(* Title: HOL/Proofs/Lambda/WeakNorm.thy
Author: Stefan Berghofer
Copyright 2003 TU Muenchen
*)
section ‹Weak normalization
for simply-typed lambda calculus
›
theory WeakNorm
imports LambdaType NormalForm
"HOL-Library.Realizers" "HOL-Library.Code_Target_Int"
begin
text ‹
Formalization
by Stefan Berghofer. Partly based on a paper
proof by
Felix Joachimski
and Ralph Matthes
🍋‹"Matthes-Joachimski-AML"›.
›
subsection ‹Main
theorems›
lemma norm_list:
assumes f_compat:
"\t t'. t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ f t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* f t'"
and f_NF:
"\t. NF t \ NF (f t)"
and uNF:
"NF u" and uT:
"e \ u : T"
shows "\Us. e\i:T\ \ as : Us \
listall (λt.
∀e T
' u i. e\i:T\ \ t : T' ⟶
NF u
⟶ e
⊨ u : T
⟶ (
∃t
'. t[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' ∧ NF t
')) as \
∃as
'. \j. Var j \\ map (\t. f (t[u/i])) as \\<^sub>\\<^sup>*
Var j
🍋🍋 map f as
' \ NF (Var j \\ map f as')
"
(
is "\Us. _ \ listall ?R as \ \as'. ?ex Us as as'")
proof (induct as rule: rev_induct)
case (Nil Us)
with Var_NF
have "?ex Us [] []" by simp
thus ?
case ..
next
case (snoc b bs Us)
have "e\i:T\ \ bs @ [b] : Us" by fact
then obtain Vs W
where Us:
"Us = Vs @ [W]"
and bs:
"e\i:T\ \ bs : Vs" and bT:
"e\i:T\ \ b : W"
by (rule types_snocE)
from snoc
have "listall ?R bs" by simp
with bs
have "\bs'. ?ex Vs bs bs'" by (rule snoc)
then obtain bs
' where bsred: "Var j \\ map (\t. f (t[u/i])) bs \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* Var j \\ map f bs'"
and bsNF:
"NF (Var j \\ map f bs')" for j
by iprover
from snoc
have "?R b" by simp
with bT
and uNF
and uT
have "\b'. b[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* b' \ NF b'"
by iprover
then obtain b
' where bred: "b[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* b'" and bNF: "NF b
'"
by iprover
from bsNF [of 0]
have "listall NF (map f bs')"
by (rule App_NF_D)
moreover have "NF (f b')" using bNF
by (rule f_NF)
ultimately have "listall NF (map f (bs' @ [b']))"
by simp
hence "\j. NF (Var j \\ map f (bs' @ [b']))" by (rule NF.App)
moreover from bred
have "f (b[u/i]) \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* f b'"
by (rule f_compat)
with bsred
have
"\j. (Var j \\ map (\t. f (t[u/i])) bs) \ f (b[u/i]) \\<^sub>\\<^sup>*
(Var j
🍋🍋 map f bs
') \ f b'" by (rule rtrancl_beta_App)
ultimately have "?ex Us (bs @ [b]) (bs' @ [b'])" by simp
thus ?
case ..
qed
lemma subst_type_NF:
"\t e T u i. NF t \ e\i:U\ \ t : T \ NF u \ e \ u : U \ \t'. t[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ NF t'"
(
is "PROP ?P U" is "\t e T u i. _ \ PROP ?Q t e T u i U")
proof (induct U)
fix T t
let ?R =
"\t. \e T' u i.
