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<h1>GAP - Reference Manual</h1>

<p>Release 4.15.1, 2025-10-18</p>

</div>
<p><b>The GAP Group
    
    
  </b>
<br />Email: <span class="URL"><a href="mailto:support@gap-system.org">support@gap-system.org</a></span>
<br />Homepage: <span class="URL"><a href="https://www.gap-system.org">https://www.gap-system.org</a></span>
</p>

<p><a id="X81488B807F2A1CF1" name="X81488B807F2A1CF1"></a></p>
<h3>Copyright</h3>
<p>Copyright © (1987-2025) for the core part of the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> system by the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> Group.</p>

<p>Most parts of this distribution, including the core part of the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> system are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 2, see <span class="URL"><a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html</a></span> or the <code class="file">LICENSE</code> file in the root directory of the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> installation.</p>

<p>More detailed information about copyright and licenses of parts of this distribution can be found in Section <a href="chap1.html#X7950EFA183E3F666"><span class="RefLink">1.4</span></a> of this manual.</p>

<p><strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> has been developed over a long time and has many authors and contributors. More detailed information can be found in Section <a href="chap1.html#X877A62A1781C2147"><span class="RefLink">1.2</span></a> of this manual.</p>

<p><a id="X8537FEB07AF2BEC8" name="X8537FEB07AF2BEC8"></a></p>

<div class="contents">
<h3>Contents<a id="contents" name="contents"></a></h3>

<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap1.html#X874E1D45845007FE">1 <span class="Heading">Preface</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1.html#X863F306C7D32F4B0">1.1 <span class="Heading">The <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> System</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1.html#X877A62A1781C2147">1.2 <span class="Heading">Authors and Maintainers</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1.html#X82A988D47DFAFCFA">1.3 <span class="Heading">Acknowledgements</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1.html#X7950EFA183E3F666">1.4 <span class="Heading">Copyright and License</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap1.html#X7BF552C07E2F8F7C">1.5 <span class="Heading">Further Information about <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong></span></a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap2.html#X8755A2C67B197C63">2 <span class="Heading">The Help System</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap2.html#X7E2C53D2844DD8C3">2.1 <span class="Heading">Invoking the Help</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap2.html#X7BE8068878B7D7D1">2.2 <span class="Heading">Browsing through the Sections</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap2.html#X863FF9087EDA8DF9">2.3 <span class="Heading">Changing the Help Viewer</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap2.html#X87C1BFB2826488B0">2.3-1 SetHelpViewer</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap2.html#X84AFFC817B282359">2.4 <span class="Heading">The Pager Command</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap2.html#X7ED03E41792C3840">2.4-1 Pager</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap3.html#X79CCD3A6821E5A37">3 <span class="Heading">Running GAP</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X782751D5858A6EAF">3.1 <span class="Heading">Command Line Options</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X7FD66F977A3B02DF">3.2 <span class="Heading">The gap.ini and gaprc files</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X87DF11C885E73583">3.2-1 <span class="Heading">The gap.ini file</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X84D4CF587D437C00">3.2-2 <span class="Heading">The gaprc file</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X7B0AD104839B6C3C">3.2-3 <span class="Heading">Configuring User preferences</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X7F1DF6757B248014">3.2-4 DeclareUserPreference</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X870A11E7864F9CA7">3.2-5 <span class="Heading">User Preferences Defined by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong></span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X7CB282757ACB1C09">3.3 <span class="Heading">Saving and Loading a Workspace</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X876544A57C73C488">3.3-1 SaveWorkspace</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X83BF07587F2CC6CD">3.4 <span class="Heading">Testing for the System Architecture</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X7C825AF087A27884">3.4-1 ARCH_IS_UNIX</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X82A6893A7EC8FA72">3.4-2 ARCH_IS_MAC_OS_X</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X7A14B659847B8627">3.4-3 ARCH_IS_WINDOWS</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X87E7CC3B8395BBB3">3.4-4 ARCH_IS_WSL</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X8719B2118511645F">3.5 <span class="Heading">Global Values that Control the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> Session</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X8354754E7935F935">3.5-1 GAPInfo</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap3.html#X818F2DDC863C381E">3.6 <span class="Heading">Coloring