < top"
      then obtain n :: nat where "x < n"
        using less_PInf_Ex_of_nat top_ereal_def by auto
      obtain a where "a ∈ A - enat ` {.. n}"
        by (metis ‹¬ finite A› all_not_in_conv finite_Diff2 finite_atMost finite_imageI finite.emptyI)
      then have "a ∈ A" "ereal n ≤ ereal_of_enat a"
        by (auto simp: image_iff Ball_def)
           (metis enat_iless enat_ord_simps(1) ereal_of_enat_less_iff ereal_of_enat_simps(1) less_le not_less)
      with ‹x < n› show "∃i∈A. x < ereal_of_enat i"
        by (auto intro!: bexI[of _ a])
    qed
    show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
qed (simp add: mono_def)

lemma ereal_of_enat_SUP:
  "A ≠ {} ==> ereal_of_enat (SUP a∈A. f a) = (SUP a ∈ A. ereal_of_enat (f a))"
  by (simp add: ereal_of_enat_Sup image_comp)


subsection "Limits on typ‹ereal›"

lemma open_PInfty: "open A ==> ∞ ∈ A ==> (∃x. {ereal x<..} ⊆ A)"
  unfolding open_ereal_generated
proof (induct rule: generate_topology.induct)
  case (Int A B)
  then obtain x z where "∞ ∈ A ==> {ereal x <..} ⊆ A" "∞ ∈ B ==> {ereal z <..} ⊆ B"
    by auto
  with Int show ?case
    by (intro exI[of _ "max x z"]) fastforce
next
  case (Basis S)
  moreover have "x ≠ ∞ ==> ∃t. x ≤ ereal t" for x
    by (cases x) auto
  ultimately show ?case
    by (auto split: ereal.split)
qed (fastforce simp: vimage_Union)+

lemma open_MInfty: "open A ==> -∞ ∈ A ==> (∃x. {..<ereal x} ⊆ A)"
  unfolding open_ereal_generated
proof (induct rule: generate_topology.induct)
  case (Int A B)
  then obtain x z where "-∞ ∈ A ==> {..< ereal x} ⊆ A" "-∞ ∈ B ==> {..< ereal z} ⊆ B"
    by auto
  with Int show ?case
    by (intro exI[of _ "min x z"]) fastforce
next
  case (Basis S)
  moreover have "x ≠ -∞ ==> ∃t. ereal t ≤ x" for x
    by (cases x) auto
  ultimately show ?case
    by (auto split: ereal.split)
qed (fastforce simp: vimage_Union)+

lemma open_ereal_vimage: "open S ==> open (ereal -` S)"
  by (intro open_vimage continuous_intros)

lemma open_ereal: "open S ==> open (ereal ` S)"
  unfolding open_generated_order[where 'a=real]
proof (induct rule: generate_topology.induct)
  case (Basis S)
  moreover have "∧x. ereal ` {..< x} = { -∞ <..< ereal x }"
    using ereal_less_ereal_Ex by auto
  moreover have "∧x. ereal ` {x <..} = { ereal x <..< ∞ }"
    using less_ereal.elims(2) by fastforce
  ultimately show ?case
    by auto
qed (auto simp: image_Union image_Int)

lemma open_image_real_of_ereal:
  fixes X::"ereal set"
  assumes "open X"
  assumes infty: "∞ ∉ X" "-∞ ∉ X"
  shows "open (real_of_ereal ` X)"
proof -
  have "real_of_ereal ` X = ereal -` X"
    using infty ereal_real by (force simp: set_eq_iff)
  thus ?thesis
    by (auto intro!: open_ereal_vimage assms)
qed

lemma eventually_finite:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞" "(f ---> x) F"
  shows "eventually (λx. ∣f x∣ ≠ ∞) F"
proof -
  have "(f ---> ereal (real_of_ereal x)) F"
    using assms by (cases x) auto
  then have "eventually (λx. f x ∈ ereal ` UNIV) F"
    by (rule topological_tendstoD) (auto intro: open_ereal)
  also have "(λx. f x ∈ ereal ` UNIV) = (λx. ∣f x∣ ≠ ∞)"
    by auto
  finally show ?thesis .
qed


lemma open_ereal_def:
  "open A ⟷ open (ereal -` A) ∧ (∞ ∈ A ⟶ (∃x. {ereal x <..} ⊆ A)) ∧ (-∞ ∈ A ⟶ (∃x. {..<ereal x} ⊆ A))"
  (is "open A ⟷ ?rhs")
proof
  assume "open A"
  then show ?rhs
    using open_PInfty open_MInfty open_ereal_vimage by auto
next
  assume "?rhs"
  then obtain x y where A: "open (ereal -` A)" "∞ ∈ A ==> {ereal x<..} ⊆ A" "-∞ ∈ A ==> {..< ereal y} ⊆ A"
    by auto
  have *: "A = ereal ` (ereal -` A) ∪ (if ∞ ∈ A then {ereal x<..} else {}) ∪ (if -∞ ∈ A then {..< ereal y} else {})"
    using A(2,3) by auto
  from open_ereal[OF A(1)] show "open A"
    by (subst *) (auto simp: open_Un)
qed

lemma open_PInfty2:
  assumes "open A" and "∞ ∈ A"
  obtains x where "{ereal x<..} ⊆ A"
  using open_PInfty[OF assms] by auto

lemma open_MInfty2:
  assumes "open A" and "-∞ ∈ A"
  obtains x where "{..<ereal x} ⊆ A"
  using open_MInfty[OF assms] by auto

lemma ereal_openE:
  assumes "open A"
  obtains x y where "open (ereal -` A)"
    and "∞ ∈ A ==> {ereal x<..} ⊆ A"
    and "-∞ ∈ A ==> {..<ereal y} ⊆ A"
  using assms open_ereal_def by auto

lemmas open_ereal_lessThan = open_lessThan[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas open_ereal_greaterThan = open_greaterThan[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas ereal_open_greaterThanLessThan = open_greaterThanLessThan[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas closed_ereal_atLeast = closed_atLeast[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas closed_ereal_atMost = closed_atMost[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas closed_ereal_atLeastAtMost = closed_atLeastAtMost[where 'a=ereal]
lemmas closed_ereal_singleton = closed_singleton[where 'a=ereal]

lemma ereal_open_cont_interval:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
    and "x ∈ S"
    and "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  obtains e where "e > 0" and "{x-e <..< x+e} ⊆ S"
proof -
  from ‹open S›
  have "open (ereal -` S)"
    by (rule ereal_openE)
  then obtain e where "e > 0" and e: "dist y (real_of_ereal x) < e ==> ereal y ∈ S" for y
    using assms unfolding open_dist by force
  show thesis
  proof (intro that subsetI)
    show "0 < ereal e"
      using ‹0 < e› by auto
    fix y
    assume "y ∈ {x - ereal e<..<x + ereal e}"
    with assms obtain t where "y = ereal t" "dist t (real_of_ereal x) < e"
      by (cases y) (auto simp: dist_real_def)
    then show "y ∈ S"
      using e[of t] by auto
  qed
qed

lemma ereal_open_cont_interval2:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S" and "x ∈ S" and "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  obtains a b where "a < x" and "x < b" and "{a <..< b} ⊆ S"
  by (meson assms ereal_between ereal_open_cont_interval)

subsubsection ‹Convergent sequences›

lemma lim_real_of_ereal[simp]:
  assumes lim: "(f ---> ereal x) net"
  shows "((λx. real_of_ereal (f x)) ---> x) net"
proof (intro topological_tendstoI)
  fix S
  assume "open S" and "x ∈ S"
  then have S: "open S" "ereal x ∈ ereal ` S"
    by (simp_all add: inj_image_mem_iff)
  show "eventually (λx. real_of_ereal (f x) ∈ S) net"
    by (auto intro: eventually_mono [OF lim[THEN topological_tendstoD, OF open_ereal, OF S]])
qed

lemma lim_ereal[simp]: "((λn. ereal (f n)) ---> ereal x) net ⟷ (f ---> x) net"
  by (auto dest!: lim_real_of_ereal)

lemma convergent_real_imp_convergent_ereal:
  assumes "convergent a"
  shows "convergent (λn. ereal (a n))" and "lim (λn. ereal (a n)) = ereal (lim a)"
proof -
  from assms obtain L where L: "a <---- L" unfolding convergent_def ..
  hence lim: "(λn. ereal (a n)) <---- ereal L" using lim_ereal by auto
  thus "convergent (λn. ereal (a n))" unfolding convergent_def ..
  thus "lim (λn. ereal (a n)) = ereal (lim a)" using lim L limI by metis
qed

lemma tendsto_PInfty: "(f ---> ∞) F ⟷ (∀r. eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F)"
proof -
  { fix l :: ereal
    assume "∀r. eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F"
    from this[THEN spec, of "real_of_ereal l"] 
    have "l ≠ ∞ ==> eventually (λx. l < f x) F"
      by (cases l) (auto elim: eventually_mono)
  }
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: order_tendsto_iff)
qed