e
⟨i:T
⟩ ⊨ t : T
' \ NF u \ e \ u : T \ (\t'. t[u/i]
→🚫β
🚫* t
' \ NF t')
"
assume MI1:
"\T1 T2. T = T1 \ T2 \ PROP ?P T1"
assume MI2:
"\T1 T2. T = T1 \ T2 \ PROP ?P T2"
assume "NF t"
thus "\e T' u i. PROP ?Q t e T' u i T"
proof induct
fix e T
' u i assume uNF: "NF u" and uT: "e \ u : T"
{
case (App ts x e1 T
'1 u1 i1)
assume "e\i:T\ \ Var x \\ ts : T'"
then obtain Us
where varT:
"e\i:T\ \ Var x : Us \ T'"
and argsT:
"e\i:T\ \ ts : Us"
by (rule var_app_typesE)
from nat_eq_dec
show "\t'. (Var x \\ ts)[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ NF t'"
proof
assume eq:
"x = i"
show ?thesis
proof (cases ts)
case Nil
with eq
have "(Var x \\ [])[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u" by simp
with Nil
and uNF
show ?thesis
by simp iprover
next
case (Cons a as)
with argsT
obtain T
'' Ts
where Us:
"Us = T'' # Ts"
by (cases Us) (rule FalseE, simp)
from varT
and Us
have varT:
"e\i:T\ \ Var x : T'' \ Ts \ T'"
by simp
from varT eq
have T:
"T = T'' \ Ts \ T'" by cases auto
with uT
have uT
': "e \ u : T'' \ Ts \ T'" by simp
from argsT Us Cons
have argsT
': "e\i:T\ \ as : Ts" by simp
from argsT Us Cons
have argT:
"e\i:T\ \ a : T''" by simp
from argT uT refl
have aT:
"e \ a[u/i] : T''" by (rule subst_lemma)
from App
and Cons
have "listall ?R as" by simp (iprover dest: listall_conj2)
with lift_preserves_beta
' lift_NF uNF uT argsT'
have "\as'. \j. Var j \\ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as \\<^sub>\\<^sup>*
Var j
🍋🍋 map (λt. lift t 0) as
' \
NF (Var j
🍋🍋 map (λt. lift t 0) as
')" by (rule norm_list)
then obtain as
' where
asred:
"Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as \\<^sub>\\<^sup>*
Var 0
🍋🍋 map (λt. lift t 0) as
'"
and asNF:
"NF (Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift t 0) as')" by iprover
from App
and Cons
have "?R a" by simp
with argT
and uNF
and uT
have "\a'. a[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* a' \ NF a'"
by iprover
then obtain a
' where ared: "a[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* a'" and aNF: "NF a
'" by iprover
from uNF
have "NF (lift u 0)" by (rule lift_NF)
hence "\u'. lift u 0 \ Var 0 \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u' \ NF u'" by (rule app_Var_NF)
then obtain u
' where ured: "lift u 0 \ Var 0 \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u'" and u'NF: "NF u
'"
by iprover
from T
and u
'NF have "\ua. u'[a
'/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* ua \ NF ua"
proof (rule MI1)
have "e\0:T''\ \ lift u 0 \ Var 0 : Ts \ T'"
proof (rule typing.App)
from uT
' show "e\0:T''\ \ lift u 0 : T'' \ Ts \ T'" by (rule lift_type)
show "e\0:T''\ \ Var 0 : T''" by (rule typing.Var) simp
qed
with ured
show "e\0:T''\ \ u' : Ts \ T'" by (rule subject_reduction
')
from ared aT
show "e \ a' : T''" by (rule subject_reduction
')
show "NF a'" by fact
qed
then obtain ua
where uared:
"u'[a'/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* ua" and uaNF:
"NF ua"
by iprover
from ared
have "(lift u 0 \ Var 0)[a[u/i]/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* (lift u 0 \ Var 0)[a'/0]"
by (rule subst_preserves_beta2
')
also from ured
have "(lift u 0 \ Var 0)[a'/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u'[a'/0]"
by (rule subst_preserves_beta
')
also note uared
finally have "(lift u 0 \ Var 0)[a[u/i]/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* ua" .
