(* Title: Sequents/LK0.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1993 University of Cambridge
There may be printing problems if a seqent is in expanded normal form
(eta-expanded, beta-contracted).
*)
section ‹ Classical First-Order Sequent Calculus›
theory LK0
imports Sequents
begin
setup ‹ Proofterm.set_preproc (Proof_Rewrite_Rules.standard_preproc [])›
class "term"
default_sort "term"
consts
Trueprop :: "two_seqi"
True :: o
False :: o
equal :: "['a,'a] ==> o" (infixl ‹ =› 50)
Not :: "o ==> o" (‹ (‹ open_block notation=‹ prefix ¬ › \› \¬ _)› [40] 40)
conj :: "[o,o] ==> o" (infixr ‹ ∧ › 35)
disj :: "[o,o] ==> o" (infixr ‹ ∨ › 30)
imp :: "[o,o] ==> o" (infixr ‹ ⟶ › 25)
iff :: "[o,o] ==> o" (infixr ‹ ⟷ › 25)
The :: "('a ==> o) ==> 'a" (binder ‹ THE › 10)
All :: "('a ==> o) ==> o" (binder ‹ ∀ › 10)
Ex :: "('a ==> o) ==> o" (binder ‹ ∃ › 10)
syntax
"_Trueprop" :: "two_seqe" (‹ (‹ notation=judgment› ( _)/ ⊨ (_))› [6,6] 5)
parse_translation ‹ [(🍋 ‹ _Trueprop› , K (two_seq_tr 🍋 ‹ Trueprop› ))]›
print_translation ‹ [(🍋 ‹ Trueprop› , K (two_seq_tr' 🍋 ‹ _Trueprop› ))]›
abbreviation
not_equal (infixl ‹ ≠ › 50) where
"x ≠ y ≡ ¬ (x = y)"
axiomatization where
(*Structural rules: contraction, thinning, exchange [Søren Heilmann] *)
contRS: "$H ⊨ $E, $S, $S, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, $S, $F" and
contLS: "$H, $S, $S, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, $S, $G ⊨ $E" and
thinRS: "$H ⊨ $E, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, $S, $F" and
thinLS: "$H, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, $S, $G ⊨ $E" and
exchRS: "$H ⊨ $E, $R, $S, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, $S, $R, $F" and
exchLS: "$H, $R, $S, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, $S, $R, $G ⊨ $E" and
cut: "[ $H ⊨ $E, P; $H, P ⊨ $E] ==> $H ⊨ $E" and
(*Propositional rules*)
basic: "$H, P, $G ⊨ $E, P, $F" and
conjR: "[ $H⊨ $E, P, $F; $H⊨ $E, Q, $F] ==> $H⊨ $E, P ∧ Q, $F" and
conjL: "$H, P, Q, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, P ∧ Q, $G ⊨ $E" and
disjR: "$H ⊨ $E, P, Q, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, P ∨ Q, $F" and
disjL: "[ $H, P, $G ⊨ $E; $H, Q, $G ⊨ $E] ==> $H, P ∨ Q, $G ⊨ $E" and
impR: "$H, P ⊨ $E, Q, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, P ⟶ Q, $F" and
impL: "[ $H,$G ⊨ $E,P; $H, Q, $G ⊨ $E] ==> $H, P ⟶ Q, $G ⊨ $E" and
notR: "$H, P ⊨ $E, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, ¬ P, $F" and
notL: "$H, $G ⊨ $E, P ==> $H, ¬ P, $G ⊨ $E" and
FalseL: "$H, False, $G ⊨ $E" and
True_def: "True ≡ False ⟶ False" and
iff_def: "P ⟷ Q ≡ (P ⟶ Q) ∧ (Q ⟶ P)"
axiomatization where
(*Quantifiers*)
allR: "(∧ x. $H ⊨ $E, P(x), $F) ==> $H ⊨ $E, ∀ x. P(x), $F" and
allL: "$H, P(x), $G, ∀ x. P(x) ⊨ $E ==> $H, ∀ x. P(x), $G ⊨ $E" and
exR: "$H ⊨ $E, P(x), $F, ∃ x. P(x) ==> $H ⊨ $E, ∃ x. P(x), $F" and
exL: "(∧ x. $H, P(x), $G ⊨ $E) ==> $H, ∃ x. P(x), $G ⊨ $E" and
(*Equality*)
refl: "$H ⊨ $E, a = a, $F" and
subst: "∧ G H E. $H(a), $G(a) ⊨ $E(a) ==> $H(b), a=b, $G(b) ⊨ $E(b)"