lemma tendsto_PInfty': "(f ---> ∞) F = (∀r>c. eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F)"
proof -
  { fix r :: real
    assume "∀r>c. eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F"
    then have "eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F" 
      if "r > c" for r using that by blast
    then have "eventually (λx. ereal r < f x) F"
      by (smt (verit, del_insts) ereal_less_le eventually_mono gt_ex)
  } then show ?thesis
    using tendsto_PInfty by blast
qed 

lemma tendsto_PInfty_eq_at_top:
  "((λz. ereal (f z)) ---> ∞) F ⟷ (LIM z F. f z :> at_top)"
  unfolding tendsto_PInfty filterlim_at_top_dense by simp

lemma tendsto_MInfty: "(f ---> -∞) F ⟷ (∀r. eventually (λx. f x < ereal r) F)"
  unfolding tendsto_def
proof safe
  fix S :: "ereal set"
  assume "open S" "-∞ ∈ S"
  from open_MInfty[OF this] obtain B where "{..<ereal B} ⊆ S" ..
  moreover
  assume "∀r::real. eventually (λz. f z < r) F"
  then have "eventually (λz. f z ∈ {..< B}) F"
    by auto
  ultimately show "eventually (λz. f z ∈ S) F"
    by (auto elim!: eventually_mono)
next
  fix x
  assume "∀S. open S ⟶ -∞ ∈ S ⟶ eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) F"
  from this[rule_format, of "{..< ereal x}"] show "eventually (λy. f y < ereal x) F"
    by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_MInfty': "(f ---> -∞) F = (∀r<c. eventually (λx. ereal r > f x) F)"
proof (subst tendsto_MInfty, intro iffI allI impI)
  assume A: "∀r<c. eventually (λx. ereal r > f x) F"
  fix r :: real
  from A have A: "eventually (λx. ereal r > f x) F" if "r < c" for r using that by blast
  show "eventually (λx. ereal r > f x) F"
  proof (cases "r < c")
    case False
    hence B: "ereal r ≥ ereal (c - 1)" by simp
    have "c > c - 1" by simp
    from A[OF this] show "eventually (λx. ereal r > f x) F"
      by eventually_elim (erule less_le_trans[OF _ B])
  qed (simp add: A)
qed simp

lemma Lim_PInfty: "f <---- ∞ ⟷ (∀B. ∃N. ∀n≥N. f n ≥ ereal B)"
  unfolding tendsto_PInfty eventually_sequentially
proof safe
  fix r
  assume "∀r. ∃N. ∀n≥N. ereal r ≤ f n"
  then obtain N where "∀n≥N. ereal (r + 1) ≤ f n"
    by blast
  moreover have "ereal r < ereal (r + 1)"
    by auto
  ultimately show "∃N. ∀n≥N. ereal r < f n"
    by (blast intro: less_le_trans)
qed (blast intro: less_imp_le)

lemma Lim_MInfty: "f <---- -∞ ⟷ (∀B. ∃N. ∀n≥N. ereal B ≥ f n)"
  unfolding tendsto_MInfty eventually_sequentially
proof safe
  fix r
  assume "∀r. ∃N. ∀n≥N. f n ≤ ereal r"
  then obtain N where "∀n≥N. f n ≤ ereal (r - 1)"
    by blast
  moreover have "ereal (r - 1) < ereal r"
    by auto
  ultimately show "∃N. ∀n≥N. f n < ereal r"
    by (blast intro: le_less_trans)
qed (blast intro: less_imp_le)

lemma Lim_bounded_PInfty: "f <---- l ==> (∧n. f n ≤ ereal B) ==> l ≠ ∞"
  using LIMSEQ_le_const2[of f l "ereal B"] by auto

lemma Lim_bounded_MInfty: "f <---- l ==> (∧n. ereal B ≤ f n) ==> l ≠ -∞"
  using LIMSEQ_le_const[of f l "ereal B"] by auto

lemma tendsto_zero_erealI:
  assumes "∧e. e > 0 ==> eventually (λx. ∣f x∣ < ereal e) F"
  shows   "(f ---> 0) F"
proof (subst filterlim_cong[OF refl refl])
  from assms[OF zero_less_one] show "eventually (λx. f x = ereal (real_of_ereal (f x))) F"
    by eventually_elim (auto simp: ereal_real)
  hence "eventually (λx. abs (real_of_ereal (f x)) < e) F" if "e > 0" for e using assms[OF that]
    by eventually_elim (simp add: real_less_ereal_iff that)
  hence "((λx. real_of_ereal (f x)) ---> 0) F" unfolding tendsto_iff
    by (auto simp: tendsto_iff dist_real_def)
  thus "((λx. ereal (real_of_ereal (f x))) ---> 0) F" by (simp add: zero_ereal_def)
qed

lemma Lim_bounded_PInfty2: "f <---- l ==> ∀n≥N. f n ≤ ereal B ==> l ≠ ∞"
  using LIMSEQ_le_const2[of f l "ereal B"] by fastforce

lemma real_of_ereal_mult[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "real_of_ereal (a * b) = real_of_ereal a * real_of_ereal b"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma real_of_ereal_eq_0:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "real_of_ereal x = 0 ⟷ x = ∞ ∨ x = -∞ ∨ x = 0"
  by (cases x) auto

lemma tendsto_ereal_realD:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes "x ≠ 0"
    and tendsto: "((λx. ereal (real_of_ereal (f x))) ---> x) net"
  shows "(f ---> x) net"
proof (intro topological_tendstoI)
  fix S
  assume S: "open S" "x ∈ S"
  with ‹x ≠ 0› have "open (S - {0})" "x ∈ S - {0}"
    by auto
  from tendsto[THEN topological_tendstoD, OF this]
  show "eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) net"
    by (rule eventually_rev_mp) (auto simp: ereal_real)
qed

lemma tendsto_ereal_realI:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes x: "∣x∣ ≠ ∞" and tendsto: "(f ---> x) net"
  shows "((λx. ereal (real_of_ereal (f x))) ---> x) net"
proof (intro topological_tendstoI)
  fix S
  assume "open S" and "x ∈ S"
  with x have "open (S - {∞, -∞})" "x ∈ S - {∞, -∞}"
    by auto
  from tendsto[THEN topological_tendstoD, OF this]
  show "eventually (λx. ereal (real_of_ereal (f x)) ∈ S) net"
    by (elim eventually_mono) (auto simp: ereal_real)
qed

lemma ereal_mult_cancel_left:
  fixes a b c :: ereal
  shows "a * b = a * c ⟷ (∣a∣ = ∞ ∧ 0 < b * c) ∨ a = 0 ∨ b = c"
  by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c]) (simp_all add: zero_less_mult_iff)

lemma tendsto_add_ereal:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes x: "∣x∣ ≠ ∞" and y: "∣y∣ ≠ ∞"
  assumes f: "(f ---> x) F" and g: "(g ---> y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ---> x + y) F"
proof -
  from x obtain r where x': "x = ereal r" by (cases x) auto
  with f have "((λi. real_of_ereal (f i)) ---> r) F" by simp
  moreover
  from y obtain p where y': "y = ereal p" by (cases y) auto
  with g have "((λi. real_of_ereal (g i)) ---> p) F" by simp
  ultimately have "((λi. real_of_ereal (f i) + real_of_ereal (g i)) ---> r + p) F"
    by (rule tendsto_add)
  moreover
  from eventually_finite[OF x f] eventually_finite[OF y g]
  have "eventually (λx. f x + g x = ereal (real_of_ereal (f x) + real_of_ereal (g x))) F"
    by eventually_elim auto
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by (simp add: x' y' cong: filterlim_cong)
qed

