/* * Concepts and ideas behind the menu governor * * For the menu governor, there are 2 decision factors for picking a C * state: * 1) Energy break even point * 2) Latency tolerance (from pmqos infrastructure) * These two factors are treated independently. * * Energy break even point * ----------------------- * C state entry and exit have an energy cost, and a certain amount of time in * the C state is required to actually break even on this cost. CPUIDLE * provides us this duration in the "target_residency" field. So all that we * need is a good prediction of how long we'll be idle. Like the traditional * menu governor, we take the actual known "next timer event" time. * * Since there are other source of wakeups (interrupts for example) than * the next timer event, this estimation is rather optimistic. To get a * more realistic estimate, a correction factor is applied to the estimate, * that is based on historic behavior. For example, if in the past the actual * duration always was 50% of the next timer tick, the correction factor will * be 0.5. * * menu uses a running average for this correction factor, but it uses a set of * factors, not just a single factor. This stems from the realization that the * ratio is dependent on the order of magnitude of the expected duration; if we * expect 500 milliseconds of idle time the likelihood of getting an interrupt * very early is much higher than if we expect 50 micro seconds of idle time. * For this reason, menu keeps an array of 6 independent factors, that gets * indexed based on the magnitude of the expected duration. * * Repeatable-interval-detector * ---------------------------- * There are some cases where "next timer" is a completely unusable predictor: * Those cases where the interval is fixed, for example due to hardware * interrupt mitigation, but also due to fixed transfer rate devices like mice. * For this, we use a different predictor: We track the duration of the last 8 * intervals and use them to estimate the duration of the next one.
*/
struct menu_device { int needs_update; int tick_wakeup;
/* * Try detecting repeating patterns by keeping track of the last 8 * intervals, and checking if the standard deviation of that set * of points is below a threshold. If it is... then use the * average of these 8 points as the estimated value.
*/ staticunsignedint get_typical_interval(struct menu_device *data)
{
s64 value, min_thresh = -1, max_thresh = UINT_MAX; unsignedint max, min, divisor;
u64 avg, variance, avg_sq; int i;
again: /* Compute the average and variance of past intervals. */
max = 0;
min = UINT_MAX;
avg = 0;
variance = 0;
divisor = 0; for (i = 0; i < INTERVALS; i++) {
value = data->intervals[i]; /* * Discard the samples outside the interval between the min and * max thresholds.
*/ if (value <= min_thresh || value >= max_thresh) continue;
/* * The typical interval is obtained when standard deviation is * small (stddev <= 20 us, variance <= 400 us^2) or standard * deviation is small compared to the average interval (avg > * 6*stddev, avg^2 > 36*variance). The average is smaller than * UINT_MAX aka U32_MAX, so computing its square does not * overflow a u64. We simply reject this candidate average if * the standard deviation is greater than 715 s (which is * rather unlikely). * * Use this result only if there is no timer to wake us up sooner.
*/ if (likely(variance <= U64_MAX/36)) { if ((avg_sq > variance * 36 && divisor * 4 >= INTERVALS * 3) ||
variance <= 400) return avg;
}
/* * If there are outliers, discard them by setting thresholds to exclude * data points at a large enough distance from the average, then * calculate the average and standard deviation again. Once we get * down to the last 3/4 of our samples, stop excluding samples. * * This can deal with workloads that have long pauses interspersed * with sporadic activity with a bunch of short pauses. * * However, if the number of remaining samples is too small to exclude * any more outliers, allow the deepest available idle state to be * selected because there are systems where the time spent by CPUs in * deep idle states is correlated to the maximum frequency the CPUs * can get to. On those systems, shallow idle states should be avoided * unless there is a clear indication that the given CPU is most likley * going to be woken up shortly.