(* Reflection *)
axiomatization where
eq_reflection: "⊨ x = y ==> (x ≡ y)" and
iff_reflection: "⊨ P ⟷ Q ==> (P ≡ Q)"
(*Descriptions*)
axiomatization where
The: "[ $H ⊨ $E, P(a), $F; ∧ x.$H, P(x) ⊨ $E, x=a, $F] ==>
$H ⊨ $E, P(THE x. P(x)), $F"
definition If :: "[o, 'a, 'a] ==> 'a" (‹ (‹ notation=‹ mixfix if then else› \if (_)/ then (_)/ else (_)) › 10)
where "If(P,x,y) ≡ THE z::'a. (P ⟶ z = x) ∧ (¬ P ⟶ z = y)"
(** Structural Rules on formulas **)
(*contraction*)
lemma contR: "$H ⊨ $E, P, P, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, P, $F"
by (rule contRS)
lemma contL: "$H, P, P, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, P, $G ⊨ $E"
by (rule contLS)
(*thinning*)
lemma thinR: "$H ⊨ $E, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, P, $F"
by (rule thinRS)
lemma thinL: "$H, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, P, $G ⊨ $E"
by (rule thinLS)
(*exchange*)
lemma exchR: "$H ⊨ $E, Q, P, $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, P, Q, $F"
by (rule exchRS)
lemma exchL: "$H, Q, P, $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, P, Q, $G ⊨ $E"
by (rule exchLS)
ML ‹
(*Cut and thin, replacing the right-side formula*)
fun cutR_tac ctxt s i =
Rule_Insts.res_inst_tac ctxt [((("P" , 0), Position.none), s)] [] @{thm cut} i THEN
resolve_tac ctxt @{thms thinR} i
(*Cut and thin, replacing the left-side formula*)
fun cutL_tac ctxt s i =
Rule_Insts.res_inst_tac ctxt [((("P" , 0), Position.none), s)] [] @{thm cut} i THEN
resolve_tac ctxt @{thms thinL} (i + 1)
›
(** If-and-only-if rules **)
lemma iffR: "[ $H,P ⊨ $E,Q,$F; $H,Q ⊨ $E,P,$F] ==> $H ⊨ $E, P ⟷ Q, $F"
apply (unfold iff_def)
apply (assumption | rule conjR impR)+
done
lemma iffL: "[ $H,$G ⊨ $E,P,Q; $H,Q,P,$G ⊨ $E] ==> $H, P ⟷ Q, $G ⊨ $E"
apply (unfold iff_def)
apply (assumption | rule conjL impL basic)+
done
lemma iff_refl: "$H ⊨ $E, (P ⟷ P), $F"
apply (rule iffR basic)+
done
lemma TrueR: "$H ⊨ $E, True, $F"
apply (unfold True_def)
apply (rule impR)
apply (rule basic)
done
(*Descriptions*)
lemma the_equality:
assumes p1: "$H ⊨ $E, P(a), $F"
and p2: "∧ x. $H, P(x) ⊨ $E, x=a, $F"
shows "$H ⊨ $E, (THE x. P(x)) = a, $F"
apply (rule cut)
apply (rule_tac [2] p2)
apply (rule The, rule thinR, rule exchRS, rule p1)
apply (rule thinR, rule exchRS, rule p2)
done
(** Weakened quantifier rules. Incomplete, they let the search terminate.**)
lemma allL_thin: "$H, P(x), $G ⊨ $E ==> $H, ∀ x. P(x), $G ⊨ $E"
apply (rule allL)
apply (erule thinL)
done
lemma exR_thin: "$H ⊨ $E, P(x), $F ==> $H ⊨ $E, ∃ x. P(x), $F"
apply (rule exR)
apply (erule thinR)
done
(*The rules of LK*)
lemmas [safe] =
iffR iffL
notR notL
impR impL
disjR disjL
conjR conjL
FalseL TrueR
refl basic
ML ‹ val prop_pack = Cla.get_pack 🍋 ›
lemmas [safe] = exL allR
lemmas [unsafe] = the_equality exR_thin allL_thin
ML ‹ val LK_pack = Cla.get_pack 🍋 ›
ML ‹
val LK_dup_pack =
Cla.put_pack prop_pack 🍋
|> fold_rev Cla.add_safe @{thms allR exL}
|> fold_rev Cla.add_unsafe @{thms allL exR the_equality}
|> Cla.get_pack;