the Prompt and Input</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap3.html#X84F3481C8466C7FC">3.6-1 ColorPrompt</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap4.html#X7FE7C0C17E1ED118">4 <span class="Heading">The Programming Language</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7B5FF6827DFBDF20">4.1 <span class="Heading">Language Overview</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X80A85A707B6F4BE7">4.2 <span class="Heading">Lexical Structure</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7E90E6607F4E4943">4.3 <span class="Heading">Symbols</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7C53CEFC8641B919">4.4 <span class="Heading">Whitespaces</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X87506BDC7D5F789E">4.5 <span class="Heading">Keywords</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X860313A179A5163F">4.6 <span class="Heading">Identifiers</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X85CF993B7D19F2C4">4.6-1 IsValidIdentifier</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X839A7F8E84BBCA57">4.6-2 <span class="Heading">Conventions about Identifiers</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7BAFE9C1817253C6">4.7 <span class="Heading">Expressions</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7A4C2D0E7E286B4F">4.8 <span class="Heading">Variables</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X842B89D4860FD5DB">4.8-1 IsBound</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7BABB3E77F52626C">4.8-2 Unbind</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X816FBEEA85782EC2">4.9 <span class="Heading">More About Global Variables</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7CD3523B84744EB2">4.9-1 IsReadOnlyGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X850CE44478254F27">4.9-2 MakeReadOnlyGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X832AAF13861968BE">4.9-3 MakeReadWriteGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X847706237E72418F">4.9-4 MakeConstantGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X84BB4B1E872849FF">4.9-5 ValueGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X823D4BC378395B32">4.9-6 IsBoundGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X829A5F0E811F77D3">4.9-7 UnbindGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7D39D3E17CF49F5B">4.9-8 BindGlobal</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X876A6EB68745A510">4.9-9 NamesGVars</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7E604AF579A7BC92">4.9-10 NamesSystemGVars</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X870169447AF490D8">4.9-11 NamesUserGVars</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7DF8774F7D542298">4.10 <span class="Heading">Namespaces for <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> packages</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X815F71EA7BC0EB6F">4.11 <span class="Heading">Function</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X78C70489791FDF43">4.12 <span class="Heading">Function Calls</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X80B93A9C7E0A57F4">4.12-1 <span class="Heading">Function Call With Arguments</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X867D54987EF86D1D">4.12-2 <span class="Heading">Function Call With Options</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7A274A1F8553B7E6">4.13 <span class="Heading">Comparisons</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X7B66C8707B5DE10A">4.14 <span class="Heading">Arithmetic Operators</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X8543285D87361BE6">4.15 <span class="Heading">Statements</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7E6A50307F4D3FAE">4.15-1 <span class="Heading">Assignments</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X825803DE78251DA6">4.15-2 <span class="Heading">Procedure Calls</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X875000188622700D">4.15-3 <span class="Heading">If</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X87AA46408783383F">4.15-4 <span class="Heading">While</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X8295CBF47FAA05C9">4.15-5 <span class="Heading">Repeat</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X78783E777867638A">4.15-6 <span class="Heading">For</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7B60C6127E183021">4.15-7 <span class="Heading">Break</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X7CCBA2247AA366BD">4.15-8 <span class="Heading">Continue</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X812C6ABC7A182E9E">4.15-9 <span class="Heading">Return (With or without Value)</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4.html#X8732D9257FFCEA1B">4.16 <span class="Heading">Syntax Trees</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap4.html#X81558D66810BEA67">4.16-1 SyntaxTree</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap5.html#X86FA580F8055B274">5 <span class="Heading">Functions</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X870553EF8605792F">5.1 <span class="Heading">Information about a function</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X79C3BDC4781FA0FD">5.1-1 NameFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X877F03F77FD74C98">5.1-2 NumberArgumentsFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X818BAB817A4FB346">5.1-3 NamesLocalVariablesFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X80E108C57F90FAA3">5.1-4 FilenameFunc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X7FF7643781D2C194">5.1-5 StartlineFunc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X844F95767C74834F">5.1-6 LocationFunc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X845A929B83D46E01">5.1-7 PageSource</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X851B58408520700D">5.2 <span class="Heading">Calling a function with a list argument that is interpreted as