hence uared
': "u \ a[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* ua" by simp
from T asNF _ uaNF
have "\r. (Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift t 0) as')[ua/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* r \ NF r"
proof (rule MI2)
have "e\0:Ts \ T'\ \ Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as : T'"
proof (rule list_app_typeI)
show "e\0:Ts \ T'\ \ Var 0 : Ts \ T'" by (rule typing.Var) simp
from uT argsT
' have "e \ map (\t. t[u/i]) as : Ts"
by (rule substs_lemma)
hence "e\0:Ts \ T'\ \ map (\t. lift t 0) (map (\t. t[u/i]) as) : Ts"
by (rule lift_types)
thus "e\0:Ts \ T'\ \ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as : Ts"
by (simp_all add: o_def)
qed
with asred
show "e\0:Ts \ T'\ \ Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift t 0) as' : T'"
by (rule subject_reduction
')
from argT uT refl
have "e \ a[u/i] : T''" by (rule subst_lemma)
with uT
' have "e \ u \ a[u/i] : Ts \ T'" by (rule typing.App)
with uared
' show "e \ ua : Ts \ T'" by (rule subject_reduction')
qed
then obtain r
where rred:
"(Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift t 0) as')[ua/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* r"
and rnf:
"NF r" by iprover
from asred
have
"(Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as)[u \ a[u/i]/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>*
(Var 0
🍋🍋 map (λt. lift t 0) as
')[u \ a[u/i]/0]"
by (rule subst_preserves_beta
')
also from uared
' have "(Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift t 0) as')[u
🍋 a[u/i]/0]
→🚫β
🚫*
(Var 0
🍋🍋 map (λt. lift t 0) as
')[ua/0]" by (rule subst_preserves_beta2')
also note rred
finally have "(Var 0 \\ map (\t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as)[u \ a[u/i]/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* r" .
with rnf Cons eq
show ?thesis
by (simp add: o_def) iprover
qed
next
assume neq:
"x \ i"
from App
have "listall ?R ts" by (iprover dest: listall_conj2)
with uNF uT argsT
have "\ts'. \j. Var j \\ map (\t. t[u/i]) ts \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* Var j \\ ts' \
NF (Var j
🍋🍋 ts
')" (is "\ts'. ?ex ts
'")
by (rule norm_list [of
"\t. t", simplified])
then obtain ts
' where NF: "?ex ts'" ..
from nat_le_dec
show ?thesis
proof
assume "i < x"
with NF
show ?thesis
by simp iprover
next
assume "\ (i < x)"
with NF neq
show ?thesis
by (simp add: subst_Var) iprover
qed
qed
next
case (Abs r e1 T
'1 u1 i1)
assume absT:
"e\i:T\ \ Abs r : T'"
then obtain R S
where "e\0:R\\Suc i:T\ \ r : S" by (rule abs_typeE) simp
moreover have "NF (lift u 0)" using ‹NF u
› by (rule lift_NF)
moreover have "e\0:R\ \ lift u 0 : T" using uT
by (rule lift_type)
ultimately have "\t'. r[lift u 0/Suc i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ NF t'" by (rule Abs)
thus "\t'. Abs r[u/i] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ NF t'"
by simp (iprover intro: rtrancl_beta_Abs NF.Abs)
}
qed
qed
🍋 ‹A computationally relevant copy of @{
term "e \ t : T"}
›
inductive rtyping ::
"(nat \ type) \ dB \ type \ bool" (
‹_
⊨🚫R _ : _
› [50, 50, 50] 50)
where
Var:
"e x = T \ e \\<^sub>R Var x : T"
| Abs:
"e\0:T\ \\<^sub>R t : U \ e \\<^sub>R Abs t : (T \ U)"
| App:
"e \\<^sub>R s : T \ U \ e \\<^sub>R t : T \ e \\<^sub>R (s \ t) : U"
lemma rtyping_imp_typing:
"e \\<^sub>R t : T \ e \ t : T"
apply (induct set: rtyping)
apply (erule typing.Var)
apply (erule typing.Abs)
apply (erule typing.App)
apply assumption
done
theorem type_NF:
assumes "e \\<^sub>R t : T"
shows "\t'. t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t' \ NF t'" using assms
proof induct
case Var
show ?
case by (iprover intro: Var_NF)
next
case Abs
thus ?
