section‹Weak normalization for simply-typed lambda calculus›
theory WeakNorm imports LambdaType NormalForm "HOL-Library.Realizers""HOL-Library.Code_Target_Int" begin
text‹
by Stefan Berghofer. Partly based on a paper proof by
Joachimski and Ralph Matthes cite‹"Matthes-Joachimski-AML"›. ›
subsection‹Main theorems›
lemma norm_list: assumes f_compat: "∧t t'. t →\<beta>* t' ==> f t →\<beta>* f t'" and f_NF: "∧t. NF t ==> NF (f t)" and uNF: "NF u"and uT: "e ⊨ u : T" shows"∧Us. e⟨i:T⟩⊨!!! as : Us ==> listall (λt. ∀e T' u i. e⟨i:T⟩⊨ t : T' ⟶ NF u ⟶ e ⊨ u : T ⟶ (∃t'. t[u/i] →\<beta>* t' ∧ NF t')) as ==> ∃as'. ∀j. Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. f (t[u/i])) as →\<beta>* Var j 🚫🚫 map f as' ∧ NF (Var j 🚫🚫 map f as')"
(is"∧Us. _ ==> listall ?R as ==>∃as'. ?ex Us as as'") proof (induct as rule: rev_induct) case (Nil Us) with Var_NF have"?ex Us [] []"by simp thus ?case .. next case (snoc b bs Us) have"e⟨i:T⟩⊨!!! bs @ [b] : Us"by fact thenobtain Vs W where Us: "Us = Vs @ [W]" and bs: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨!!! bs : Vs"and bT: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨ b : W" by (rule types_snocE) from snoc have"listall ?R bs"by simp with bs have"∃bs'. ?ex Vs bs bs'"by (rule snoc) thenobtain bs' where bsred: "Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. f (t[u/i])) bs →\<beta>* Var j 🚫🚫 map f bs'" and bsNF: "NF (Var j 🚫🚫 map f bs')"for j by iprover from snoc have"?R b"by simp with bT and uNF and uT have"∃b'. b[u/i] →\<beta>* b' ∧ NF b'" by iprover thenobtain b' where bred: "b[u/i] →\<beta>* b'"and bNF: "NF b'" by iprover from bsNF [of 0] have"listall NF (map f bs')" by (rule App_NF_D) moreoverhave"NF (f b')"using bNF by (rule f_NF) ultimatelyhave"listall NF (map f (bs' @ [b']))" by simp hence"∧j. NF (Var j 🚫🚫 map f (bs' @ [b']))"by (rule NF.App) moreoverfrom bred have"f (b[u/i]) →\<beta>* f b'" by (rule f_compat) with bsred have "∧j. (Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. f (t[u/i])) bs) 🚫 f (b[u/i]) →\<beta>* (Var j 🚫🚫 map f bs') 🚫 f b'"by (rule rtrancl_beta_App) ultimatelyhave"?ex Us (bs @ [b]) (bs' @ [b'])"by simp thus ?case .. qed
lemma subst_type_NF: "∧t e T u i. NF t ==> e⟨i:U⟩⊨ t : T ==> NF u ==> e ⊨ u : U ==>∃t'. t[u/i] →\<beta>* t' ∧ NF t'"
(is"PROP ?P U"is"∧t e T u i. _ ==> PROP ?Q t e T u i U") proof (induct U) fix T t let ?R = "λt. ∀e T' u i. e⟨i:T⟩⊨ t : T' ⟶ NF u ⟶ e ⊨ u : T ⟶ (∃t'. t[u/i] →\<beta>* t' ∧ NF t')" assume MI1: "∧T1 T2. T = T1 → T2 ==> PROP ?P T1" assume MI2: "∧T1 T2. T = T1 → T2 ==> PROP ?P T2" assume"NF t" thus"∧e T' u i. PROP ?Q t e T' u i T" proof induct fix e T' u i assume uNF: "NF u"and uT: "e ⊨ u : T"
{ case (App ts x e1 T'1 u1 i1) assume"e⟨i:T⟩⊨ Var x 🚫🚫 ts : T'" thenobtain Us where varT: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨ Var x : Us ⇛ T'" and argsT: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨!!! ts : Us" by (rule var_app_typesE) from nat_eq_dec show"∃t'. (Var x 🚫🚫 ts)[u/i] →\<beta>* t' ∧ NF t'" proof assume eq: "x = i" show ?thesis proof (cases ts) case Nil with eq have"(Var x 🚫🚫 [])[u/i] →\<beta>* u"by simp with Nil and uNF show ?thesis by simp iprover next case (Cons a as) with argsT obtain T'' Ts where Us: "Us = T'' # Ts" by (cases Us) (rule