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=============================
Basic notions and conventions
=============================
This section provides some essential notions and conventions for reading
the manual.
We start by explaining the syntax and lexical conventions used in the
manual. Then, we present the essential vocabulary necessary to read
the rest of the manual. Other terms are defined throughout the manual.
The reader may refer to the :ref:`glossary index <glossary_index>`
for a complete list of defined terms. Finally, we describe the various types of
settings that Rocq provides.
Syntax and lexical conventions
------------------------------
.. _syntax-conventions:
Syntax conventions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The syntax described in this documentation is equivalent to that
accepted by the Rocq parser, but the grammar has been edited
to improve readability and presentation.
In the grammar presented in this manual, the terminal symbols are
black (e.g. :n:`forall`), whereas the nonterminals are orange, italic
and hyperlinked (e.g. :n:`@term`). Some syntax is represented
graphically using the following kinds of blocks:
:n:`{? item }`
An optional item.
:n:`{+ item }`
A list of one or more items.
:n:`{* item }`
An optional list of items.
:n:`{+s item}`
A list of one or more items separated by "s" (e.g. :n:`item__1 s item__2 s item__3`).
:n:`{*s item}`
An optional list of items separated by "s".
:n:`{| item__1 | item__2 | ... }`
Alternatives (either :n:`item__1` or :n:`item__2` or ...).
`Precedence levels
<
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations>`_ that are
implemented in the Rocq parser are shown in the documentation by
appending the level to the nonterminal name (as in :n:`@term100` or
:n:`@ltac_expr3`).
.. note::
Rocq uses an extensible parser. Plugins and the :ref:`notation
system <syntax-extensions-and-notation-scopes>` can extend the
syntax at run time. Some notations are defined in the :term:`prelude`,
which is loaded by default. The documented grammar doesn't include
these notations. Precedence levels not used by the base grammar
are omitted from the documentation, even though they could still be
populated by notations or plugins.
Furthermore, some parsing rules are only activated in certain
contexts (:ref:`proof mode <proofhandling>`,
:ref:`custom entries <custom-entries>`...).
.. warning::
Given the complexity of these parsing rules, it would be extremely
difficult to create an external program that can properly parse a
Rocq document. Therefore, tool writers are advised to delegate
parsing to Rocq, by communicating with it, for instance through
`coq-lsp <
https://github.com/ejgallego/coq-lsp>`_.
.. seealso:: :cmd:`Print Grammar`
.. _lexical-conventions:
Lexical conventions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Blanks
Space, newline and horizontal tab are considered blanks.
Blanks are ignored but they separate tokens.
Comments
Comments are enclosed between ``(*`` and ``*)``. They can be nested.
They can contain any character. However, embedded :n:`@string` literals must be
correctly closed. Comments are treated as blanks.
Identifiers
Identifiers, written :n:`@ident`, are sequences of letters, digits, ``_`` and
``'``, that do not start with a digit or ``'``. That is, they are
recognized by the following grammar (except that the string ``_`` is reserved;
it is not a valid identifier):
.. insertprodn ident subsequent_letter
.. prodn::
ident ::= @first_letter {* @subsequent_letter }
first_letter ::= {| a .. z | A .. Z | _ | @unicode_letter }
subsequent_letter ::= {| @first_letter | @digit | ' | @unicode_id_part }
All characters are meaningful. In particular, identifiers are case-sensitive.
:production:`unicode_letter` non-exhaustively includes Latin,
Greek, Gothic, Cyrillic, Arabic, Hebrew, Georgian, Hangul, Hiragana
and Katakana characters, CJK ideographs, mathematical letter-like
symbols and non-breaking space. :production:`unicode_id_part`
non-exhaustively includes symbols for prime letters and subscripts.
Numbers
Numbers are sequences of digits with an optional fractional part
and exponent, optionally preceded by a minus sign. Hexadecimal numbers
start with ``0x`` or ``0X``. :n:`@integer`\s are signed
numbers without fraction or exponent parts. :n:`@natural`\s are non-negative
integers. Underscores embedded in the digits are ignored, for example
``1_000_000`` is the same as ``1000000``.
.. insertprodn number hexdigit
.. prodn::
number ::= {? - } @decnat {? . {+ {| @digit | _ } } } {? {| e | E } {? {| + | - } } @decnat }
| {? - } @hexnat {? . {+ {| @hexdigit | _ } } } {? {| p | P } {? {| + | - } } @decnat }
integer ::= @bigint
bigint ::= {? - } @bignat
natural ::= @bignat
bignat ::= {| @decnat | @hexnat }
decnat ::= @digit {* {| @digit | _ } }
digit ::= 0 .. 9
hexnat ::= {| 0x | 0X } @hexdigit {* {| @hexdigit | _ } }
hexdigit ::= {| 0 .. 9 | a .. f | A .. F }
:n:`number`, :n:`@bigint` and :n:`@bignat`, which are used in :token:`term`\s,
generally have no range limitation.