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_nonneg:
  fixes x y :: "ereal"
  assumes "x ≠ -∞" "y ≠ -∞" "(f ---> x) F" "(g ---> y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ---> x + y) F"
proof (cases "x = ∞ ∨ y = ∞")
  case True
  moreover
  { fix y :: ereal and f g :: "'a → ereal" assume "y ≠ -∞" "(f ---> ∞) F" "(g ---> y) F"
    then obtain y' where "-∞ < y'" "y' < y"
      using dense[of "-∞" y] by auto
    have "((λx. f x + g x) ---> ∞) F"
    proof (rule tendsto_sandwich)
      have "∀_F x in F. y' < g x"
        using order_tendstoD(1)[OF ‹(g ---> y) F› ‹y' < y›] by auto
      then show "∀_F x in F. f x + y' ≤ f x + g x"
        by eventually_elim (auto intro!: add_mono)
      show "∀_F n in F. f n + g n ≤ ∞" "((λn. ∞) ---> ∞) F"
        by auto
      show "((λx. f x + y') ---> ∞) F"
        using tendsto_cadd_ereal[of y' ∞ f F] ‹(f ---> ∞) F› ‹-∞ < y'› by auto
    qed }
  note this[of y f g] this[of x g f]
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using assms by (auto simp: add_ac)
next
  case False
  with assms tendsto_add_ereal[of x y f F g]
  show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_inj_affinity:
  fixes m t :: ereal
  assumes "∣m∣ ≠ ∞"
    and "m ≠ 0"
    and "∣t∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "inj_on (λx. m * x + t) A"
  using assms
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of m t])
     (auto intro!: inj_onI simp: ereal_add_cancel_right ereal_mult_cancel_left)

lemma ereal_PInfty_eq_plus[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "∞ = a + b ⟷ a = ∞ ∨ b = ∞"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_MInfty_eq_plus[simp]:
  fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "-∞ = a + b ⟷ (a = -∞ ∧ b ≠ ∞) ∨ (b = -∞ ∧ a ≠ ∞)"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_less_divide_pos:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  shows "x > 0 ==> x ≠ ∞ ==> y < z / x ⟷ x * y < z"
  by (simp add: ereal_less_divide_iff mult.commute)

lemma ereal_divide_less_pos:
  fixes x y z :: ereal
  shows "x > 0 ==> x ≠ ∞ ==> y / x < z ⟷ y < x * z"
  by (simp add: ereal_divide_less_iff mult.commute)

lemma ereal_divide_eq:
  fixes a b c :: ereal
  shows "b ≠ 0 ==> ∣b∣ ≠ ∞ ==> a / b = c ⟷ a = b * c"
  by (metis ereal_divide_same ereal_times_divide_eq mult.commute
      mult.right_neutral)

lemma ereal_inverse_not_MInfty[simp]: "inverse (a::ereal) ≠ -∞"
  by (cases a) auto

lemma ereal_mult_m1[simp]: "x * ereal (-1) = -x"
  by (cases x) auto

lemma ereal_real':
  assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "ereal (real_of_ereal x) = x"
  using assms by auto

lemma real_ereal_id: "real_of_ereal ∘ ereal = id"
  by auto

lemma open_image_ereal: "open(UNIV-{ ∞ , (-∞ :: ereal)})"
  by (metis range_ereal open_ereal open_UNIV)

lemma ereal_le_distrib:
  fixes a b c :: ereal
  shows "c * (a + b) ≤ c * a + c * b"
  by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c])
     (auto simp: field_simps not_le mult_le_0_iff mult_less_0_iff)

lemma ereal_pos_distrib:
  fixes a b c :: ereal
  assumes "0 ≤ c"
    and "c ≠ ∞"
  shows "c * (a + b) = c * a + c * b"
  using assms
  by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of a b c])
     (auto simp: field_simps not_le mult_le_0_iff mult_less_0_iff)

lemma ereal_LimI_finite:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
    and "∧r. 0 < r ==> ∃N. ∀n≥N. u n < x + r ∧ x < u n + r"
  shows "u <---- x"
proof (rule topological_tendstoI, unfold eventually_sequentially)
  obtain rx where rx: "x = ereal rx"
    using assms by (cases x) auto
  fix S
  assume "open S" and "x ∈ S"
  then have "open (ereal -` S)"
    unfolding open_ereal_def by auto
  with ‹x ∈ S› obtain r where "0 < r" and dist: "dist y rx < r ==> ereal y ∈ S" for y
    unfolding open_dist rx by auto
  then obtain n
    where upper: "u N < x + ereal r"
      and lower: "x < u N + ereal r"
      if "n ≤ N" for N
    using assms(2)[of "ereal r"] by auto
  show "∃N. ∀n≥N. u n ∈ S"
  proof (safe intro!: exI[of _ n])
    fix N
    assume "n ≤ N"
    from upper[OF this] lower[OF this] assms ‹0 < r›
    have "u N ∉ {∞,(-∞)}"
      by auto
    then obtain ra where ra_def: "(u N) = ereal ra"
      by (cases "u N") auto
    then have "rx < ra + r" and "ra < rx + r"
      using rx assms ‹0 < r› lower[OF ‹n ≤ N›] upper[OF ‹n ≤ N›]
      by auto
    then have "dist (real_of_ereal (u N)) rx < r"
      using rx ra_def
      by (auto simp: dist_real_def abs_diff_less_iff field_simps)
    from dist[OF this] show "u N ∈ S"
      using ‹u N ∉ {∞, -∞}›
      by (auto simp: ereal_real split: if_split_asm)
  qed
qed

lemma tendsto_obtains_N:
  assumes "f <---- f0" "open S" "f0 ∈ S"
  obtains N where "∀n≥N. f n ∈ S"
  using assms lim_explicit by blast

lemma ereal_LimI_finite_iff:
  fixes x :: ereal
  assumes "∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "u <---- x ⟷ (∀r. 0 < r ⟶ (∃N. ∀n≥N. u n < x + r ∧ x < u n + r))"
  (is "?lhs ⟷ ?rhs")
proof
  assume lim: "u <---- x"
  {
    fix r :: ereal
    assume "r > 0"
    then obtain N where "∀n≥N. u n ∈ {x - r <..< x + r}"
      using lim ereal_between[of x r] assms ‹r > 0› tendsto_obtains_N[of u x "{x - r <..< x + r}"]
      by auto
    then have "∃N. ∀n≥N. u n < x + r ∧ x < u n + r"
      using ereal_minus_less[of r x]
      by (cases r) auto
  }
  then show ?rhs
    by auto
next
  assume ?rhs
  then show "u <---- x"
    using ereal_LimI_finite[of x] assms by auto
qed

lemma ereal_Limsup_uminus:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  shows "Limsup net (λx. - (f x)) = - Liminf net f"
  unfolding Limsup_def Liminf_def ereal_SUP_uminus_eq ereal_INF_uminus_eq ..

lemma liminf_bounded_iff:
  fixes x :: "nat → ereal"
  shows "C ≤ liminf x ⟷ (∀B<C. ∃N. ∀n≥N. B < x n)"
  (is "?lhs ⟷ ?rhs")
  unfolding le_Liminf_iff eventually_sequentially ..

lemma Liminf_add_le:
  fixes f g :: "_ → ereal"
  assumes F: "F ≠ bot"
  assumes ev: "eventually (λx. 0 ≤ f x) F" "eventually (λx. 0 ≤ g x) F"
  shows "Liminf F f + Liminf F g ≤ Liminf F (λx. f x + g x)"
  unfolding Liminf_def
proof (subst SUP_ereal_add_left[symmetric])
  let ?F = "{P. eventually P F}"
  let ?INF = "λP g. Inf (g ` (Collect P))"
  show "?F ≠ {}"
    by (auto intro: eventually_True)
  show "(SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g) ≠ -∞"
    unfolding bot_ereal_def[symmetric] SUP_bot_conv INF_eq_bot_iff
    by (auto intro!: exI[of _ 0] ev simp: bot_ereal_def)
  have "(SUP P∈?F. ?INF P f + (SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g)) ≤ (SUP P∈?F. (SUP P'∈?F. ?INF P f + ?INF P' g))"
  proof (safe intro!: SUP_mono bexI[of _ "λx. P x ∧ 0 ≤ f x" for P])
    fix P let ?P' = "λx. P x ∧ 0 ≤ f x"
    assume "eventually P F"
    with ev show "eventually ?P' F"
      by eventually_elim auto
    have "?INF P f + (SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g) ≤ ?INF ?P' f + (SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g)"
      by (intro add_mono INF_mono) auto
    also have "… = (SUP P'∈?F. ?INF ?P' f + ?INF P' g)"
    proof (rule SUP_ereal_add_right[symmetric])
      show "Inf (f ` {x. P x ∧ 0 ≤ f x}) ≠ -∞"
        unfolding bot_ereal_def[symmetric] INF_eq_bot_iff
        by (auto intro!: exI[of _ 0] ev simp: bot_ereal_def)
    qed fact
    finally show "?INF P f + (SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g) ≤ (SUP P'∈?F. ?INF ?P' f + ?INF P' g)" .
  qed
  also have "… ≤ (SUP P∈?F. INF x∈Collect P. f x + g x)"
  proof (safe intro!: SUP_least)
    fix P Q assume *: "eventually P F" "eventually Q F"
    show "?INF P f + ?INF Q g ≤ (SUP P∈?F. INF x∈Collect P. f x + g x)"
    proof (rule SUP_upper2)
      show "(λx. P x ∧ Q x) ∈ ?F"
        using * by (auto simp: eventually_conj)
      show "?INF P f + ?INF Q g ≤ (INF x∈{x. P x ∧ Q x}. f x + g x)"
        by (intro INF_greatest add_mono) (auto intro: INF_lower)
    qed
  qed
  finally show "(SUP P∈?F. ?INF P f + (SUP P∈?F. ?INF P g)) ≤ (SUP P∈?F. INF x∈Collect P. f x + g x)" .
qed

