// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library // for linear algebra. // // Copyright (C) 2008 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud@inria.fr> // Copyright (C) 2010,2012 Jitse Niesen <jitse@maths.leeds.ac.uk> // // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla // Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed // with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
/** \eigenvalues_module \ingroup Eigenvalues_Module * * * \class RealSchur * * \brief Performs a real Schur decomposition of a square matrix * * \tparam _MatrixType the type of the matrix of which we are computing the * real Schur decomposition; this is expected to be an instantiation of the * Matrix class template. * * Given a real square matrix A, this class computes the real Schur * decomposition: \f$ A = U T U^T \f$ where U is a real orthogonal matrix and * T is a real quasi-triangular matrix. An orthogonal matrix is a matrix whose * inverse is equal to its transpose, \f$ U^{-1} = U^T \f$. A quasi-triangular * matrix is a block-triangular matrix whose diagonal consists of 1-by-1 * blocks and 2-by-2 blocks with complex eigenvalues. The eigenvalues of the * blocks on the diagonal of T are the same as the eigenvalues of the matrix * A, and thus the real Schur decomposition is used in EigenSolver to compute * the eigendecomposition of a matrix. * * Call the function compute() to compute the real Schur decomposition of a * given matrix. Alternatively, you can use the RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) * constructor which computes the real Schur decomposition at construction * time. Once the decomposition is computed, you can use the matrixU() and * matrixT() functions to retrieve the matrices U and T in the decomposition. * * The documentation of RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) contains an example * of the typical use of this class. * * \note The implementation is adapted from * <a href="http://math.nist.gov/javanumerics/jama/">JAMA</a> (public domain). * Their code is based on EISPACK. * * \sa class ComplexSchur, class EigenSolver, class ComplexEigenSolver
*/ template<typename _MatrixType> class RealSchur
{ public: typedef _MatrixType MatrixType; enum {
RowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::RowsAtCompileTime,
ColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::ColsAtCompileTime,
Options = MatrixType::Options,
MaxRowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxRowsAtCompileTime,
MaxColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxColsAtCompileTime
}; typedeftypename MatrixType::Scalar Scalar; typedef std::complex<typename NumTraits<Scalar>::Real> ComplexScalar; typedef Eigen::Index Index; ///< \deprecated since Eigen 3.3
/** \brief Default constructor. * * \param [in] size Positive integer, size of the matrix whose Schur decomposition will be computed. * * The default constructor is useful in cases in which the user intends to * perform decompositions via compute(). The \p size parameter is only * used as a hint. It is not an error to give a wrong \p size, but it may * impair performance. * * \sa compute() for an example.
*/ explicit RealSchur(Index size = RowsAtCompileTime==Dynamic ? 1 : RowsAtCompileTime)
: m_matT(size, size),
m_matU(size, size),
m_workspaceVector(size),
m_hess(size),
m_isInitialized(false),
m_matUisUptodate(false),
m_maxIters(-1)
{ }
/** \brief Constructor; computes real Schur decomposition of given matrix. * * \param[in] matrix Square matrix whose Schur decomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] computeU If true, both T and U are computed; if false, only T is computed. * * This constructor calls compute() to compute the Schur decomposition. * * Example: \include RealSchur_RealSchur_MatrixType.cpp * Output: \verbinclude RealSchur_RealSchur_MatrixType.out
*/ template<typename InputType> explicit RealSchur(const EigenBase<InputType>& matrix, bool computeU = true)
: m_matT(matrix.rows(),matrix.cols()),
m_matU(matrix.rows(),matrix.cols()),
m_workspaceVector(matrix.rows()),
m_hess(matrix.rows()),
m_isInitialized(false),
m_matUisUptodate(false),
m_maxIters(-1)
{
compute(matrix.derived(), computeU);
}
/** \brief Returns the orthogonal matrix in the Schur decomposition. * * \returns A const reference to the matrix U. * * \pre Either the constructor RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) or the * member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before * to compute the Schur decomposition of a matrix, and \p computeU was set * to true (the default value). * * \sa RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) for an example
*/ const MatrixType& matrixU() const
{
eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "RealSchur is not initialized.");