:n:`@integer` and :n:`@natural`, which are used as arguments in tactics
and commands, are limited to the range that fits
into an OCaml integer (63-bit integers on most architectures).
The :ref:`standard library <thecoqlibrary>` provides a few
:ref:`interpretations <notation-scopes>` for :n:`@number`.
Some of these interpretations support exponential notation
for decimal numbers, for example ``5.02e-6`` means 5.02×10\ :sup:`-6`;
and base 2 exponential notation for hexadecimal numbers denoted by
``p`` or ``P``, for example ``0xAp12`` means 10×2\ :sup:`12`.
The :cmd:`Number Notation` mechanism lets the user
define custom parsers and printers for :n:`@number`.
By default, numbers are interpreted as :n:`nat`\s, which is a unary
representation. For example, :n:`3` is represented as `S (S (S O))`. While
this is a convenient representation for doing proofs, computing with large
:n:`nat`\s can lead to stack overflows or running out of memory. You can
explicitly specify a different interpretation to avoid this problem. For
example, the Stdlib library enables to write :n:`1000000%Z` for a more
efficient binary representation of that number as an integer.
See :ref:`Scopes` and :n:`@term_scope` for the ``%`` notation.
.. example:: Stack overflow with :n:`nat`
.. rocqtop:: all reset
Fail Eval compute in 100000 + 100000. (* gives a stack overflow (not shown) *)
.. rocqtop:: in extra-stdlib
From Stdlib Require Import ZArith. (* for definition of Z *)
.. rocqtop:: all extra-stdlib
Eval compute in (1000000000000000000000000000000000 + 1)%Z.
Strings
Strings begin and end with ``"`` (double quote). Use ``""`` to represent
a double quote character within a string. In the grammar, strings are
identified with :production:`string`.
The :cmd:`String Notation` mechanism offers the
user a way to define custom parsers and printers for
:token:`string`.
.. _keywords:
Keywords
The following character sequences are keywords defined in the main Rocq grammar
that cannot be used as identifiers (even when starting Rocq with the `-noinit`
command-line flag)::
_ Axiom CoFixpoint Definition Fixpoint Hypothesis Parameter Prop
SProp Set Theorem Type Variable as at cofix else end
fix for forall fun if in let match return then where with
The following are keywords defined in notations or plugins loaded in the :term:`prelude`::
by exists exists2 using
Note that loading additional modules or plugins may expand the set of reserved
keywords.
:cmd:`Print Keywords` can be used to print the current keywords and tokens.
Other tokens
The following character sequences are tokens defined in the main Rocq grammar
(even when starting Rocq with the `-noinit` command-line flag)::
! #[ % & ' ( () ) * + , - ->
. .( .. ... / : ::= := :> ; < <+ <- <:
<<: <= = => > >-> >= ? @ @{ [ ] _
`( `{ { {| | }
The following character sequences are tokens defined in notations or plugins
loaded in the :term:`prelude`::
** |- || ->
Note that loading additional modules or plugins may expand the set of defined
tokens.
.. _lexing-unseparated-keywords:
When multiple tokens match the beginning of a sequence of characters,
the longest matching token not cutting a subsequence of contiguous letters in the middle is use
d.
Occasionally you may need to insert spaces to separate tokens. For example,
if ``~`` and ``~~`` are both defined as tokens, the inputs ``~ ~`` and
``~~`` generate different tokens, whereas if ``~~`` is not defined, then the
two inputs are equivalent. Also, if ``~`` and ``~_h`` are both
defined as tokens, the input ``~_ho`` is interpreted as ``~ _ho``
rather than ``~_h o`` so as not to cut the identifier-like
subsequence ``ho``. Contrastingly, if only ``~_h`` is defined as a token,
then ``~_ho`` is an error because no token can be found that includes
the whole subsequence ``ho`` without cutting it in the middle. Finally, if
all of ``~``, ``~_h`` and ``~_ho`` are defined as tokens, the input
``~_ho`` is interpreted using the longest match rule, i.e. as the token ``~_ho``.
Essential vocabulary
--------------------
This section presents the most essential notions to understand the
rest of the Rocq Prover manual: :term:`terms <term>` and :term:`types
<type>` on the one hand, :term:`commands <command>` and :term:`tactics
<tactic>` on the other hand.