lemma Sup_ereal_mult_right':
  assumes nonempty: "Y ≠ {}"
  and x: "x ≥ 0"
  shows "(SUP i∈Y. f i) * ereal x = (SUP i∈Y. f i * ereal x)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof(cases "x = 0")
  case True thus ?thesis by(auto simp: nonempty zero_ereal_def[symmetric])
next
  case False
  show ?thesis
  proof(rule antisym)
    show "?rhs ≤ ?lhs"
      by(rule SUP_least)(simp add: ereal_mult_right_mono SUP_upper x)
  next
    have "?lhs / ereal x = (SUP i∈Y. f i) * (ereal x / ereal x)" by(simp only: ereal_times_divide_eq)
    also have "… = (SUP i∈Y. f i)" using False by simp
    also have "… ≤ ?rhs / x"
    proof(rule SUP_least)
      fix i
      assume "i ∈ Y"
      have "f i = f i * (ereal x / ereal x)" using False by simp
      also have "… = f i * x / x" by(simp only: ereal_times_divide_eq)
      also from ‹i ∈ Y› have "f i * x ≤ ?rhs" by(rule SUP_upper)
      hence "f i * x / x ≤ ?rhs / x" using x False by simp
      finally show "f i ≤ ?rhs / x" .
    qed
    finally have "(?lhs / x) * x ≤ (?rhs / x) * x"
      by(rule ereal_mult_right_mono)(simp add: x)
    also have "… = ?rhs" using False ereal_divide_eq mult.commute by force
    also have "(?lhs / x) * x = ?lhs" using False ereal_divide_eq mult.commute by force
    finally show "?lhs ≤ ?rhs" .
  qed
qed

lemma Sup_ereal_mult_left':
  "[ Y ≠ {}; x ≥ 0 ] ==> ereal x * (SUP i∈Y. f i) = (SUP i∈Y. ereal x * f i)"
  by (smt (verit) Sup.SUP_cong Sup_ereal_mult_right' mult.commute)

lemma sup_continuous_add[order_continuous_intros]:
  fixes f g :: "'a::complete_lattice → ereal"
  assumes nn: "∧x. 0 ≤ f x" "∧x. 0 ≤ g x" and cont: "sup_continuous f" "sup_continuous g"
  shows "sup_continuous (λx. f x + g x)"
  unfolding sup_continuous_def
proof safe
  fix M :: "nat → 'a" assume "incseq M"
  then show "f (SUP i. M i) + g (SUP i. M i) = (SUP i. f (M i) + g (M i))"
    using SUP_ereal_add_pos[of "λi. f (M i)" "λi. g (M i)"] nn
      cont[THEN sup_continuous_mono] cont[THEN sup_continuousD]
    by (auto simp: mono_def)
qed

lemma sup_continuous_mult_right[order_continuous_intros]:
  "0 ≤ c ==> c < ∞ ==> sup_continuous f ==> sup_continuous (λx. f x * c :: ereal)"
  by (cases c) (auto simp: sup_continuous_def fun_eq_iff Sup_ereal_mult_right')

lemma sup_continuous_mult_left[order_continuous_intros]:
  "0 ≤ c ==> c < ∞ ==> sup_continuous f ==> sup_continuous (λx. c * f x :: ereal)"
  using sup_continuous_mult_right[of c f] by (simp add: mult_ac)

lemma sup_continuous_ereal_of_enat[order_continuous_intros]:
  assumes f: "sup_continuous f" 
  shows "sup_continuous (λx. ereal_of_enat (f x))"
  by (metis UNIV_not_empty ereal_of_enat_SUP f sup_continuous_compose
      sup_continuous_def)

subsubsection ‹Sums›

lemma sums_ereal_positive:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "f sums (SUP n. ∑i<n. f i)"
  by (simp add: LIMSEQ_SUP assms incseq_sumI sums_def)

lemma summable_ereal_pos:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "summable f"
  using sums_ereal_positive[of f, OF assms]
  unfolding summable_def
  by auto

lemma sums_ereal: "(λx. ereal (f x)) sums ereal x ⟷ f sums x"
  unfolding sums_def by simp

lemma suminf_ereal_eq_SUP:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "(∑x. f x) = (SUP n. ∑i<n. f i)"
  using sums_ereal_positive[of f, OF assms, THEN sums_unique]
  by simp

lemma suminf_bound:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∀N. (∑n<N. f n) ≤ x" "∧n. 0 ≤ f n"
  shows "suminf f ≤ x"
  by (simp add: SUP_least assms suminf_ereal_eq_SUP)

lemma suminf_bound_add:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∀N. (∑n<N. f n) + y ≤ x"
    and "∧n. 0 ≤ f n"
    and "y ≠ -∞"
  shows "suminf f + y ≤ x"
  by (simp add: SUP_ereal_le_addI assms suminf_ereal_eq_SUP)

lemma suminf_upper:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧n. 0 ≤ f n"
  shows "(∑n<N. f n) ≤ (∑n. f n)"
  unfolding suminf_ereal_eq_SUP [OF assms]
  by (auto intro: complete_lattice_class.SUP_upper)

lemma suminf_0_le:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧n. 0 ≤ f n"
  shows "0 ≤ (∑n. f n)"
  using suminf_upper[of f 0, OF assms]
  by simp

lemma suminf_le_pos:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧N. f N ≤ g N"
    and "∧N. 0 ≤ f N"
  shows "suminf f ≤ suminf g"
  by (meson assms order_trans suminf_le summable_ereal_pos)

lemma suminf_half_series_ereal: "(∑n. (1/2 :: ereal) ^ Suc n) = 1"
  using sums_ereal[THEN iffD2, OF power_half_series, THEN sums_unique, symmetric]
  by (simp add: one_ereal_def)

lemma suminf_add_ereal:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i" "∧i. 0 ≤ g i"
  shows "(∑i. f i + g i) = suminf f + suminf g"
proof -
  have "(SUP n. ∑i<n. f i + g i) = (SUP n. sum f {..<n}) + (SUP n. sum g {..<n})"
    unfolding sum.distrib
    by (intro assms add_nonneg_nonneg SUP_ereal_add_pos incseq_sumI sum_nonneg ballI)
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (simp add: suminf_ereal_eq_SUP)
qed

lemma suminf_cmult_ereal:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i" and "0 ≤ a"
  shows "(∑i. a * f i) = a * suminf f"
  by (simp add: assms sum_nonneg suminf_ereal_eq_SUP sum_ereal_right_distrib flip: SUP_ereal_mult_left)

lemma suminf_PInfty:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
    and "suminf f ≠ ∞"
  shows "f i ≠ ∞"
proof -
  from suminf_upper[of f "Suc i", OF assms(1)] assms(2)
  have "(∑i<Suc i. f i) ≠ ∞"
    by auto
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding sum_Pinfty by simp
qed

lemma suminf_PInfty_fun:
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
    and "suminf f ≠ ∞"
  shows "∃f'. f = (λx. ereal (f' x))"
proof -
  have "∀i. ∃r. f i = ereal r"
    by (metis abs_ereal_ge0 abs_neq_infinity_cases assms suminf_PInfty)
  then show ?thesis
    by metis
qed

lemma summable_ereal:
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
    and "(∑i. ereal (f i)) ≠ ∞"
  shows "summable f"
proof -
  have "0 ≤ (∑i. ereal (f i))"
    using assms by (intro suminf_0_le) auto
  with assms obtain r where r: "(∑i. ereal (f i)) = ereal r"
    by (cases "∑i. ereal (f i)") auto
  from summable_ereal_pos[of "λx. ereal (f x)"]
  have "summable (λx. ereal (f x))"
    using assms by auto
  from summable_sums[OF this]
  have "(λx. ereal (f x)) sums (∑x. ereal (f x))"
    by auto
  then show "summable f"
    unfolding r sums_ereal summable_def ..
qed

lemma suminf_ereal:
  assumes "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
    and "(∑i. ereal (f i)) ≠ ∞"
  shows "(∑i. ereal (f i)) = ereal (suminf f)"
proof (rule sums_unique[symmetric])
  from summable_ereal[OF assms]
  show "(λx. ereal (f x)) sums (ereal (suminf f))"
    unfolding sums_ereal
    using assms
    by (intro summable_sums summable_ereal)
qed