several arguments</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X7CF4DDB97D65AE52">5.2-1 CallFuncList</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X83066E5A80B5FB71">5.3 <span class="Heading">Wrapping a function, so the values produced are cached</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X817ED3B280A64601">5.3-1 MemoizePosIntFunction</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X7EB0A85F7D128BE0">5.4 <span class="Heading">Functions that do nothing</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X7DB422A2876CCC4D">5.4-1 ReturnTrue</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X7C131FB17D7518FC">5.4-2 ReturnFalse</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X7A0994DE7C258E55">5.4-3 ReturnFail</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X818EA8C47B46A634">5.4-4 ReturnNothing</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X8788D7D780FCE169">5.4-5 ReturnFirst</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X810325697BDEF899">5.4-6 IdFunc</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X80FE39D27CE3DE1B">5.5 <span class="Heading">Function Types</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X85E40340806C2B8C">5.5-1 IsFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap5.html#X87838FE885A9AAF9">5.5-2 FunctionsFamily</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X81F732457F7BC851">5.6 <span class="Heading">Naming Conventions</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5.html#X7A1721CD79F08E71">5.7 <span class="Heading">Code annotations (pragmas)</span></a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap6.html#X7DB71A2A841CADA5">6 <span class="Heading">Main Loop and Break Loop</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X81667F568237B232">6.1 <span class="Heading">Main Loop</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X866092F281910B74">6.2 <span class="Heading">Special Rules for Input Lines</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X8074A8387C9DB9A8">6.3 <span class="Heading">View and Print</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X8082880F824292E9">6.3-1 <span class="Heading">Default delegations in the library</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X87D445D37B31DADB">6.3-2 <span class="Heading">Recommendations for the implementation</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X851902C583B84CDC">6.3-3 View</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7AFA64D97A1F39A3">6.3-4 Print</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X815BF22186FD43C9">6.3-5 ViewObj</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X83A5C59278E13248">6.3-6 Display</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X87E546E27A1F1FAB">6.3-7 SetNameObject</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X8593B49F8705B486">6.4 <span class="Heading">Break Loops</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X83033EEB81CF4F49">6.4-1 <span class="Heading">quit from a break loop</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7A388B808167FE09">6.4-2 <span class="Heading">return from a break loop</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X82EBF01181C3C859">6.4-3 OnBreak</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X80711C807C99C220">6.4-4 OnBreakMessage</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7A7FFA2B7C1EF5A3">6.4-5 Where</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7EE5CF2C8419F061">6.5 <span class="Heading">Variable Access in a Break Loop</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X79E66DA2875303B0">6.5-1 <span class="Heading">DownEnv and UpEnv</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7BC8D2E37ADE9062">6.6 <span class="Heading">Error and ErrorCount</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7E7AD8D87EBA1A08">6.6-1 Error</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7A5C000D7E4984DD">6.6-2 ErrorNoReturn</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X86A11BCC7FECEEA4">6.6-3 ErrorCount</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X83704B1080FD9B40">6.7 <span class="Heading">Leaving GAP</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7ECC75048583853B">6.7-1 QUIT</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X838B50A9790DE55B">6.7-2 GapExitCode</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7AB1567987922580">6.7-3 QuitGap</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X85A8DD6B7A20DD89">6.7-4 ForceQuitGap</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7A2C380986F46FEE">6.7-5 InstallAtExit</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X843C07A4869EAA1D">6.7-6 SaveOnExitFile</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X82234FD181899530">6.8 <span class="Heading">Line Editing</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7AD8D65F7BA1C3E0">6.9 <span class="Heading">Editing using the <code class="code">readline</code> library</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7C38F9E0783D9442">6.9-1 <span class="Heading">Readline customization</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X846C3DED84AD7593">6.9-2 <span class="Heading">The command