eigen_assert(m_matUisUptodate && "The matrix U has not been computed during the RealSchur decomposition."); return m_matU;
}
/** \brief Returns the quasi-triangular matrix in the Schur decomposition. * * \returns A const reference to the matrix T. * * \pre Either the constructor RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) or the * member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before * to compute the Schur decomposition of a matrix. * * \sa RealSchur(const MatrixType&, bool) for an example
*/ const MatrixType& matrixT() const
{
eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "RealSchur is not initialized."); return m_matT;
}
/** \brief Computes Schur decomposition of given matrix. * * \param[in] matrix Square matrix whose Schur decomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] computeU If true, both T and U are computed; if false, only T is computed. * \returns Reference to \c *this * * The Schur decomposition is computed by first reducing the matrix to * Hessenberg form using the class HessenbergDecomposition. The Hessenberg * matrix is then reduced to triangular form by performing Francis QR * iterations with implicit double shift. The cost of computing the Schur * decomposition depends on the number of iterations; as a rough guide, it * may be taken to be \f$25n^3\f$ flops if \a computeU is true and * \f$10n^3\f$ flops if \a computeU is false. * * Example: \include RealSchur_compute.cpp * Output: \verbinclude RealSchur_compute.out * * \sa compute(const MatrixType&, bool, Index)
*/ template<typename InputType>
RealSchur& compute(const EigenBase<InputType>& matrix, bool computeU = true);
/** \brief Computes Schur decomposition of a Hessenberg matrix H = Z T Z^T * \param[in] matrixH Matrix in Hessenberg form H * \param[in] matrixQ orthogonal matrix Q that transform a matrix A to H : A = Q H Q^T * \param computeU Computes the matriX U of the Schur vectors * \return Reference to \c *this * * This routine assumes that the matrix is already reduced in Hessenberg form matrixH * using either the class HessenbergDecomposition or another mean. * It computes the upper quasi-triangular matrix T of the Schur decomposition of H * When computeU is true, this routine computes the matrix U such that * A = U T U^T = (QZ) T (QZ)^T = Q H Q^T where A is the initial matrix * * NOTE Q is referenced if computeU is true; so, if the initial orthogonal matrix * is not available, the user should give an identity matrix (Q.setIdentity()) * * \sa compute(const MatrixType&, bool)
*/ template<typename HessMatrixType, typename OrthMatrixType>
RealSchur& computeFromHessenberg(const HessMatrixType& matrixH, const OrthMatrixType& matrixQ, bool computeU); /** \brief Reports whether previous computation was successful. * * \returns \c Success if computation was successful, \c NoConvergence otherwise.
*/
ComputationInfo info() const
{
eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "RealSchur is not initialized."); return m_info;
}
/** \brief Sets the maximum number of iterations allowed. * * If not specified by the user, the maximum number of iterations is m_maxIterationsPerRow times the size * of the matrix.
*/
RealSchur& setMaxIterations(Index maxIters)
{
m_maxIters = maxIters; return *this;
}
/** \brief Returns the maximum number of iterations. */
Index getMaxIterations()
{ return m_maxIters;
}
/** \brief Maximum number of iterations per row. * * If not otherwise specified, the maximum number of iterations is this number times the size of the * matrix. It is currently set to 40.
*/ staticconstint m_maxIterationsPerRow = 40;
// Step 1. Reduce to Hessenberg form
m_hess.compute(matrix.derived()/scale);
// Step 2. Reduce to real Schur form // Note: we copy m_hess.matrixQ() into m_matU here and not in computeFromHessenberg // to be able to pass our working-space buffer for the Householder to Dense evaluation.
m_workspaceVector.resize(matrix.cols()); if(computeU)
m_hess.matrixQ().evalTo(m_matU, m_workspaceVector);
computeFromHessenberg(m_hess.matrixH(), m_matU, computeU);
Index maxIters = m_maxIters; if (maxIters == -1)
maxIters = m_maxIterationsPerRow * matrixH.rows();
Scalar* workspace = &m_workspaceVector.coeffRef(0);
// The matrix m_matT is divided in three parts. // Rows 0,...,il-1 are decoupled from the rest because m_matT(il,il-1) is zero. // Rows il,...,iu is the part we are working on (the active window). // Rows iu+1,...,end are already brought in triangular form.
Index iu = m_matT.cols() - 1;
Index iter = 0; // iteration count for current eigenvalue
Index totalIter = 0; // iteration count for whole matrix
Scalar exshift(0); // sum of exceptional shifts
Scalar norm = computeNormOfT(); // sub-diagonal entries smaller than considerAsZero will be treated as zero. // We use eps^2 to enable more precision in small eigenvalues.