.. glossary::
term
Terms are the basic expressions of Rocq. Terms can represent
mathematical expressions, propositions and proofs, but also
executable programs and program types.
Here is the top-level syntax of terms. Each of the listed
constructs is presented in a dedicated section. Some of these
constructs (like :n:`@term_forall_or_fun`) are part of the core
language that the kernel of Rocq understands and are therefore
described in :ref:`this chapter <core-language>`, while
others (like :n:`@term_if`) are language extensions that are
presented in :ref:`the next chapter <extensions>`.
.. insertprodn term qualid_annotated
.. prodn::
term ::= @term100
term100 ::= @term_cast
| @term10
term10 ::= @term_application
| @term_forall_or_fun
| @term_let
| @term_fix
| @term_cofix
| @term_if
| @one_term
one_term ::= @term_explicit
| @term1
term1 ::= @term_projection
| @term_scope
| @term0
term0 ::= @qualid_annotated
| @sort
| @number_or_string
| @term_evar
| @term_match
| @term_record
| @term_generalizing
| [| {*; @term } %| @term {? : @type } |] {? @univ_annot }
| @term_ltac
| ( @term )
qualid_annotated ::= @qualid {? @univ_annot }
.. note::
Many :term:`commands <command>` and :term:`tactics <tactic>`
use :n:`@one_term` (in the syntax of their arguments) rather
than :n:`@term`. The former need to be enclosed in
parentheses unless they're very simple, such as a single
identifier. This avoids confusing a space-separated list of
terms or identifiers with a :n:`@term_application`.
type
To be valid and accepted by the Rocq kernel, a term needs an
associated type. We express this relationship by “:math:`x` *of
type* :math:`T`”, which we write as “:math:`x:T`”. Informally,
“:math:`x:T`” can be thought as “:math:`x` *belongs to*
:math:`T`”.
The Rocq kernel is a type checker: it verifies that a term has
the expected type by applying a set of typing rules (see
:ref:`Typing-rules`). If that's indeed the case, we say that the
term is :gdef:`well-typed`.
A special feature of the Rocq language is that types can depend
on terms (we say that the language is `dependently-typed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_type>`_). Because of
this, types and terms share a common syntax. All types are :term:`terms <term>`,
but not all terms are types. The syntactic aliases :n:`@type` and
:n:`@one_type` are used to make clear when the provided :term:`term`
must semantically be a type:
.. insertprodn type one_type
.. prodn::
type ::= @term
one_type ::= @one_term
Intuitively, types may be viewed as sets containing terms. We
say that a type is :gdef:`inhabited` if it contains at least one
term (i.e. if we can find a term which is associated with this
type). We call such terms :gdef:`inhabitants <inhabitant>`. Note that deciding
whether a type is inhabited is `undecidable
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem>`_.
Formally, types can be used to construct logical foundations for
mathematics alternative to the standard `"set theory"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory>`_: we call such
logical foundations `"type theories"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory>`_. The Rocq Prover is based on
the Calculus of Inductive Constructions, which is a particular
instance of type theory.
sentence
Rocq documents are made of a series of sentences that contain
:term:`commands <command>` or :term:`tactics <tactic>`, generally
terminated with a period and optionally decorated with
:term:`attributes <attribute>`.
.. insertprodn document sentence
.. prodn::
document ::= {* @sentence }
sentence ::= {? @attributes } @command .
| {? @attributes } {? @natural : } @query_command .
| {? @attributes } {? @toplevel_selector : } @ltac_expr {| . | ... }
| @control_command
:n:`@ltac_expr` syntax supports both simple and compound
:term:`tactics <tactic>`. For example: ``split`` is a simple
tactic while ``split; auto`` combines two simple tactics.
For more information, see :ref:`compil-steps`.
command
A :production:`command` can be used to modify the state of a Rocq
document, for instance by declaring a new object, or to get
information about the current state.
By convention, command names begin with uppercase letters.
Commands appear in the HTML documentation in blue or gray boxes
after the label "Command". In the pdf, they appear after the
boldface label "Command:". Commands are listed in the
:ref:`command_index`. Example:
.. cmd:: Comments {* {| @one_term | @string | @natural } }
Prints "Comments ok" and does not change
the state of the document.
tactic
A :production:`tactic` specifies how to transform the current proof state as a
step in creating a proof. They are syntactically valid only when
Rocq is in :term:`proof mode`, such as after a :cmd:`Theorem` command
and before any subsequent proof-terminating command such as
:cmd:`Qed`. See :ref:`proofhandling` for more on proof mode.