line history</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7C1F4D04861C1197">6.9-3 SaveCommandLineHistory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X87D4EA197A263FB7">6.9-4 <span class="Heading">Writing your own command line editing functions</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7D8E1CF47E97A764">6.10 <span class="Heading">Editing Files</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X82E5859C8113BA4D">6.10-1 Edit</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X7B67FF1E87FE67D1">6.11 <span class="Heading">Editor Support</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X83279E897ACCFFFA">6.12 <span class="Heading">Changing the Screen Size</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X8723E0A1837894F3">6.12-1 SizeScreen</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap6.html#X87847E5087D6F47D">6.13 <span class="Heading">Teaching Mode</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap6.html#X7BE2515F82425404">6.13-1 TeachingMode</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap7.html#X8345F6817DFD6394">7 <span class="Heading">Debugging and Profiling Facilities</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X83C45B0A797AAF96">7.1 <span class="Heading">Recovery from NoMethodFound-Errors</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X86B5FEC67A9394DC">7.1-1 ShowArguments</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X834BD9928773DCC1">7.1-2 ShowArgument</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7D25D904800D5CBA">7.1-3 ShowDetails</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7F6996CA872478B8">7.1-4 ShowMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7E5E2E7B85029E34">7.1-5 ShowOtherMethods</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X7FDA1D4B87BD25A8">7.2 <span class="Heading">Inspecting Applicable Methods</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X80848FF486BD6F9F">7.2-1 ApplicableMethod</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X7D43A2D885B37739">7.3 <span class="Heading">Tracing Methods</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X80B044017C9E4137">7.3-1 TraceMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7D34CADB813A4AF1">7.3-2 TraceAllMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7EB04D387C53E4C1">7.3-3 UntraceMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7B3018AA82D55949">7.3-4 UntraceAllMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X81078D3387A38E31">7.3-5 TraceImmediateMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X81B000CF86BA1534">7.3-6 TraceInternalMethods</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X7A9C902479CB6F7C">7.4 <span class="Heading">Info Functions</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7AA1A1CF79F20790">7.4-1 NewInfoClass</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7B3709C584B3DA1E">7.4-2 DeclareInfoClass</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7A43B9E68765EE9E">7.4-3 SetInfoLevel</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7B2ADC37783104B9">7.4-4 InfoLevel</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7BA636EF80A1435A">7.4-5 ShowUsedInfoClasses</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X864E4B6886E2697D">7.4-6 Info</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X800234B5815CAC97">7.4-7 <span class="Heading">Customizing <code class="func">Info</code> (<a href="chap7.html#X864E4B6886E2697D"><span class="RefLink">7.4-6</span></a>) statements</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7A28F77C82D6A3E0">7.4-8 InfoWarning</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X86425F067FC63A4C">7.5 <span class="Heading">Assertions</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7C7596418423660B">7.5-1 SetAssertionLevel</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X876C83707F13A0FD">7.5-2 AssertionLevel</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X830E443284780FB9">7.5-3 Assert</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X792BA9A67E64CDED">7.6 <span class="Heading">Timing</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X80355C9282B35673">7.6-1 Runtimes</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7E32B27F81870D24">7.6-2 Runtime</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X844E1CFE80F41760">7.6-3 NanosecondsSinceEpoch</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7C0F91F982189624">7.6-4 time</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7B543F357C7202CF">7.6-5 Sleep</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X844CB04081A771FB">7.7 <span class="Heading">Tracking Memory Usage</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X8077B50B844C4EFC">7.7-1 TotalMemoryAllocated</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X8156D7208591460F">7.7-2 memory_allocated</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X7FDF923D7D2937A1">7.8 <span class="Heading">Profiling</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7939F6F182FDA5F1">7.8-1 <span class="Heading">Function Profiling</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X79D6CB927BBEB940">7.8-2 ProfileGlobalFunctions</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7C893F68841B990B">7.8-3 ProfileOperations</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X79D41E977DCA2BEE">7.8-4 ProfileOperationsAndMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X81E8A8627C34FD3B">7.8-5 ProfileFunctions</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X79D394EC7BE8D008">7.8-6 