lemma suminf_ereal_minus:
  fixes f g :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes ord: "∧i. g i ≤ f i" "∧i. 0 ≤ g i"
    and fin: "suminf f ≠ ∞" "suminf g ≠ ∞"
  shows "(∑i. f i - g i) = suminf f - suminf g"
proof -
  have 0: "0 ≤ f i" for i
    using ord order_trans by blast
  moreover
  obtain f' where [simp]: "f = (λx. ereal (f' x))"
    using 0 fin(1) suminf_PInfty_fun by presburger 
  obtain g' where [simp]: "g = (λx. ereal (g' x))"
    using fin(2) ord(2) suminf_PInfty_fun by presburger 
  have "0 ≤ f i - g i" for i
    using ord(1) by auto
  moreover
  have "suminf (λi. f i - g i) ≤ suminf f"
    using assms by (auto intro!: suminf_le_pos simp: field_simps)
  then have "suminf (λi. f i - g i) ≠ ∞"
    using fin by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using assms ‹∧i. 0 ≤ f i›
    apply simp
    apply (subst (1 2 3) suminf_ereal)
    apply (auto intro!: suminf_diff[symmetric] summable_ereal)
    done
qed

lemma suminf_ereal_PInf [simp]: "(∑x. ∞::ereal) = ∞"
  by (metis ereal_less_eq(1) suminf_PInfty)

lemma summable_real_of_ereal:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes f: "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
    and fin: "(∑i. f i) ≠ ∞"
  shows "summable (λi. real_of_ereal (f i))"
proof (rule summable_def[THEN iffD2])
  have "0 ≤ (∑i. f i)"
    using assms by (auto intro: suminf_0_le)
  with fin obtain r where r: "ereal r = (∑i. f i)"
    by (cases "(∑i. f i)") auto
  have fin: "∣f i∣ ≠ ∞" for i
    by (simp add: assms(2) f suminf_PInfty)
  have "(λi. ereal (real_of_ereal (f i))) sums (∑i. ereal (real_of_ereal (f i)))"
    using f
    by (auto intro!: summable_ereal_pos simp: ereal_le_real_iff zero_ereal_def)
  also have "… = ereal r"
    using fin r by (auto simp: ereal_real)
  finally show "∃r. (λi. real_of_ereal (f i)) sums r"
    by (auto simp: sums_ereal)
qed

lemma suminf_SUP_eq:
  fixes f :: "nat → nat → ereal"
  assumes "∧i. incseq (λn. f n i)"
    and "∧n i. 0 ≤ f n i"
  shows "(∑i. SUP n. f n i) = (SUP n. ∑i. f n i)"
proof -
  have *: "∧n. (∑i<n. SUP k. f k i) = (SUP k. ∑i<n. f k i)"
    using assms
    by (auto intro!: SUP_ereal_sum [symmetric])
  show ?thesis
    using assms
    by (auto simp: suminf_ereal_eq_SUP SUP_upper2 * intro!: SUP_commute)
qed

lemma suminf_sum_ereal:
  fixes f :: "_ → _ → ereal"
  assumes nonneg: "∧i a. a ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i a"
  shows "(∑i. ∑a∈A. f i a) = (∑a∈A. ∑i. f i a)"
  using nonneg
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct; simp add: suminf_add_ereal sum_nonneg)

lemma suminf_ereal_eq_0:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes nneg: "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "(∑i. f i) = 0 ⟷ (∀i. f i = 0)"
proof
  assume "(∑i. f i) = 0"
  {
    fix i
    assume "f i ≠ 0"
    with nneg have "0 < f i"
      by (auto simp: less_le)
    also have "f i = (∑j. if j = i then f i else 0)"
      by (subst suminf_finite[where N="{i}"]) auto
    also have "… ≤ (∑i. f i)"
      using nneg
      by (auto intro!: suminf_le_pos)
    finally have False
      using ‹(∑i. f i) = 0› by auto
  }
  then show "∀i. f i = 0"
    by auto
qed simp

lemma suminf_ereal_offset_le:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes f: "∧i. 0 ≤ f i"
  shows "(∑i. f (i + k)) ≤ suminf f"
proof -
  have "(λn. ∑i<n. f (i + k)) <---- (∑i. f (i + k))"
    using summable_sums[OF summable_ereal_pos]
    by (simp add: sums_def atLeast0LessThan f)
  moreover have "(λn. ∑i<n. f i) <---- (∑i. f i)"
    using summable_sums[OF summable_ereal_pos]
    by (simp add: sums_def atLeast0LessThan f)
  then have "(λn. ∑i<n + k. f i) <---- (∑i. f i)"
    by (rule LIMSEQ_ignore_initial_segment)
  ultimately show ?thesis
  proof (rule LIMSEQ_le, safe intro!: exI[of _ k])
    fix n assume "k ≤ n"
    have "(∑i<n. f (i + k)) = (∑i<n. (f ∘ plus k) i)"
      by (simp add: ac_simps)
    also have "… = (∑i∈(plus k) ` {..<n}. f i)"
      by (rule sum.reindex [symmetric]) simp
    also have "… ≤ sum f {..<n + k}"
      by (intro sum_mono2) (auto simp: f)
    finally show "(∑i<n. f (i + k)) ≤ sum f {..<n + k}" .
  qed
qed

lemma sums_suminf_ereal: "f sums x ==> (∑i. ereal (f i)) = ereal x"
  by (metis sums_ereal sums_unique)

lemma suminf_ereal': "summable f ==> (∑i. ereal (f i)) = ereal (∑i. f i)"
  by (metis sums_ereal sums_unique summable_def)

lemma suminf_ereal_finite: "summable f ==> (∑i. ereal (f i)) ≠ ∞"
  by (auto simp: summable_def simp flip: sums_ereal sums_unique)

lemma suminf_ereal_finite_neg:
  assumes "summable f"
  shows "(∑x. ereal (f x)) ≠ -∞"
  by (simp add: assms suminf_ereal')

lemma SUP_ereal_add_directed:
  fixes f g :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes nonneg: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i" "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ g i"
  assumes directed: "∧i j. i ∈ I ==> j ∈ I ==> ∃k∈I. f i + g j ≤ f k + g k"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. f i + g i) = (SUP i∈I. f i) + (SUP i∈I. g i)"
proof cases
  assume "I = {}" then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: bot_ereal_def)
next
  assume "I ≠ {}"
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule antisym)
    show "(SUP i∈I. f i + g i) ≤ (SUP i∈I. f i) + (SUP i∈I. g i)"
      by (rule SUP_least; intro add_mono SUP_upper)
  next
    have "bot < (SUP i∈I. g i)"
      using ‹I ≠ {}› nonneg(2) by (auto simp: bot_ereal_def less_SUP_iff)
    then have "(SUP i∈I. f i) + (SUP i∈I. g i) = (SUP i∈I. f i + (SUP i∈I. g i))"
      by (intro SUP_ereal_add_left[symmetric] ‹I ≠ {}›) auto
    also have "… = (SUP i∈I. (SUP j∈I. f i + g j))"
      using nonneg(1) ‹I ≠ {}› by (simp add: SUP_ereal_add_right)
    also have "… ≤ (SUP i∈I. f i + g i)"
      using directed by (intro SUP_least) (blast intro: SUP_upper2)
    finally show "(SUP i∈I. f i) + (SUP i∈I. g i) ≤ (SUP i∈I. f i + g i)" .
  qed
qed

lemma SUP_ereal_sum_directed:
  fixes f g :: "'a → 'b → ereal"
  assumes "I ≠ {}"
  assumes directed: "∧N i j. N ⊆ A ==> i ∈ I ==> j ∈ I ==> ∃k∈I. ∀n∈N. f n i ≤ f n k ∧ f n j ≤ f n k"
  assumes nonneg: "∧n i. i ∈ I ==> n ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f n i"
  shows "(SUP i∈I. ∑n∈A. f n i) = (∑n∈A. SUP i∈I. f n i)"
proof -
  have "N ⊆ A ==> (SUP i∈I. ∑n∈N. f n i) = (∑n∈N. SUP i∈I. f n i)" for N
  proof (induction N rule: infinite_finite_induct)
    case (insert n N)
    have "(SUP i∈I. f n i + (∑l∈N. f l i)) = (SUP i∈I. f n i) + (SUP i∈I. ∑l∈N. f l i)"
    proof (rule SUP_ereal_add_directed)
      fix i assume "i ∈ I" then show "0 ≤ f n i" "0 ≤ (∑l∈N. f l i)"
        using insert by (auto intro!: sum_nonneg nonneg)
    next
      fix i j assume "i ∈ I" "j ∈ I"
      from directed[OF insert(4) this]
      show "∃k∈I. f n i + (∑l∈N. f l j) ≤ f n k + (∑l∈N. f l k)"
        by (auto intro!: add_mono sum_mono)
    qed
    with insert show ?case
      by simp
  qed (simp_all add: SUP_constant ‹I ≠ {}›)
  from this[of A] show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma suminf_SUP_eq_directed:
  fixes f :: "_ → nat → ereal"
  assumes "I ≠ {}"
  assumes directed: "∧N i j. i ∈ I ==> j ∈ I ==> finite N ==> ∃k∈I. ∀n∈N. f i n ≤ f k n ∧ f j n ≤ f k n"
  assumes nonneg: "∧n i. 0 ≤ f n i"
  shows "(∑i. SUP n∈I. f n i) = (SUP n∈I. ∑i. f n i)"
proof (subst (1 2) suminf_ereal_eq_SUP)
  show "∧n i. 0 ≤ f n i" "∧i. 0 ≤ (SUP n∈I. f n i)"
    using ‹I ≠ {}› nonneg by (auto intro: SUP_upper2)
  show "(SUP n. ∑i<n. SUP n∈I. f n i) = (SUP n∈I. SUP j. ∑i<j. f n i)"
    by (auto simp: finite_subset SUP_commute SUP_ereal_sum_directed assms)
qed