FalseE, simp) from varT and Us have varT: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨ Var x : T'' → Ts ⇛ T'" by simp from varT eq have T: "T = T'' → Ts ⇛ T'"by cases auto with uT have uT': "e ⊨ u : T'' → Ts ⇛ T'"by simp from argsT Us Cons have argsT': "e⟨i:T⟩⊨!!! as : Ts"by simp from argsT Us Cons have argT: "e⟨i:T⟩⊨ a : T''"by simp from argT uT refl have aT: "e ⊨ a[u/i] : T''"by (rule subst_lemma) from App and Cons have"listall ?R as"by simp (iprover dest: listall_conj2) with lift_preserves_beta' lift_NF uNF uT argsT' have"∃as'. ∀j. Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as →\<beta>* Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as' ∧ NF (Var j 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')"by (rule norm_list) thenobtain as' where
asred: "Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as →\<beta>* Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as'" and asNF: "NF (Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')"by iprover from App and Cons have"?R a"by simp with argT and uNF and uT have"∃a'. a[u/i] →\<beta>* a' ∧ NF a'" by iprover thenobtain a' where ared: "a[u/i] →\<beta>* a'"and aNF: "NF a'"by iprover from uNF have"NF (lift u 0)"by (rule lift_NF) hence"∃u'. lift u 0 🚫 Var 0 →\<beta>* u' ∧ NF u'"by (rule app_Var_NF) thenobtain u' where ured: "lift u 0 🚫 Var 0 →\<beta>* u'"and u'NF: "NF u'" by iprover from T and u'NF have"∃ua. u'[a'/0] →\<beta>* ua ∧ NF ua" proof (rule MI1) have"e⟨0:T''⟩⊨ lift u 0 🚫 Var 0 : Ts ⇛ T'" proof (rule typing.App) from uT' show"e⟨0:T''⟩⊨ lift u 0 : T'' → Ts ⇛ T'"by (rule lift_type) show"e⟨0:T''⟩⊨ Var 0 : T''"by (rule typing.Var) simp qed with ured show"e⟨0:T''⟩⊨ u' : Ts ⇛ T'"by (rule subject_reduction') from ared aT show"e ⊨ a' : T''"by (rule subject_reduction') show"NF a'"by fact qed thenobtain ua where uared: "u'[a'/0] →\<beta>* ua"and uaNF: "NF ua" by iprover from ared have"(lift u 0 🚫 Var 0)[a[u/i]/0] →\<beta>* (lift u 0 🚫 Var 0)[a'/0]" by (rule subst_preserves_beta2') alsofrom ured have"(lift u 0 🚫 Var 0)[a'/0] →\<beta>* u'[a'/0]" by (rule subst_preserves_beta') alsonote uared finallyhave"(lift u 0 🚫 Var 0)[a[u/i]/0] →\<beta>* ua" . hence uared': "u 🚫 a[u/i] →\<beta>* ua"by simp from T asNF _ uaNF have"∃r. (Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')[ua/0] →\<beta>* r ∧ NF r" proof (rule MI2) have"e⟨0:Ts ⇛ T'⟩⊨ Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as : T'" proof (rule list_app_typeI) show"e⟨0:Ts ⇛ T'⟩⊨ Var 0 : Ts ⇛ T'"by (rule typing.Var) simp from uT argsT' have"e ⊨!!! map (λt. t[u/i]) as : Ts" by (rule substs_lemma) hence"e⟨0:Ts ⇛ T'⟩⊨!!! map (λt. lift t 0) (map (λt. t[u/i]) as) : Ts" by (rule lift_types) thus"e⟨0:Ts ⇛ T'⟩⊨!!! map (λt. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as : Ts" by (simp_all add: o_def) qed with asred show"e⟨0:Ts ⇛ T'⟩⊨ Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as' : T'" by (rule subject_reduction') from argT uT refl have"e ⊨ a[u/i] : T''"by (rule subst_lemma) with uT' have"e ⊨ u 🚫 a[u/i] : Ts ⇛ T'"by (rule typing.App) with uared' show"e ⊨ ua : Ts ⇛ T'"by (rule subject_reduction') qed thenobtain r where rred: "(Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')[ua/0] →\<beta>* r" and rnf: "NF r"by iprover from asred have "(Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as)[u 🚫 a[u/i]/0] →\<beta>* (Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')[u 🚫 a[u/i]/0]" by (rule subst_preserves_beta') alsofrom uared' have"(Var 0 🚫🚫 map (λt. lift t 0) as')[u 🚫 a[u/i]/0] →\<beta>*