By convention, tactic names begin with lowercase letters. Tactic
appear in the HTML documentation in blue or gray boxes after the
label "Tactic". In the pdf, they appear after the boldface label
"Tactic:". Tactics are listed in the :ref:`tactic_index`.
Settings
--------
There are several mechanisms for changing the behavior of Rocq. The
:term:`attribute` mechanism is used to modify the default behavior of a
:term:`sentence` or to attach information to Rocq objects.
The :term:`flag`, :term:`option` and :term:`table`
mechanisms are used to modify the behavior of Rocq more globally in a
document or project.
.. _attributes:
Attributes
~~~~~~~~~~
An :gdef:`attribute` is used to modify the default behavior of a
sentence or to attach information to a Rocq object.
Syntactically, most commands and tactics can be decorated with
attributes (cf. :n:`@sentence`), but attributes not supported by the
command or tactic will trigger :warn:`This command does not support
this attribute`. There is also a command :cmd:`Attributes` to
assign attributes to a whole document.
.. insertprodn attributes legacy_attr
.. prodn::
attributes ::= {* #[ {*, @attribute } ] } {* @legacy_attr }
attribute ::= @ident {? @attr_value }
attr_value ::= = @string
| = @qualid
| ( {+, @attribute } )
legacy_attr ::= {| Local | Global }
| {| Polymorphic | Monomorphic }
| {| Cumulative | NonCumulative }
| Private
| Program
The order of top-level attributes doesn't affect their meaning. ``#[foo,bar]``, ``#[bar,foo]``,
``#[foo]#[bar]`` and ``#[bar]#[foo]`` are equivalent.
:gdef:`Boolean attributes <boolean attribute>` take the form :n:`@ident__attr{? = {| yes | no } }`.
When the :n:`{| yes | no }` value is omitted, the default is :n:`yes`.
The legacy attributes (:n:`@legacy_attr`) provide an older, alternate syntax
for certain attributes. They are equivalent to new attributes as follows:
============================= ================================
Legacy attribute New attribute
============================= ================================
`Local` :attr:`local`
`Global` :attr:`global`
`Polymorphic`, `Monomorphic` :attr:`universes(polymorphic)`
`Cumulative`, `NonCumulative` :attr:`universes(cumulative)`
`Private` :attr:`private(matching)`
`Program` :attr:`program`
============================= ================================
Attributes appear in the HTML documentation in blue or gray boxes
after the label "Attribute". In the pdf, they appear after the
boldface label "Attribute:". Attributes are listed in the
:ref:`attribute_index`.
.. warn:: This command does not support this attribute: @ident.
:name: This command does not support this attribute
This warning is configured to behave as an error by default. You
may turn it into a normal warning by using the :opt:`Warnings` option:
.. rocqtop:: none
Set Silent.
.. rocqtop:: all warn
Set Warnings "unsupported-attributes".
#[ foo ] Comments.
Generic attributes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following attribute is supported by every command:
.. attr:: warnings = @string
:name: warnings
Sets the given warning string locally for the command. After the
command finishes the warning state is reset to what it was before
the command. For instance if the current warning state is
`some-warnings,-other-warning`,
.. rocqdoc::
#[warnings="+other-warning"] Command.
is equivalent to
.. rocqdoc::
Set Warnings "+other-warning".
Command.
Set Warnings "some-warnings,-other-warning".
and `other-warning` is an error while executing the command.
Consequently, using this attribute around an :cmd:`Import` command
will prevent it from changing the warning state.
See also :opt:`Warnings` for the concrete syntax to use inside the
quoted string.
.. attr:: warning = @string
:name: warning
Alias of :attr:`warnings`.
Document-level attributes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. cmd:: Attributes {+, @attribute }
:name: Attributes
Associates attributes with the
document. When compiled with ``rocq compile`` (see Section
:ref:`therocqcommands`), the attributes are associated with the
compiled file and may have an effect when the file is loaded with
:cmd:`Require`. Supported attributes include :attr:`deprecated`
and :attr:`warn`.
.. _flags-options-tables:
Flags, Options and Tables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The following types of settings can be used to change the behavior of Rocq in
subsequent commands and tactics (see :ref:`set_unset_scope_qualifiers` for a
more precise description of the scope of these settings):
* A :gdef:`flag` has a boolean value, such as :flag:`Universe Polymorphism`.
* An :gdef:`option` generally has a numeric or string value, such as :opt:`Firstorder Depth`.