*/ if (divisor * 4 <= INTERVALS * 3) return UINT_MAX;
/* Update the thresholds for the next round. */ if (avg - min > max - avg)
min_thresh = min; else
max_thresh = max;
goto again;
}
/** * menu_select - selects the next idle state to enter * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data * @dev: the CPU * @stop_tick: indication on whether or not to stop the tick
*/ staticint menu_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, bool *stop_tick)
{ struct menu_device *data = this_cpu_ptr(&menu_devices);
s64 latency_req = cpuidle_governor_latency_req(dev->cpu);
u64 predicted_ns;
ktime_t delta, delta_tick; int i, idx;
if (data->needs_update) {
menu_update(drv, dev);
data->needs_update = 0;
} elseif (!dev->last_residency_ns) { /* * This happens when the driver rejects the previously selected * idle state and returns an error, so update the recent * intervals table to prevent invalid information from being * used going forward.
*/
menu_update_intervals(data, UINT_MAX);
}
/* Find the shortest expected idle interval. */
predicted_ns = get_typical_interval(data) * NSEC_PER_USEC; if (predicted_ns > RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS) { unsignedint timer_us;
/* Determine the time till the closest timer. */
delta = tick_nohz_get_sleep_length(&delta_tick); if (unlikely(delta < 0)) {
delta = 0;
delta_tick = 0;
}
/* Round up the result for half microseconds. */
timer_us = div_u64((RESOLUTION * DECAY * NSEC_PER_USEC) / 2 +
data->next_timer_ns *
data->correction_factor[data->bucket],
RESOLUTION * DECAY * NSEC_PER_USEC); /* Use the lowest expected idle interval to pick the idle state. */
predicted_ns = min((u64)timer_us * NSEC_PER_USEC, predicted_ns);
} else { /* * Because the next timer event is not going to be determined * in this case, assume that without the tick the closest timer * will be in distant future and that the closest tick will occur * after 1/2 of the tick period.
*/
data->next_timer_ns = KTIME_MAX;
delta_tick = TICK_NSEC / 2;
data->bucket = BUCKETS - 1;
}
if (unlikely(drv->state_count <= 1 || latency_req == 0) ||
((data->next_timer_ns < drv->states[1].target_residency_ns ||
latency_req < drv->states[1].exit_latency_ns) &&
!dev->states_usage[0].disable)) { /* * In this case state[0] will be used no matter what, so return * it right away and keep the tick running if state[0] is a * polling one.
*/
*stop_tick = !(drv->states[0].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING); return 0;
}
/* * If the tick is already stopped, the cost of possible short idle * duration misprediction is much higher, because the CPU may be stuck * in a shallow idle state for a long time as a result of it. In that * case, say we might mispredict and use the known time till the closest * timer event for the idle state selection.
*/ if (tick_nohz_tick_stopped() && predicted_ns < TICK_NSEC)
predicted_ns = data->next_timer_ns;
/* * Find the idle state with the lowest power while satisfying * our constraints.
*/
idx = -1; for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i];
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue;
if (idx == -1)
idx = i; /* first enabled state */
if (s->exit_latency_ns > latency_req) break;
if (s->target_residency_ns <= predicted_ns) {
idx = i; continue;
}
/* * Use a physical idle state, not busy polling, unless a timer * is going to trigger soon enough or the exit latency of the * idle state in question is greater than the predicted idle * duration.
*/ if ((drv->states[idx].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING) &&
s->target_residency_ns <= data->next_timer_ns &&
s->exit_latency_ns <= predicted_ns) {
predicted_ns = s->target_residency_ns;
idx = i; break;
}
if (predicted_ns < TICK_NSEC) break;
if (!tick_nohz_tick_stopped()) { /* * If the state selected so far is shallow, waking up * early won't hurt, so retain the tick in that case and * let the governor run again in the next iteration of * the idle loop.
*/
predicted_ns = drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns; break;
}
/* * If the state selected so far is shallow and this state's * target residency matches the time till the closest timer * event, select this one to avoid getting stuck in the shallow * one for too long.