(Var 0 \<degree>\<degree> map (\<lambda>t. lift t 0) as')[ua/0]" by (rule subst_preserves_beta2')
also note rred
finally have "(Var 0 \<degree>\<degree> map (\<lambda>t. lift (t[u/i]) 0) as)[u \<degree> a[u/i]/0] \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* r" .
with rnf Cons eq show ?thesis
by (simp add: o_def) iprover
qed
next
assume neq: "x \<noteq> i"
from App have "listall ?R ts" by (iprover dest: listall_conj2)
with uNF uT argsT
have "\<exists>ts'. \<forall>j. Var j \<degree>\<degree> map (\<lambda>t. t[u/i]) ts \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* Var j \<degree>\<degree> ts' \<and>
NF (Var j \<degree>\<degree> ts')" (is "\<exists>ts'. ?ex ts'")
by (rule norm_list [of "\<lambda>t. t", simplified])
then obtain ts' where NF: "?ex ts'" ..
from nat_le_dec show ?thesis
proof
assume "i < x"
with NF show ?thesis by simp iprover
next
assume "\<not> (i < x)"
with NF neq show ?thesis by (simp add: subst_Var) iprover
qed
qed
next case (Abs r e1 T'1 u1 i1)
assume absT: "e\<langle>i:T\<rangle> \<turnstile> Abs r : T'"
then obtain R S where "e\<langle>0:R\<rangle>\<langle>Suc i:T\<rangle> \<turnstile> r : S" by (rule abs_typeE) simp
moreover have "NF (lift u 0)" using \<open>NF u\<close> by (rule lift_NF)
moreover have "e\<langle>0:R\<rangle> \<turnstile> lift u 0 : T" using uT by (rule lift_type)
ultimately have "\<exists>t'. r[lift u 0/Suc i] \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* t' \<and> NF t'" by (rule Abs)
thus "\<exists>t'. Abs r[u/i] \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* t' \<and> NF t'"
by simp (iprover intro: rtrancl_beta_Abs NF.Abs)
}
qed
qed
\<comment> \<open>A computationally relevant copy of @{term "e \<turnstile> t : T"}\<close>
inductive rtyping :: "(nat \<Rightarrow> type) \<Rightarrow> dB \<Rightarrow> type \<Rightarrow> bool" (\<open>_ \<turnstile>\<^sub>R _ : _\<close> [50, 50, 50] 50)
where
Var: "e x = T \<Longrightarrow> e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R Var x : T"
| Abs: "e\<langle>0:T\<rangle> \<turnstile>\<^sub>R t : U \<Longrightarrow> e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R Abs t : (T \<Rightarrow> U)"
| App: "e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R s : T \<Rightarrow> U \<Longrightarrow> e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R t : T \<Longrightarrow> e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R (s \<degree> t) : U"
lemma rtyping_imp_typing: "e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R t : T \<Longrightarrow> e \<turnstile> t : T"
apply (induct set: rtyping)
apply (erule typing.Var)
apply (erule typing.Abs)
apply (erule typing.App)
apply assumption
done
theorem type_NF:
assumes "e \<turnstile>\<^sub>R t : T"
shows "\<exists>t'. t \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* t' \<and> NF t'" using assms
proof induct case Var
show ?case by (iprover intro: Var_NF)
next case Abs
thus ?case by (iprover intro: rtrancl_beta_Abs NF.Abs)
next case (App e s T U t)