case by (iprover intro: rtrancl_beta_Abs NF.Abs)
next
case (App e s T U t)
from App
obtain s
' t' where
sred:
"s \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* s'" and "NF s'"
and tred:
"t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* t'" and tNF:
"NF t'" by iprover
have "\u. (Var 0 \ lift t' 0)[s'/0] \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u \ NF u"
proof (rule subst_type_NF)
have "NF (lift t' 0)" using tNF
by (rule lift_NF)
hence "listall NF [lift t' 0]" by (rule listall_cons) (rule listall_nil)
hence "NF (Var 0 \\ [lift t' 0])" by (rule NF.App)
thus "NF (Var 0 \ lift t' 0)" by simp
show "e\0:T \ U\ \ Var 0 \ lift t' 0 : U"
proof (rule typing.App)
show "e\0:T \ U\ \ Var 0 : T \ U"
by (rule typing.Var) simp
from tred
have "e \ t' : T"
by (rule subject_reduction
') (rule rtyping_imp_typing, rule App.hyps)
thus "e\0:T \ U\ \ lift t' 0 : T"
by (rule lift_type)
qed
from sred
show "e \ s' : T \ U"
by (rule subject_reduction
') (rule rtyping_imp_typing, rule App.hyps)
show "NF s'" by fact
qed
then obtain u
where ured:
"s' \ t' \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u" and unf:
"NF u" by simp iprover
from sred tred
have "s \ t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* s' \ t'" by (rule rtrancl_beta_App)
hence "s \ t \\<^sub>\\<^sup>* u" using ured
by (rule rtranclp_trans)
with unf
show ?
case by iprover
qed
subsection ‹Extracting the program
›
declare NF.induct [ind_realizer]
declare rtranclp.induct [ind_realizer irrelevant]
declare rtyping.induct [ind_realizer]
lemmas [extraction_expand] = conj_assoc listall_cons_eq subst_all equal_allI
extract type_NF
lemma rtranclR_rtrancl_eq:
"rtranclpR r a b = r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b"
proof
show "rtranclpR r a b \ r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b"
apply (erule rtranclpR.induct)
apply (rule rtranclp.rtrancl_refl)
apply (metis rtranclp.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
show "r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b \ rtranclpR r a b"
apply (erule rtranclp.induct)
apply (rule rtranclpR.rtrancl_refl)
apply (metis rtranclpR.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
qed
lemma NFR_imp_NF:
"NFR nf t \ NF t"
apply (erule NFR.induct)
apply (rule NF.
intros)
apply (simp add: listall_def)
apply (erule NF.
intros)
done
text_raw ‹
\begin{figure}
\renewcommand{
\isastyle}{
\scriptsize\it}%
@{
thm [display,eta_contract=false,margin=100] subst_type_NF_def}
\renewcommand{
\isastyle}{
\small\it}%
\caption{Program extracted
from ‹subst_type_NF
›}
\label{fig:extr-subst-type-nf}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\renewcommand{
\isastyle}{
\scriptsize\it}%
@{
thm [display,margin=100] subst_Var_NF_def}
@{
thm [display,margin=100] app_Var_NF_def}
@{
thm [display,margin=100] lift_NF_def}
@{
thm [display,eta_contract=false,margin=100] type_NF_def}
\renewcommand{
\isastyle}{
\small\it}%
\caption{Program extracted
from lemmas and main
theorem}
\label{fig:extr-type-nf}
\end{figure}
›
text ‹
The program corresponding
to the
proof of the central
lemma, which
performs substitution
and normalization,
is shown
in Figure
\ref{fig:extr-subst-type-nf}. The correctness
theorem corresponding
to the program
‹subst_type_NF
› is
@{
thm [display,margin=100] subst_type_NF_correctness
[simplified rtranclR_rtrancl_eq Collect_mem_eq, no_vars]}
where ‹NFR
› is the
realizability predicate corresponding
to
the
datatype ‹NFT
›, which
is inductively defined
by the rules
\pagebreak
@{
thm [display,margin=90] NFR.App [of ts nfs x] NFR.Abs [of nf t]}
The programs corresponding
to the main
theorem ‹type_NF
›, as
well as
to some
lemmas, are shown
in Figure
\ref{fig:extr-type-nf}.