*/ if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns < TICK_NSEC &&
s->target_residency_ns <= delta_tick)
idx = i;
return idx;
}
if (idx == -1)
idx = 0; /* No states enabled. Must use 0. */
/* * Don't stop the tick if the selected state is a polling one or if the * expected idle duration is shorter than the tick period length.
*/ if (((drv->states[idx].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING) ||
predicted_ns < TICK_NSEC) && !tick_nohz_tick_stopped()) {
*stop_tick = false;
if (idx > 0 && drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > delta_tick) { /* * The tick is not going to be stopped and the target * residency of the state to be returned is not within * the time until the next timer event including the * tick, so try to correct that.
*/ for (i = idx - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue;
/** * menu_reflect - records that data structures need update * @dev: the CPU * @index: the index of actual entered state * * NOTE: it's important to be fast here because this operation will add to * the overall exit latency.
*/ staticvoid menu_reflect(struct cpuidle_device *dev, int index)
{ struct menu_device *data = this_cpu_ptr(&menu_devices);
/** * menu_update - attempts to guess what happened after entry * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data * @dev: the CPU
*/ staticvoid menu_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{ struct menu_device *data = this_cpu_ptr(&menu_devices); int last_idx = dev->last_state_idx; struct cpuidle_state *target = &drv->states[last_idx];
u64 measured_ns; unsignedint new_factor;
/* * Try to figure out how much time passed between entry to low * power state and occurrence of the wakeup event. * * If the entered idle state didn't support residency measurements, * we use them anyway if they are short, and if long, * truncate to the whole expected time. * * Any measured amount of time will include the exit latency. * Since we are interested in when the wakeup begun, not when it * was completed, we must subtract the exit latency. However, if * the measured amount of time is less than the exit latency, * assume the state was never reached and the exit latency is 0.
*/
if (data->tick_wakeup && data->next_timer_ns > TICK_NSEC) { /* * The nohz code said that there wouldn't be any events within * the tick boundary (if the tick was stopped), but the idle * duration predictor had a differing opinion. Since the CPU * was woken up by a tick (that wasn't stopped after all), the * predictor was not quite right, so assume that the CPU could * have been idle long (but not forever) to help the idle * duration predictor do a better job next time.
*/
measured_ns = 9 * MAX_INTERESTING / 10;
} elseif ((drv->states[last_idx].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING) &&
dev->poll_time_limit) { /* * The CPU exited the "polling" state due to a time limit, so * the idle duration prediction leading to the selection of that * state was inaccurate. If a better prediction had been made, * the CPU might have been woken up from idle by the next timer. * Assume that to be the case.
*/
measured_ns = data->next_timer_ns;
} else { /* measured value */
measured_ns = dev->last_residency_ns;
if (data->next_timer_ns > 0 && measured_ns < MAX_INTERESTING)
new_factor += div64_u64(RESOLUTION * measured_ns,
data->next_timer_ns); else /* * we were idle so long that we count it as a perfect * prediction
*/
new_factor += RESOLUTION;
/* * We don't want 0 as factor; we always want at least * a tiny bit of estimated time. Fortunately, due to rounding, * new_factor will stay nonzero regardless of measured_us values * and the compiler can eliminate this test as long as DECAY > 1.
*/ if (DECAY == 1 && unlikely(new_factor == 0))
new_factor = 1;
/** * menu_enable_device - scans a CPU's states and does setup * @drv: cpuidle driver * @dev: the CPU
*/ staticint menu_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{ struct menu_device *data = &per_cpu(menu_devices, dev->cpu); int i;
memset(data, 0, sizeof(struct menu_device));
/* * if the correction factor is 0 (eg first time init or cpu hotplug * etc), we actually want to start out with a unity factor.
*/ for(i = 0; i < BUCKETS; i++)
data->correction_factor[i] = RESOLUTION * DECAY;
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