from App obtain s' t' where
sred: "s \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* s'"and"NF s'" and tred: "t \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* t'"and tNF: "NF t'" by iprover
have "\<exists>u. (Var 0 \<degree> lift t' 0)[s'/0] \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* u \<and> NF u"
proof (rule subst_type_NF)
have "NF (lift t' 0)" using tNF by (rule lift_NF)
hence "listall NF [lift t' 0]" by (rule listall_cons) (rule listall_nil)
hence "NF (Var 0 \<degree>\<degree> [lift t' 0])" by (rule NF.App)
thus "NF (Var 0 \<degree> lift t' 0)" by simp
show "e\<langle>0:T \<Rightarrow> U\<rangle> \<turnstile> Var 0 \<degree> lift t' 0 : U"
proof (rule typing.App)
show "e\<langle>0:T \<Rightarrow> U\<rangle> \<turnstile> Var 0 : T \<Rightarrow> U"
by (rule typing.Var) simp
from tred have "e \<turnstile> t' : T"
by (rule subject_reduction') (rule rtyping_imp_typing, rule App.hyps)
thus "e\<langle>0:T \<Rightarrow> U\<rangle> \<turnstile> lift t' 0 : T"
by (rule lift_type)
qed
from sred show "e \<turnstile> s' : T \<Rightarrow> U"
by (rule subject_reduction') (rule rtyping_imp_typing, rule App.hyps)
show "NF s'" by fact
qed
then obtain u where ured: "s' \<degree> t' \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* u"and unf: "NF u" by simp iprover
from sred tred have "s \<degree> t \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* s' \<degree> t'" by (rule rtrancl_beta_App)
hence "s \<degree> t \<rightarrow>\<^sub>\<beta>\<^sup>* u" using ured by (rule rtranclp_trans)
with unf show ?case by iprover
qed
lemma rtranclR_rtrancl_eq: "rtranclpR r a b = r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b"
proof
show "rtranclpR r a b \<Longrightarrow> r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b"
apply (erule rtranclpR.induct)
apply (rule rtranclp.rtrancl_refl)
apply (metis rtranclp.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
show "r\<^sup>*\<^sup>* a b \<Longrightarrow> rtranclpR r a b"
apply (erule rtranclp.induct)
apply (rule rtranclpR.rtrancl_refl)
apply (metis rtranclpR.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
qed
\begin{figure}
\renewcommand{\isastyle}{\scriptsize\it}%
@{thm [display,margin=100] subst_Var_NF_def}
@{thm [display,margin=100] app_Var_NF_def}
@{thm [display,margin=100] lift_NF_def}
@{thm [display,eta_contract=false,margin=100] type_NF_def}
\renewcommand{\isastyle}{\small\it}%
\caption{Program extracted from lemmas and main theorem}
\label{fig:extr-type-nf}
\end{figure}
\<close>
text \<open>
The program corresponding to the proof of the central lemma, which
performs substitution and normalization, is shown in Figure
\ref{fig:extr-subst-type-nf}. The correctness
theorem corresponding to the program \<open>subst_type_NF\<close> is
@{thm [display,margin=100] subst_type_NF_correctness
[simplified rtranclR_rtrancl_eq Collect_mem_eq, no_vars]}
where \<open>NFR\<close> is the realizability predicate corresponding to
the datatype \<open>NFT\<close>, which is inductively defined by the rules
\pagebreak
@{thm [display,margin=90] NFR.App [of ts nfs x] NFR.Abs [of nf t]}
The programs corresponding to the main theorem \<open>type_NF\<close>, as
well as to some lemmas, are shown in Figure \ref{fig:extr-type-nf}.