lemma ereal_dense3:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  shows "x < y ==> ∃r::rat. x < real_of_rat r ∧ real_of_rat r < y"
proof (cases x y rule: ereal2_cases, simp_all)
  fix r q :: real
  assume "r < q"
  from Rats_dense_in_real[OF this] show "∃x. r < real_of_rat x ∧ real_of_rat x < q"
    by (fastforce simp: Rats_def)
next
  fix r :: real
  show "∃x. r < real_of_rat x" "∃x. real_of_rat x < r"
    using gt_ex[of r] lt_ex[of r] Rats_dense_in_real
    by (auto simp: Rats_def)
qed

lemma continuous_within_ereal[intro, simp]: "x ∈ A ==> continuous (at x within A) ereal"
  using continuous_on_eq_continuous_within[of A ereal]
  by (auto intro: continuous_on_ereal continuous_on_id)

lemma ereal_open_uminus:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
  shows "open (uminus ` S)"
  using ‹open S›[unfolded open_generated_order]
proof induct
  have "range uminus = (UNIV :: ereal set)"
    by (auto simp: image_iff ereal_uminus_eq_reorder)
  then show "open (range uminus :: ereal set)"
    by simp
qed (auto simp: image_Union image_Int)

lemma ereal_uminus_complement:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "uminus ` (- S) = - uminus ` S"
  by (auto intro!: bij_image_Compl_eq surjI[of _ uminus] simp: bij_betw_def)

lemma ereal_closed_uminus:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "closed S"
  shows "closed (uminus ` S)"
  using assms
  unfolding closed_def ereal_uminus_complement[symmetric]
  by (rule ereal_open_uminus)

lemma ereal_open_affinity_pos:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
    and m: "m ≠ ∞" "0 < m"
    and t: "∣t∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "open ((λx. m * x + t) ` S)"
proof -
  have "continuous_on UNIV (λx. inverse m * (x + - t))"
    using m t
    by (intro continuous_at_imp_continuous_on ballI continuous_at[THEN iffD2]; force)
  then have "open ((λx. inverse m * (x + -t)) -` S)"
    using ‹open S› open_vimage by blast
  also have "(λx. inverse m * (x + -t)) -` S = (λx. (x - t) / m) -` S"
    using m t by (auto simp: divide_ereal_def mult.commute minus_ereal_def
                       simp flip: uminus_ereal.simps)
  also have "(λx. (x - t) / m) -` S = (λx. m * x + t) ` S"
    using m t
    by (simp add: set_eq_iff image_iff)
       (metis abs_ereal_less0 abs_ereal_uminus ereal_divide_eq ereal_eq_minus ereal_minus(7,8)
              ereal_minus_less_minus ereal_mult_eq_PInfty ereal_uminus_uminus ereal_zero_mult)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma ereal_open_affinity:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
    and m: "∣m∣ ≠ ∞" "m ≠ 0"
    and t: "∣t∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "open ((λx. m * x + t) ` S)"
proof cases
  assume "0 < m"
  then show ?thesis
    using ereal_open_affinity_pos[OF ‹open S› _ _ t, of m] m
    by auto
next
  assume "¬ 0 < m" then
  have "0 < -m"
    using ‹m ≠ 0›
    by (cases m) auto
  then have m: "-m ≠ ∞" "0 < -m"
    using ‹∣m∣ ≠ ∞›
    by (auto simp: ereal_uminus_eq_reorder)
  from ereal_open_affinity_pos[OF ereal_open_uminus[OF ‹open S›] m t] show ?thesis
    unfolding image_image by simp
qed

lemma open_uminus_iff:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "open (uminus ` S) ⟷ open S"
  using ereal_open_uminus[of S] ereal_open_uminus[of "uminus ` S"]
  by auto

lemma ereal_Liminf_uminus:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  shows "Liminf net (λx. - (f x)) = - Limsup net f"
  using ereal_Limsup_uminus[of _ "(λx. - (f x))"] by auto

lemma Liminf_PInfty:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes "¬ trivial_limit net"
  shows "(f ---> ∞) net ⟷ Liminf net f = ∞"
  unfolding tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup[OF assms]
  using Liminf_le_Limsup[OF assms, of f]
  by auto

lemma Limsup_MInfty:
  fixes f :: "'a → ereal"
  assumes "¬ trivial_limit net"
  shows "(f ---> -∞) net ⟷ Limsup net f = -∞"
  unfolding tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup[OF assms]
  using Liminf_le_Limsup[OF assms, of f]
  by auto

lemma convergent_ereal: ― ‹RENAME›
  fixes X :: "nat → 'a :: {complete_linorder,linorder_topology}"
  shows "convergent X ⟷ limsup X = liminf X"
  using tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup[of sequentially]
  by (auto simp: convergent_def)

lemma limsup_le_liminf_real:
  fixes X :: "nat → real" and L :: real
  assumes 1: "limsup X ≤ L" and 2: "L ≤ liminf X"
  shows "X <---- L"
proof -
  from 1 2 have "limsup X ≤ liminf X" by auto
  hence 3: "limsup X = liminf X"
    by (simp add: Liminf_le_Limsup order_class.order.antisym)
  hence 4: "convergent (λn. ereal (X n))"
    by (subst convergent_ereal)
  hence "limsup X = lim (λn. ereal(X n))"
    by (rule convergent_limsup_cl)
  also from 1 2 3 have "limsup X = L" by auto
  finally have "lim (λn. ereal(X n)) = L" ..
  hence "(λn. ereal (X n)) <---- L"
    using "4" convergent_LIMSEQ_iff by force
  thus ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma liminf_PInfty:
  fixes X :: "nat → ereal"
  shows "X <---- ∞ ⟷ liminf X = ∞"
  by (metis Liminf_PInfty trivial_limit_sequentially)

lemma limsup_MInfty:
  fixes X :: "nat → ereal"
  shows "X <---- -∞ ⟷ limsup X = -∞"
  by (metis Limsup_MInfty trivial_limit_sequentially)

lemma SUP_eq_LIMSEQ:
  assumes "mono f"
  shows "(SUP n. ereal (f n)) = ereal x ⟷ f <---- x"
proof
  have inc: "incseq (λi. ereal (f i))"
    using ‹mono f› unfolding mono_def incseq_def by auto
  {
    assume "f <---- x"
    then have "(λi. ereal (f i)) <---- ereal x"
      by auto
    from SUP_Lim[OF inc this] show "(SUP n. ereal (f n)) = ereal x" .
  next
    assume "(SUP n. ereal (f n)) = ereal x"
    with LIMSEQ_SUP[OF inc] show "f <---- x" by auto
  }
qed

lemma liminf_ereal_cminus:
  fixes f :: "nat → ereal"
  assumes "c ≠ -∞"
  shows "liminf (λx. c - f x) = c - limsup f"
proof (cases c)
  case PInf
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Liminf_const)
next
  case (real r)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: liminf_SUP_INF limsup_INF_SUP INF_ereal_minus_right SUP_ereal_minus_right)
qed (use ‹c ≠ -∞› in simp)


subsubsection ‹Continuity›

lemma continuous_at_of_ereal:
  "∣x0 :: ereal∣ ≠ ∞ ==> continuous (at x0) real_of_ereal"
  unfolding continuous_at
  by (rule lim_real_of_ereal) (simp add: ereal_real)

lemma nhds_ereal: "nhds (ereal r) = filtermap ereal (nhds r)"
  by (simp add: filtermap_nhds_open_map open_ereal continuous_at_of_ereal)

lemma at_ereal: "at (ereal r) = filtermap ereal (at r)"
  by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_at_filter nhds_ereal eventually_filtermap)

lemma at_left_ereal: "at_left (ereal r) = filtermap ereal (at_left r)"
  by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_at_filter nhds_ereal eventually_filtermap)

lemma at_right_ereal: "at_right (ereal r) = filtermap ereal (at_right r)"
  by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_at_filter nhds_ereal eventually_filtermap)

lemma
  shows at_left_PInf: "at_left ∞ = filtermap ereal at_top"
    and at_right_MInf: "at_right (-∞) = filtermap ereal at_bot"
  unfolding filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_top_dense eventually_at_bot_dense
    eventually_at_left[OF ereal_less(5)] eventually_at_right[OF ereal_less(6)]
  by (auto simp: ereal_all_split ereal_ex_split)