Scalar considerAsZero = numext::maxi<Scalar>( norm * numext::abs2(NumTraits<Scalar>::epsilon()),
(std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::min)() );
if(norm!=Scalar(0))
{ while (iu >= 0)
{
Index il = findSmallSubdiagEntry(iu,considerAsZero);
// Check for convergence if (il == iu) // One root found
{
m_matT.coeffRef(iu,iu) = m_matT.coeff(iu,iu) + exshift; if (iu > 0)
m_matT.coeffRef(iu, iu-1) = Scalar(0);
iu--;
iter = 0;
} elseif (il == iu-1) // Two roots found
{
splitOffTwoRows(iu, computeU, exshift);
iu -= 2;
iter = 0;
} else// No convergence yet
{ // The firstHouseholderVector vector has to be initialized to something to get rid of a silly GCC warning (-O1 -Wall -DNDEBUG )
Vector3s firstHouseholderVector = Vector3s::Zero(), shiftInfo;
computeShift(iu, iter, exshift, shiftInfo);
iter = iter + 1;
totalIter = totalIter + 1; if (totalIter > maxIters) break;
Index im;
initFrancisQRStep(il, iu, shiftInfo, im, firstHouseholderVector);
performFrancisQRStep(il, im, iu, computeU, firstHouseholderVector, workspace);
}
}
} if(totalIter <= maxIters)
m_info = Success; else
m_info = NoConvergence;
/** \internal Computes and returns vector L1 norm of T */ template<typename MatrixType> inlinetypename MatrixType::Scalar RealSchur<MatrixType>::computeNormOfT()
{ const Index size = m_matT.cols(); // FIXME to be efficient the following would requires a triangular reduxion code // Scalar norm = m_matT.upper().cwiseAbs().sum() // + m_matT.bottomLeftCorner(size-1,size-1).diagonal().cwiseAbs().sum();
Scalar norm(0); for (Index j = 0; j < size; ++j)
norm += m_matT.col(j).segment(0, (std::min)(size,j+2)).cwiseAbs().sum(); return norm;
}
/** \internal Look for single small sub-diagonal element and returns its index */ template<typename MatrixType> inline Index RealSchur<MatrixType>::findSmallSubdiagEntry(Index iu, const Scalar& considerAsZero)
{ using std::abs;
Index res = iu; while (res > 0)
{
Scalar s = abs(m_matT.coeff(res-1,res-1)) + abs(m_matT.coeff(res,res));
s = numext::maxi<Scalar>(s * NumTraits<Scalar>::epsilon(), considerAsZero);
if (abs(m_matT.coeff(res,res-1)) <= s) break;
res--;
} return res;
}
/** \internal Update T given that rows iu-1 and iu decouple from the rest. */ template<typename MatrixType> inlinevoid RealSchur<MatrixType>::splitOffTwoRows(Index iu, bool computeU, const Scalar& exshift)
{ using std::sqrt; using std::abs; const Index size = m_matT.cols();
// The eigenvalues of the 2x2 matrix [a b; c d] are // trace +/- sqrt(discr/4) where discr = tr^2 - 4*det, tr = a + d, det = ad - bc
Scalar p = Scalar(0.5) * (m_matT.coeff(iu-1,iu-1) - m_matT.coeff(iu,iu));
Scalar q = p * p + m_matT.coeff(iu,iu-1) * m_matT.coeff(iu-1,iu); // q = tr^2 / 4 - det = discr/4
m_matT.coeffRef(iu,iu) += exshift;
m_matT.coeffRef(iu-1,iu-1) += exshift;
if (q >= Scalar(0)) // Two real eigenvalues
{
Scalar z = sqrt(abs(q));
JacobiRotation<Scalar> rot; if (p >= Scalar(0))
rot.makeGivens(p + z, m_matT.coeff(iu, iu-1)); else
rot.makeGivens(p - z, m_matT.coeff(iu, iu-1));
if (iu > 1)
m_matT.coeffRef(iu-1, iu-2) = Scalar(0);
}
/** \internal Form shift in shiftInfo, and update exshift if an exceptional shift is performed. */ template<typename MatrixType> inlinevoid RealSchur<MatrixType>::computeShift(Index iu, Index iter, Scalar& exshift, Vector3s& shiftInfo)
{ using std::sqrt; using std::abs;
shiftInfo.coeffRef(0) = m_matT.coeff(iu,iu);
shiftInfo.coeffRef(1) = m_matT.coeff(iu-1,iu-1);
shiftInfo.coeffRef(2) = m_matT.coeff(iu,iu-1) * m_matT.coeff(iu-1,iu);