The correctness statement for the main function \<open>type_NF\<close> is
@{thm [display,margin=100] type_NF_correctness
[simplified rtranclR_rtrancl_eq Collect_mem_eq, no_vars]}
where the realizability predicate \<open>rtypingR\<close> corresponding to the
computationally relevant version of the typing judgement is inductively defined by the rules
@{thm [display,margin=100] rtypingR.Var [no_vars]
rtypingR.Abs [of ty, no_vars] rtypingR.App [of ty e s T U ty' t]}
\<close>
instantiation prod :: (default, default) default
begin
definition "default = (default, default)"
instance ..
end
instantiation list :: (type) default
begin
definition "default = []"
instance ..
end
instantiation "fun" :: (type, default) default
begin
definition "default = (\<lambda>x. default)"
instance ..
end
definition int_of_nat :: "nat \<Rightarrow> int" where "int_of_nat = of_nat"
text \<open>
The following functions convert between Isabelle's built-in {\tt term}
datatype and the generated {\tt dB} datatype. This allows to
generate example terms using Isabelle's parser and inspect
normalized terms using Isabelle's pretty printer.
\<close>
ML \<open>
val nat_of_integer = @{code nat} o @{code int_of_integer};
fun dBtype_of_typ (Type ("fun", [T, U])) =
@{code Fun} (dBtype_of_typ T, dBtype_of_typ U)
| dBtype_of_typ (TFree (s, _)) = (case raw_explode s of
["'", a] => @{code Atom} (nat_of_integer (ord a - 97))
| _ => error "dBtype_of_typ: variable name")
| dBtype_of_typ _ = error "dBtype_of_typ: bad type";
fun term_of_dB Ts (Type ("fun", [T, U])) (@{code dB.Abs} dBt) =
Abs ("x", T, term_of_dB (T :: Ts) U dBt)
| term_of_dB Ts _ dBt = term_of_dB' Ts dBt and term_of_dB' Ts (@{code dB.Var} n) = Bound (@{code integer_of_nat} n)
| term_of_dB' Ts (@{code dB.App} (dBt, dBu)) =
let val t = term_of_dB' Ts dBt
in case fastype_of1 (Ts, t) of
Type ("fun", [T, _]) => t $ term_of_dB Ts T dBu
| _ => error "term_of_dB: function type expected"
end
| term_of_dB' _ _ = error "term_of_dB: term not in normal form";
fun typing_of_term Ts e (Bound i) =
@{code Var} (e, nat_of_integer i, dBtype_of_typ (nth Ts i))
| typing_of_term Ts e (t $ u) = (case fastype_of1 (Ts, t) of
Type ("fun", [T, U]) => @{code App} (e, dB_of_term t,
dBtype_of_typ T, dBtype_of_typ U, dB_of_term u,
typing_of_term Ts e t, typing_of_term Ts e u)
| _ => error "typing_of_term: function type expected")
| typing_of_term Ts e (Abs (_, T, t)) =
let val dBT = dBtype_of_typ T
in @{code Abs} (e, dBT, dB_of_term t,
dBtype_of_typ (fastype_of1 (T :: Ts, t)),
typing_of_term (T :: Ts) (@{code shift} e @{code "0::nat"} dBT) t)
end
| typing_of_term _ _ _ = error "typing_of_term: bad term";
fun dummyf _ = error "dummy";
val ct1 = @{cterm "%f. ((%f x. f (f (f x))) ((%f x. f (f (f (f x)))) f))"};
val (dB1, _) = @{code type_NF} (typing_of_term [] dummyf (Thm.term_of ct1));
val ct1' = Thm.cterm_of @{context} (term_of_dB [] (Thm.typ_of_cterm ct1) dB1);
val ct2 = @{cterm "%f x. (%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) ((%x. f x x) x)))))"};
val (dB2, _) = @{code type_NF} (typing_of_term [] dummyf (Thm.term_of ct2));
val ct2' = Thm.cterm_of @{context} (term_of_dB [] (Thm.typ_of_cterm ct2) dB2);
\<close>
end
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