UnprofileFunctions</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X787AC3BE7F991344">7.8-7 ProfileMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X87A05F977F033693">7.8-8 UnprofileMethods</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X80FEA6A08775A48E">7.8-9 DisplayProfile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7DAF9AB9793AE203">7.8-10 ClearProfile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7C5CE32579891120">7.8-11 <span class="Heading">An Example of Function Profiling</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X812F9CE0817110EA">7.8-12 <span class="Heading">Line By Line Profiling</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7E9C65B17B8EF993">7.8-13 <span class="Heading">Line by Line profiling example</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X86557887796F66FA">7.8-14 ProfileLineByLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X87CC48807DB4C008">7.8-15 CoverageLineByLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7C5DED9C7CC77504">7.8-16 UnprofileLineByLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7B705B2D8670A9C5">7.8-17 UncoverageLineByLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7823C83D79B36D3B">7.8-18 IsLineByLineProfileActive</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X83D8A42B7BB92F5B">7.8-19 DisplayCacheStats</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X79C58704838232CC">7.8-20 ClearCacheStats</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X7EE874867C0BEEDD">7.9 <span class="Heading">Information about the version used</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X801051CC86594630">7.10 <span class="Heading">Test Files</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X8213757B7ACC76E6">7.10-1 <span class="Heading">Starting and stopping test</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X87712F9D8732193C">7.10-2 Test</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X87AF67528799481F">7.10-3 TestDirectory</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X85FF55448787CCA0">7.11 <span class="Heading">Debugging Recursion</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7D8968FC7E24A4E5">7.11-1 SetRecursionTrapInterval</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap7.html#X85679F17791D9B63">7.12 <span class="Heading">Global Memory Information</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7F1F741D7F0899D1">7.12-1 <span class="Heading">Garbage Collection</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X7848AB367F3A1221">7.12-2 CollectGarbage</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X836977DE80416F3D">7.12-3 GasmanStatistics</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X85327FA5872E0356">7.12-4 GasmanMessageStatus</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap7.html#X80C683247E94769F">7.12-5 GasmanLimits</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap8.html#X7FD84061873F72A2">8 <span class="Heading">Options Stack</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap8.html#X794C5B5A80203CF9">8.1 <span class="Heading">Functions Dealing with the Options Stack</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X7D4939FF7FB37FBE">8.1-1 PushOptions</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X7818A5278679FD43">8.1-2 PopOptions</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X83D1190984DA3B85">8.1-3 ResetOptionsStack</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X78D87D1081BF99FE">8.1-4 OnQuit</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X7F9373AD7DB88D1F">8.1-5 ValueOption</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X7EDA4EB67D43FE33">8.1-6 DisplayOptionsStack</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap8.html#X832F41187B150C19">8.1-7 InfoOptions</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap8.html#X7BB781647CAAE9B4">8.2 <span class="Heading">Options Stack – an Example</span></a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap9.html#X82BCD4297920C903">9 <span class="Heading">Files and Filenames</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X83D8AAA484EE95D9">9.1 <span class="Heading">Portability</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X87D278437A916905">9.1-1 LastSystemError</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X7A4973627A5DB27D">9.2 <span class="Heading">GAP Root Directories</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X8223D52E78AF4420">9.3 <span class="Heading">GAP Package Directories</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X85030B35865A1080">9.4 <span class="Heading">Directories</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X82B3E24683942597">9.4-1 IsDirectory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X86A71E927EEC7EAD">9.4-2 Directory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X8222B1A886E6195E">9.4-3 DirectoryTemporary</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7BAD8036849E8430">9.4-4 DirectoryCurrent</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X81DDD2E87F68E086">9.4-5 ChangeDirectoryCurrent</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X87ED469A85343A3C">9.4-6 DirectoriesLibrary</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X808E2C187DD984B4">9.4-7 DirectoriesSystemPrograms</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7B225E5282534EDA">9.4-8 DirectoryContents</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X86F4A32C83B82369">9.4-9 DirectoryDesktop</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7B0D818A808A3481">9.4-10 