// Wilkinson's original ad hoc shift if (iter == 10)
{
exshift += shiftInfo.coeff(0); for (Index i = 0; i <= iu; ++i)
m_matT.coeffRef(i,i) -= shiftInfo.coeff(0);
Scalar s = abs(m_matT.coeff(iu,iu-1)) + abs(m_matT.coeff(iu-1,iu-2));
shiftInfo.coeffRef(0) = Scalar(0.75) * s;
shiftInfo.coeffRef(1) = Scalar(0.75) * s;
shiftInfo.coeffRef(2) = Scalar(-0.4375) * s * s;
}
// MATLAB's new ad hoc shift if (iter == 30)
{
Scalar s = (shiftInfo.coeff(1) - shiftInfo.coeff(0)) / Scalar(2.0);
s = s * s + shiftInfo.coeff(2); if (s > Scalar(0))
{
s = sqrt(s); if (shiftInfo.coeff(1) < shiftInfo.coeff(0))
s = -s;
s = s + (shiftInfo.coeff(1) - shiftInfo.coeff(0)) / Scalar(2.0);
s = shiftInfo.coeff(0) - shiftInfo.coeff(2) / s;
exshift += s; for (Index i = 0; i <= iu; ++i)
m_matT.coeffRef(i,i) -= s;
shiftInfo.setConstant(Scalar(0.964));
}
}
}
/** \internal Compute index im at which Francis QR step starts and the first Householder vector. */ template<typename MatrixType> inlinevoid RealSchur<MatrixType>::initFrancisQRStep(Index il, Index iu, const Vector3s& shiftInfo, Index& im, Vector3s& firstHouseholderVector)
{ using std::abs;
Vector3s& v = firstHouseholderVector; // alias to save typing
for (im = iu-2; im >= il; --im)
{ const Scalar Tmm = m_matT.coeff(im,im); const Scalar r = shiftInfo.coeff(0) - Tmm; const Scalar s = shiftInfo.coeff(1) - Tmm;
v.coeffRef(0) = (r * s - shiftInfo.coeff(2)) / m_matT.coeff(im+1,im) + m_matT.coeff(im,im+1);
v.coeffRef(1) = m_matT.coeff(im+1,im+1) - Tmm - r - s;
v.coeffRef(2) = m_matT.coeff(im+2,im+1); if (im == il) { break;
} const Scalar lhs = m_matT.coeff(im,im-1) * (abs(v.coeff(1)) + abs(v.coeff(2))); const Scalar rhs = v.coeff(0) * (abs(m_matT.coeff(im-1,im-1)) + abs(Tmm) + abs(m_matT.coeff(im+1,im+1))); if (abs(lhs) < NumTraits<Scalar>::epsilon() * rhs) break;
}
}
/** \internal Perform a Francis QR step involving rows il:iu and columns im:iu. */ template<typename MatrixType> inlinevoid RealSchur<MatrixType>::performFrancisQRStep(Index il, Index im, Index iu, boolcomputeU, const Vector3s& firstHouseholderVector, Scalar* workspace)
{
eigen_assert(im >= il);
eigen_assert(im <= iu-2);
const Index size = m_matT.cols();
for (Index k = im; k <= iu-2; ++k)
{ bool firstIteration = (k == im);
Vector3s v; if (firstIteration)
v = firstHouseholderVector; else
v = m_matT.template block<3,1>(k,k-1);
if (beta != Scalar(0)) // if v is not zero
{ if (firstIteration && k > il)
m_matT.coeffRef(k,k-1) = -m_matT.coeff(k,k-1); elseif (!firstIteration)
m_matT.coeffRef(k,k-1) = beta;
// These Householder transformations form the O(n^3) part of the algorithm
m_matT.block(k, k, 3, size-k).applyHouseholderOnTheLeft(ess, tau, workspace);
m_matT.block(0, k, (std::min)(iu,k+3) + 1, 3).applyHouseholderOnTheRight(ess, tau, workspace); if (computeU)
m_matU.block(0, k, size, 3).applyHouseholderOnTheRight(ess, tau, workspace);
}
}
if (beta != Scalar(0)) // if v is not zero
{
m_matT.coeffRef(iu-1, iu-2) = beta;
m_matT.block(iu-1, iu-1, 2, size-iu+1).applyHouseholderOnTheLeft(ess, tau, workspace);
m_matT.block(0, iu-1, iu+1, 2).applyHouseholderOnTheRight(ess, tau, workspace); if (computeU)
m_matU.block(0, iu-1, size, 2).applyHouseholderOnTheRight(ess, tau, workspace);
}
// clean up pollution due to round-off errors for (Index i = im+2; i <= iu; ++i)
{
m_matT.coeffRef(i,i-2) = Scalar(0); if (i > im+2)
m_matT.coeffRef(i,i-3) = Scalar(0);
}
}
} // end namespace Eigen
#endif// EIGEN_REAL_SCHUR_H
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