* A :gdef:`table` contains a set of :token:`string`\s or :token:`qualid`\s.
* In addition, some commands provide settings, such as :cmd:`Extraction Language`.
.. FIXME Convert "Extraction Language" to an option.
.. insertprodn setting_name setting_name
.. prodn::
setting_name ::= {+ @ident }
..
Flags, options and tables are identified by a series of
identifiers. By convention, each of the identifiers start with an
initial capital letter.
Flags, options and tables appear in the HTML documentation in blue or
gray boxes after the labels "Flag", "Option" and "Table". In the pdf,
they appear after a boldface label. They are listed in the
:ref:`options_index`.
.. cmd:: Set @setting_name {? {| @integer | @string } }
If :n:`@setting_name` is a flag, no value may be provided; the flag
is set to on.
If :n:`@setting_name` is an option, a value of the appropriate type
must be provided; the option is set to the specified value.
This command supports the :attr:`local`, :attr:`global` and :attr:`export` attributes.
They are described :ref:`here <set_unset_scope_qualifiers>`.
.. warn:: There is no flag or option with this name: "@setting_name".
This warning message can be raised by :cmd:`Set` and
:cmd:`Unset` when :n:`@setting_name` is unknown. It is a
warning rather than an error because this helps library authors
produce Rocq code that is compatible with several Rocq versions.
To preserve the same behavior, they may need to set some
compatibility flags or options that did not exist in previous
Rocq versions.
.. cmd:: Unset @setting_name
If :n:`@setting_name` is a flag, it is set to off. If :n:`@setting_name` is an option, it is
set to its default value.
This command supports the :attr:`local`, :attr:`global` and :attr:`export` attributes.
They are described :ref:`here <set_unset_scope_qualifiers>`.
.. cmd:: Add @setting_name {+ {| @qualid | @string } }
Adds the specified values to the table :n:`@setting_name`.
This command supports the :attr:`local`, :attr:`global` and :attr:`export` attributes.
The default is `export` outside sections and `local` inside sections.
Depending on the table some values may only allow `local`,
typically section variables cannot be added with `export` or `global`.
.. cmd:: Remove @setting_name {+ {| @qualid | @string } }
Removes the specified value from the table :n:`@setting_name`.
This command supports the same attributes as :cmd:`Add`.
.. cmd:: Test @setting_name {? for {+ {| @qualid | @string } } }
If :n:`@setting_name` is a flag or option, prints its current value.
If :n:`@setting_name` is a table: if the `for` clause is specified, reports
whether the table contains each specified value, otherwise this is equivalent to
:cmd:`Print Table`. The `for` clause is not valid for flags and options.
.. exn:: There is no flag, option or table with this name: "@setting_name".
This error message is raised when calling the :cmd:`Test`
command (without the `for` clause), or the :cmd:`Print Table`
command, for an unknown :n:`@setting_name`.
.. exn:: There is no qualid-valued table with this name: "@setting_name".
There is no string-valued table with this name: "@setting_name".
These error messages are raised when calling the :cmd:`Add` or
:cmd:`Remove` commands, or the :cmd:`Test` command with the
`for` clause, if :n:`@setting_name` is unknown or does not have
the right type.
.. cmd:: Print Options
Prints the current value of all flags and options, and the names of all tables.
.. cmd:: Print Table @setting_name
Prints the values in the table :n:`@setting_name`.
.. cmd:: Print Tables
A synonym for :cmd:`Print Options`.
.. _set_unset_scope_qualifiers:
Locality attributes supported by :cmd:`Set` and :cmd:`Unset`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :cmd:`Set` and :cmd:`Unset` commands support the mutually
exclusive :attr:`local`, :attr:`export` and :attr:`global` locality
attributes.
* If no attribute is specified, the original value of the flag or option
is restored at the end of the current module but it is *not* restored
at the end of the current section.
* The :attr:`local` attribute makes the setting local to the current
:cmd:`Section` (if applicable) or :cmd:`Module`.
* The :attr:`export` attribute makes the setting local to the current
:cmd:`Module`, unless :cmd:`Import` (or one of its variants) is used
on the :cmd:`Module`.
* The :attr:`global` attribute makes the setting persist outside the current
:cmd:`Module` in the current file, or whenever :cmd:`Require` is used on the
current file.
.. note::
We discourage using the :attr:`global` locality attribute with the
:cmd:`Set` and :cmd:`Unset` commands. If your goal is to define
project-wide settings, you should rather use the command-line
arguments ``-set`` and ``-unset`` for setting flags and options
(see :ref:`command-line-options`).