›
method_setup fast_prop =
‹ Scan.succeed (fn ctxt => SIMPLE_METHOD' (Cla.fast_tac (Cla.put_pack prop_pack ctxt))) ›
method_setup fast_dup =
‹ Scan.succeed (fn ctxt => SIMPLE_METHOD' (Cla.fast_tac (Cla.put_pack LK_dup_pack ctxt))) ›
method_setup best_dup =
‹ Scan.succeed (fn ctxt => SIMPLE_METHOD' (Cla.best_tac (Cla.put_pack LK_dup_pack ctxt))) ›
method_setup lem = ‹
Attrib.thm >> (fn th => fn ctxt =>
SIMPLE_METHOD' (fn i =>
resolve_tac ctxt [@{thm thinR} RS @{thm cut}] i THEN
REPEAT (resolve_tac ctxt @{thms thinL} i) THEN
resolve_tac ctxt [th] i))
›
lemma mp_R:
assumes major: "$H ⊨ $E, $F, P ⟶ Q"
and minor: "$H ⊨ $E, $F, P"
shows "$H ⊨ $E, Q, $F"
apply (rule thinRS [THEN cut], rule major)
apply step
apply (rule thinR, rule minor)
done
lemma mp_L:
assumes major: "$H, $G ⊨ $E, P ⟶ Q"
and minor: "$H, $G, Q ⊨ $E"
shows "$H, P, $G ⊨ $E"
apply (rule thinL [THEN cut], rule major)
apply step
apply (rule thinL, rule minor)
done
(** Two rules to generate left- and right- rules from implications **)
lemma R_of_imp:
assumes major: "⊨ P ⟶ Q"
and minor: "$H ⊨ $E, $F, P"
shows "$H ⊨ $E, Q, $F"
apply (rule mp_R)
apply (rule_tac [2] minor)
apply (rule thinRS, rule major [THEN thinLS])
done
lemma L_of_imp:
assumes major: "⊨ P ⟶ Q"
and minor: "$H, $G, Q ⊨ $E"
shows "$H, P, $G ⊨ $E"
apply (rule mp_L)
apply (rule_tac [2] minor)
apply (rule thinRS, rule major [THEN thinLS])
done
(*Can be used to create implications in a subgoal*)
lemma backwards_impR:
assumes prem: "$H, $G ⊨ $E, $F, P ⟶ Q"
shows "$H, P, $G ⊨ $E, Q, $F"
apply (rule mp_L)
apply (rule_tac [2] basic)
apply (rule thinR, rule prem)
done
lemma conjunct1: "⊨ P ∧ Q ==> ⊨ P"
apply (erule thinR [THEN cut])
apply fast
done
lemma conjunct2: "⊨ P ∧ Q ==> ⊨ Q"
apply (erule thinR [THEN cut])
apply fast
done
lemma spec: "⊨ (∀ x. P(x)) ==> ⊨ P(x)"
apply (erule thinR [THEN cut])
apply fast
done
(** Equality **)
lemma sym: "⊨ a = b ⟶ b = a"
by (safe add!: subst)
lemma trans: "⊨ a = b ⟶ b = c ⟶ a = c"
by (safe add!: subst)
(* Symmetry of equality in hypotheses *)
lemmas symL = sym [THEN L_of_imp]
(* Symmetry of equality in hypotheses *)
lemmas symR = sym [THEN R_of_imp]
lemma transR: "[ $H⊨ $E, $F, a = b; $H⊨ $E, $F, b=c] ==> $H⊨ $E, a = c, $F"
by (rule trans [THEN R_of_imp, THEN mp_R])
(* Two theorms for rewriting only one instance of a definition:
the first for definitions of formulae and the second for terms *)
lemma def_imp_iff: "(A ≡ B) ==> ⊨ A ⟷ B"
apply unfold
apply (rule iff_refl)
done
lemma meta_eq_to_obj_eq: "(A ≡ B) ==> ⊨ A = B"
apply unfold
apply (rule refl)
done
(** if-then-else rules **)
lemma if_True: "⊨ (if True then x else y) = x"
unfolding If_def by fast
lemma if_False: "⊨ (if False then x else y) = y"
unfolding If_def by fast
lemma if_P: "⊨ P ==> ⊨ (if P then x else y) = x"
apply (unfold If_def)
apply (erule thinR [THEN cut])
apply fast
done
lemma if_not_P: "⊨ ¬ P ==> ⊨ (if P then x else y) = y"
apply (unfold If_def)
apply (erule thinR [THEN cut])
apply fast
done
end
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