lemma ereal_tendsto_simps1:
  "((f ∘ real_of_ereal) ---> y) (at_left (ereal x)) ⟷ (f ---> y) (at_left x)"
  "((f ∘ real_of_ereal) ---> y) (at_right (ereal x)) ⟷ (f ---> y) (at_right x)"
  "((f ∘ real_of_ereal) ---> y) (at_left (∞::ereal)) ⟷ (f ---> y) at_top"
  "((f ∘ real_of_ereal) ---> y) (at_right (-∞::ereal)) ⟷ (f ---> y) at_bot"
  unfolding tendsto_compose_filtermap at_left_ereal at_right_ereal at_left_PInf at_right_MInf
  by (auto simp: filtermap_filtermap filtermap_ident)

lemma ereal_tendsto_simps2:
  "((ereal ∘ f) ---> ereal a) F ⟷ (f ---> a) F"
  "((ereal ∘ f) ---> ∞) F ⟷ (LIM x F. f x :> at_top)"
  "((ereal ∘ f) ---> -∞) F ⟷ (LIM x F. f x :> at_bot)"
  unfolding tendsto_PInfty filterlim_at_top_dense tendsto_MInfty filterlim_at_bot_dense
  using lim_ereal by (simp_all add: comp_def)

lemma inverse_infty_ereal_tendsto_0: "inverse ←-∞→ (0::ereal)"
proof -
  have **: "((λx. ereal (inverse x)) ---> ereal 0) at_infinity"
    by (intro tendsto_intros tendsto_inverse_0)
  then have "((λx. if x = 0 then ∞ else ereal (inverse x)) ---> 0) at_top"
  proof (rule filterlim_mono_eventually)
    show "nhds (ereal 0) ≤ nhds 0"
      by (simp add: zero_ereal_def)
    show "(at_top::real filter) ≤ at_infinity"
      by (simp add: at_top_le_at_infinity)
  qed auto
  then show ?thesis
    unfolding at_infty_ereal_eq_at_top tendsto_compose_filtermap[symmetric] comp_def by auto
qed

lemma inverse_ereal_tendsto_pos:
  fixes x :: ereal assumes "0 < x"
  shows "inverse ←-x→ inverse x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  with ‹0 < x› have **: "(λx. ereal (inverse x)) ←-r→ ereal (inverse r)"
    by (auto intro!: tendsto_inverse)
  from real ‹0 < x› show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: at_ereal tendsto_compose_filtermap[symmetric] eventually_at_filter
             intro!: Lim_transform_eventually[OF **] t1_space_nhds)
qed (insert ‹0 < x›, auto intro!: inverse_infty_ereal_tendsto_0)

lemma inverse_ereal_tendsto_at_right_0: "(inverse ---> ∞) (at_right (0::ereal))"
  unfolding tendsto_compose_filtermap[symmetric] at_right_ereal zero_ereal_def
  by (subst filterlim_cong[OF refl refl, where g="λx. ereal (inverse x)"])
     (auto simp: eventually_at_filter tendsto_PInfty_eq_at_top filterlim_inverse_at_top_right)

lemmas ereal_tendsto_simps = ereal_tendsto_simps1 ereal_tendsto_simps2

lemma continuous_at_iff_ereal:
  fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → real"
  shows "continuous (at x0 within s) f ⟷ continuous (at x0 within s) (ereal ∘ f)"
  unfolding continuous_within comp_def lim_ereal ..

lemma continuous_on_iff_ereal:
  fixes f :: "'a::t2_space => real"
  assumes "open A"
  shows "continuous_on A f ⟷ continuous_on A (ereal ∘ f)"
  unfolding continuous_on_def comp_def lim_ereal ..

lemma continuous_on_real: "continuous_on (UNIV - {∞, -∞::ereal}) real_of_ereal"
  using continuous_at_of_ereal continuous_on_eq_continuous_at open_image_ereal
  by auto

lemma continuous_on_iff_real:
  fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → ereal"
  assumes "∧x. x ∈ A ==> ∣f x∣ ≠ ∞"
  shows "continuous_on A f ⟷ continuous_on A (real_of_ereal ∘ f)"
proof
  assume L: "continuous_on A f"
  have "f ` A ⊆ UNIV - {∞, -∞}"
    using assms by force
  then show "continuous_on A (real_of_ereal ∘ f)"
    by (meson L continuous_on_compose continuous_on_real continuous_on_subset)
next
  assume R: "continuous_on A (real_of_ereal ∘ f)"
  then have "continuous_on A (ereal ∘ (real_of_ereal ∘ f))"
    by (meson continuous_at_iff_ereal continuous_on_eq_continuous_within)
  then show "continuous_on A f"
    using assms ereal_real' by auto
qed

lemma continuous_uminus_ereal [continuous_intros]: "continuous_on (A :: ereal set) uminus"
  unfolding continuous_on_def
  by (intro ballI tendsto_uminus_ereal[of "λx. x::ereal"]) simp

lemma ereal_uminus_atMost [simp]: "uminus ` {..(a::ereal)} = {-a..}"
proof (intro equalityI subsetI)
  fix x :: ereal assume "x ∈ {-a..}"
  hence "-(-x) ∈ uminus ` {..a}" by (intro imageI) (simp add: ereal_uminus_le_reorder)
  thus "x ∈ uminus ` {..a}" by simp
qed auto

lemma continuous_on_inverse_ereal [continuous_intros]:
  "continuous_on {0::ereal ..} inverse"
  unfolding continuous_on_def
proof clarsimp
  fix x :: ereal assume "0 ≤ x"
  moreover have "at 0 within {0 ..} = at_right (0::ereal)"
    by (auto simp: filter_eq_iff eventually_at_filter le_less)
  moreover have "at x within {0 ..} = at x" if "0 < x"
    using that by (intro at_within_nhd[of _ "{0<..}"]) auto
  ultimately show "(inverse ---> inverse x) (at x within {0..})"
    by (auto simp: le_less inverse_ereal_tendsto_at_right_0 inverse_ereal_tendsto_pos)
qed

lemma continuous_inverse_ereal_nonpos: "continuous_on ({..<0} :: ereal set) inverse"
proof (subst continuous_on_cong[OF refl])
  have "continuous_on {(0::ereal)<..} inverse"
    by (rule continuous_on_subset[OF continuous_on_inverse_ereal]) auto
  thus "continuous_on {..<(0::ereal)} (uminus ∘ inverse ∘ uminus)"
    by (intro continuous_intros) simp_all
qed simp

lemma tendsto_inverse_ereal:
  assumes "(f ---> (c :: ereal)) F"
  assumes "eventually (λx. f x ≥ 0) F"
  shows   "((λx. inverse (f x)) ---> inverse c) F"
  by (cases "F = bot")
     (auto intro!: tendsto_lowerbound assms
                   continuous_on_tendsto_compose[OF continuous_on_inverse_ereal])


subsubsection ‹liminf and limsup›

lemma Limsup_ereal_mult_right:
  assumes "F ≠ bot" "(c::real) ≥ 0"
  shows   "Limsup F (λn. f n * ereal c) = Limsup F f * ereal c"
proof (rule Limsup_compose_continuous_mono)
  from assms show "continuous_on UNIV (λa. a * ereal c)"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "ereal c" "λx. x" ]
    by (force simp: continuous_on_def mult_ac)
qed (use assms in ‹auto simp: mono_def ereal_mult_right_mono›)

lemma Liminf_ereal_mult_right:
  assumes "F ≠ bot" "(c::real) ≥ 0"
  shows   "Liminf F (λn. f n * ereal c) = Liminf F f * ereal c"
proof (rule Liminf_compose_continuous_mono)
  from assms show "continuous_on UNIV (λa. a * ereal c)"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "ereal c" "λx. x" ]
    by (force simp: continuous_on_def mult_ac)
qed (use assms in ‹auto simp: mono_def ereal_mult_right_mono›)

lemma Liminf_ereal_mult_left:
  assumes "F ≠ bot" "(c::real) ≥ 0"
    shows "Liminf F (λn. ereal c * f n) = ereal c * Liminf F f"
using Liminf_ereal_mult_right[OF assms] by (subst (1 2) mult.commute)

lemma Limsup_ereal_mult_left:
  assumes "F ≠ bot" "(c::real) ≥ 0"
  shows   "Limsup F (λn. ereal c * f n) = ereal c * Limsup F f"
  using Limsup_ereal_mult_right[OF assms] by (subst (1 2) mult.commute)

lemma limsup_ereal_mult_right:
  "(c::real) ≥ 0 ==> limsup (λn. f n * ereal c) = limsup f * ereal c"
  by (rule Limsup_ereal_mult_right) simp_all