The correctness statement
for the main
function ‹type_NF
› is
@{
thm [display,margin=100] type_NF_correctness
[simplified rtranclR_rtrancl_eq Collect_mem_eq, no_vars]}
where the
realizability predicate
‹rtypingR
› corresponding
to the
computationally relevant version of the typing judgement
is inductively
defined
by the rules
@{
thm [display,margin=100] rtypingR.Var [no_vars]
rtypingR.Abs [of ty, no_vars] rtypingR.App [of ty e s T U ty
' t]}
›
subsection ‹Generating executable code
›
instantiation NFT :: default
begin
definition "default = Dummy ()"
instance ..
end
instantiation dB :: default
begin
definition "default = dB.Var 0"
instance ..
end
instantiation prod :: (default, default) default
begin
definition "default = (default, default)"
instance ..
end
instantiation list :: (type) default
begin
definition "default = []"
instance ..
end
instantiation "fun" :: (type, default) default
begin
definition "default = (\x. default)"
instance ..
end
definition int_of_nat ::
"nat \ int" where
"int_of_nat = of_nat"
text ‹
The following functions convert between Isabelle
's built-in {\tt term}
datatype and the generated {
\tt dB}
datatype. This allows
to
generate example terms
using Isabelle
's parser and inspect
normalized terms
using Isabelle
's pretty printer.
›
ML
‹
val nat_of_integer = @{code nat} o @{code int_of_integer};
fun dBtype_of_typ (Type (
"fun", [T, U])) =
@{code
Fun} (dBtype_of_typ T, dBtype_of_typ U)
| dBtype_of_typ (TFree (s, _)) = (
case raw_explode s of
[
"'", a] => @{code Atom} (nat_of_integer (ord a - 97))
| _ => error
"dBtype_of_typ: variable name")
| dBtype_of_typ _ = error
"dBtype_of_typ: bad type";
fun dB_of_term (Bound i) = @{code dB.Var} (nat_of_integer i)
| dB_of_term (t $ u) = @{code dB.App} (dB_of_term t, dB_of_term u)
| dB_of_term (Abs (_, _, t)) = @{code dB.Abs} (dB_of_term t)
| dB_of_term _ = error
"dB_of_term: bad term";
fun term_of_dB Ts (Type (
"fun", [T, U])) (@{code dB.Abs} dBt) =
Abs (
"x", T, term_of_dB (T :: Ts) U dBt)
| term_of_dB Ts _ dBt = term_of_dB
' Ts dBt
and term_of_dB
' Ts (@{code dB.Var} n) = Bound (@{code integer_of_nat} n)
| term_of_dB
' Ts (@{code dB.App} (dBt, dBu)) =
let val t = term_of_dB
' Ts dBt
in case fastype_of1 (Ts, t) of
Type (
"fun", [T, _]) => t $ term_of_dB Ts T dBu
| _ => error
"term_of_dB: function type expected"
end
| term_of_dB
' _ _ = error "term_of_dB: term not in normal form";
fun typing_of_term Ts e (Bound i) =
@{code Var} (e, nat_of_integer i, dBtype_of_typ (nth Ts i))
| typing_of_term Ts e (t $ u) = (
case fastype_of1 (Ts, t) of
Type (
"fun", [T, U]) => @{code App} (e, dB_of_term t,
dBtype_of_typ T, dBtype_of_typ U, dB_of_term u,
typing_of_term Ts e t, typing_of_term Ts e u)
| _ => error
"typing_of_term: function type expected")
| typing_of_term Ts e (Abs (_, T, t)) =
let val dBT = dBtype_of_typ T
in @{code Abs} (e, dBT, dB_of_term t,
dBtype_of_typ (fastype_of1 (T :: Ts, t)),
typing_of_term (T :: Ts) (@{code shift} e @{code
"0::nat"} dBT) t)
end
| typing_of_term _ _ _ = error
"typing_of_term: bad term";
fun dummyf _ = error
"dummy";
val ct1 = @{cterm
"%f. ((%f x. f (f (f x))) ((%f x. f (f (f (f x)))) f))"};
val (dB1, _) = @{code type_NF} (typing_of_term [] dummyf (
Thm.term_of ct1));
val ct1
' = Thm.cterm_of @{context} (term_of_dB [] (Thm.typ_of_cterm ct1) dB1);
val ct2 = @{cterm
"%f x. (%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) x)))))"};
val (dB2, _) = @{code type_NF} (typing_of_term [] dummyf (
Thm.term_of ct2));
val ct2
' = Thm.cterm_of @{context} (term_of_dB [] (Thm.typ_of_cterm ct2) dB2);
›
end