lemma limsup_ereal_mult_left:
  "(c::real) ≥ 0 ==> limsup (λn. ereal c * f n) = ereal c * limsup f"
  by (simp add: Limsup_ereal_mult_left)

lemma Limsup_add_ereal_right:
  "F ≠ bot ==> abs c ≠ ∞ ==> Limsup F (λn. g n + (c :: ereal)) = Limsup F g + c"
  by (rule Limsup_compose_continuous_mono) (auto simp: mono_def add_mono continuous_on_def)

lemma Limsup_add_ereal_left:
  "F ≠ bot ==> abs c ≠ ∞ ==> Limsup F (λn. (c :: ereal) + g n) = c + Limsup F g"
  by (subst (1 2) add.commute) (rule Limsup_add_ereal_right)

lemma Liminf_add_ereal_right:
  "F ≠ bot ==> abs c ≠ ∞ ==> Liminf F (λn. g n + (c :: ereal)) = Liminf F g + c"
  by (rule Liminf_compose_continuous_mono) (auto simp: mono_def add_mono continuous_on_def)

lemma Liminf_add_ereal_left:
  "F ≠ bot ==> abs c ≠ ∞ ==> Liminf F (λn. (c :: ereal) + g n) = c + Liminf F g"
  by (subst (1 2) add.commute) (rule Liminf_add_ereal_right)

lemma
  assumes "F ≠ bot"
  assumes nonneg: "eventually (λx. f x ≥ (0::ereal)) F"
  shows   Liminf_inverse_ereal: "Liminf F (λx. inverse (f x)) = inverse (Limsup F f)"
  and     Limsup_inverse_ereal: "Limsup F (λx. inverse (f x)) = inverse (Liminf F f)"
proof -
  define inv where [abs_def]: "inv x = (if x ≤ 0 then ∞ else inverse x)" for x :: ereal
  have "continuous_on ({..0} ∪ {0..}) inv" unfolding inv_def
    by (intro continuous_on_If) (auto intro!: continuous_intros)
  also have "{..0} ∪ {0..} = (UNIV :: ereal set)" by auto
  finally have cont: "continuous_on UNIV inv" .
  have antimono: "antimono inv" unfolding inv_def antimono_def
    by (auto intro!: ereal_inverse_antimono)

  have "Liminf F (λx. inverse (f x)) = Liminf F (λx. inv (f x))" using nonneg
    by (auto intro!: Liminf_eq elim!: eventually_mono simp: inv_def)
  also have "... = inv (Limsup F f)"
    by (simp add: assms(1) Liminf_compose_continuous_antimono[OF cont antimono])
  also from assms have "Limsup F f ≥ 0" by (intro le_Limsup) simp_all
  hence "inv (Limsup F f) = inverse (Limsup F f)" by (simp add: inv_def)
  finally show "Liminf F (λx. inverse (f x)) = inverse (Limsup F f)" .

  have "Limsup F (λx. inverse (f x)) = Limsup F (λx. inv (f x))" using nonneg
    by (auto intro!: Limsup_eq elim!: eventually_mono simp: inv_def)
  also have "... = inv (Liminf F f)"
    by (simp add: assms(1) Limsup_compose_continuous_antimono[OF cont antimono])
  also from assms have "Liminf F f ≥ 0" by (intro Liminf_bounded) simp_all
  hence "inv (Liminf F f) = inverse (Liminf F f)" by (simp add: inv_def)
  finally show "Limsup F (λx. inverse (f x)) = inverse (Liminf F f)" .
qed

lemma ereal_diff_le_mono_left: "[ x ≤ z; 0 ≤ y ] ==> x - y ≤ (z :: ereal)"
by(cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) simp_all

lemma neg_0_less_iff_less_erea [simp]: "0 < - a ⟷ (a :: ereal) < 0"
by(cases a) simp_all

lemma not_infty_ereal: "∣x∣ ≠ ∞ ⟷ (∃x'. x = ereal x')"
  by auto

lemma neq_PInf_trans: fixes x y :: ereal shows "[ y ≠ ∞; x ≤ y ] ==> x ≠ ∞"
  by auto

lemma mult_2_ereal: "ereal 2 * x = x + x"
  by(cases x) simp_all

lemma ereal_diff_le_self: "0 ≤ y ==> x - y ≤ (x :: ereal)"
  by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma ereal_le_add_self: "0 ≤ y ==> x ≤ x + (y :: ereal)"
  by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma ereal_le_add_self2: "0 ≤ y ==> x ≤ y + (x :: ereal)"
  by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma ereal_diff_nonpos:
  fixes a b :: ereal shows "[ a ≤ b; a = ∞ ==> b ≠ ∞; a = -∞ ==> b ≠ -∞ ] ==> a - b ≤ 0"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma minus_ereal_0 [simp]: "x - ereal 0 = x"
  by(simp flip: zero_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_diff_eq_0_iff: fixes a b :: ereal
  shows "(∣a∣ = ∞ ==> ∣b∣ ≠ ∞) ==> a - b = 0 ⟷ a = b"
  by(cases a b rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma SUP_ereal_eq_0_iff_nonneg:
  fixes f :: "_ → ereal" and A
  assumes nonneg: "∀x∈A. f x ≥ 0"
    and A:"A ≠ {}"
  shows "(SUP x∈A. f x) = 0 ⟷ (∀x∈A. f x = 0)" (is "?lhs ⟷ _")
proof(intro iffI ballI)
  fix x
  assume "?lhs" "x ∈ A"
  from ‹x ∈ A› have "f x ≤ (SUP x∈A. f x)" by(rule SUP_upper)
  with ‹?lhs› show "f x = 0" using nonneg ‹x ∈ A› by auto
qed (simp add: A)

lemma ereal_divide_le_posI:
  fixes x y z :: ereal
  shows "x > 0 ==> z ≠ -∞ ==> z ≤ x * y ==> z / x ≤ y"
  by (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of x y z])(auto simp: field_simps split: if_split_asm)

lemma add_diff_eq_ereal: 
  fixes x y z :: ereal
  shows "x + (y - z) = x + y - z"
  by(cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) simp_all

lemma ereal_diff_gr0:
  fixes a b :: ereal 
  shows "a < b ==> 0 < b - a"
  by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) auto

lemma ereal_minus_minus: 
  fixes x y z :: ereal shows
  "(∣y∣ = ∞ ==> ∣z∣ ≠ ∞) ==> x - (y - z) = x + z - y"
  by(cases x y z rule: ereal3_cases) simp_all

lemma diff_diff_commute_ereal: 
  fixes x y z :: ereal 
  shows "x - y - z = x - z - y"
  by (metis add_diff_eq_ereal ereal_add_uminus_conv_diff)

lemma ereal_diff_eq_MInfty_iff: 
  fixes x y :: ereal 
  shows "x - y = -∞ ⟷ x = -∞ ∧ y ≠ -∞ ∨ y = ∞ ∧ ∣x∣ ≠ ∞"
  by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma ereal_diff_add_inverse: 
  fixes x y :: ereal 
  shows "∣x∣ ≠ ∞ ==> x + y - x = y"
  by(cases x y rule: ereal2_cases) simp_all

lemma tendsto_diff_ereal:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes x: "∣x∣ ≠ ∞" and y: "∣y∣ ≠ ∞"
  assumes f: "(f ---> x) F" and g: "(g ---> y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x - g x) ---> x - y) F"
proof -
  from x obtain r where x': "x = ereal r" by (cases x) auto
  with f have "((λi. real_of_ereal (f i)) ---> r) F" by simp
  moreover
  from y obtain p where y': "y = ereal p" by (cases y) auto
  with g have "((λi. real_of_ereal (g i)) ---> p) F" by simp
  ultimately have "((λi. real_of_ereal (f i) - real_of_ereal (g i)) ---> r - p) F"
    by (rule tendsto_diff)
  moreover
  from eventually_finite[OF x f] eventually_finite[OF y g]
  have "eventually (λx. f x - g x = ereal (real_of_ereal (f x) - real_of_ereal (g x))) F"
    by eventually_elim auto
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by (simp add: x' y' cong: filterlim_cong)
qed

lemma continuous_on_diff_ereal:
  "continuous_on A f ==> continuous_on A g ==> (∧x. x ∈ A ==> ∣f x∣ ≠ ∞) ==> (∧x. x ∈ A ==> ∣g x∣ ≠ ∞) ==> continuous_on A (λz. f z - g z::ereal)"
  by (auto simp: tendsto_diff_ereal continuous_on_def)


subsubsection ‹Tests for code generator›

text ‹A small list of simple arithmetic expressions.›

value "-∞ :: ereal"
value "∣-∞∣ :: ereal"
value "4 + 5 / 4 - ereal 2 :: ereal"
value "ereal 3 < ∞"
value "real_of_ereal (∞::ereal) = 0"

end