DirectoryHome</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X8545E03E7D651456">9.5 <span class="Heading">File Names</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7E352E1F87060602">9.5-1 <span class="Heading">Filename</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X86C7683E7A2A2146">9.5-2 PathSystemProgram</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X85EC7D9087C481B0">9.6 <span class="Heading">Special Filenames</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X87271FEF86A6A0F9">9.7 <span class="Heading">File Access</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X8269697A7B927AF1">9.7-1 IsExistingFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7E156EC886E11BBC">9.7-2 IsReadableFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X8412F485796B25F5">9.7-3 IsWritableFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X83A1AAD58435FC4C">9.7-4 IsExecutableFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7D1BE00F83C4EEE8">9.7-5 IsDirectoryPath</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap9.html#X81A0A4FF842B039B">9.8 <span class="Heading">File Operations</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X8373AC6B7D5F9167">9.8-1 Read</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7824CB7D7D4BAFBC">9.8-2 ReadAsFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X86956C577FFEE1F9">9.8-3 <span class="Heading">PrintTo and AppendTo</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X79813A6686894960">9.8-4 <span class="Heading">LogTo</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7CAB119378B075B7">9.8-5 <span class="Heading">InputLogTo</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7A5591D87EAFA6CC">9.8-6 <span class="Heading">OutputLogTo</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X8241CEAD80415BB9">9.8-7 CrcFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X7E63ACA38142BE96">9.8-8 RemoveFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X83F3B0337C7EA5CC">9.8-9 UserHomeExpand</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap9.html#X79EE267A7FAF28A6">9.8-10 Reread</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap10.html#X839725177BF8B5B4">10 <span class="Heading">Streams</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X7F89070B7CF52DE0">10.1 <span class="Heading">Categories for Streams and the StreamsFamily</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7E974B96785E91A8">10.1-1 IsStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7FE4096F8497B7F2">10.1-2 IsClosedStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7FB4391283847C3A">10.1-3 IsInputStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7C8956BB7FE2A89C">10.1-4 IsInputTextStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7DCD6ADC86CF2472">10.1-5 IsInputTextNone</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7D357CA07E7B1E78">10.1-6 IsOutputStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X8248B8A4844CB8AB">10.1-7 IsOutputTextStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7C89CDD47E33E741">10.1-8 IsOutputTextNone</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7F0F9DD47DE16DAB">10.1-9 StreamsFamily</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X8461F4DF7FC20C4B">10.2 <span class="Heading">Operations applicable to All Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X786E5520803FDE00">10.2-1 CloseStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7F0459287E717456">10.2-2 FileDescriptorOfStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X87BC257A78F96828">10.2-3 UNIXSelect</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X7D1D33A587BFD93D">10.3 <span class="Heading">Operations for Input Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7A5DC83D7E295568">10.3-1 Read</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7D62F2877F0E45A7">10.3-2 ReadAsFunction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X79E1E6A57AE58BB8">10.3-3 ReadByte</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7D2CA44C7D110C4F">10.3-4 ReadLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X85C603D7867430D0">10.3-5 ReadAll</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X81D4FB097F631A79">10.3-6 IsEndOfStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7B646FA3860521D1">10.3-7 PositionStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7A777E1186EB330B">10.3-8 RewindStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7A60AD8C7E0D0507">10.3-9 SeekPositionStream</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X7F454EB286947C85">10.4 <span class="Heading">Operations for Output Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7D37C7A07E9C319C">10.4-1 WriteByte</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X79FA85498596CC99">10.4-2 WriteLine</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X78C113917936058D">10.4-3 WriteAll</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7F4E090C86AACCF7">10.4-4 <span class="Heading">PrintTo and AppendTo (for streams)</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7BF4E44C7D51E085">10.4-5 LogTo</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7B843516796B2A18">10.4-6 InputLogTo</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X834A6DD17B0E2062">10.4-7 OutputLogTo</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X8663FCD57E8BC390">10.4-8 SetPrintFormattingStatus</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X80B5F2E4856D8980">10.5 <span class="Heading">File Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X8343D04981128784">10.5-1 InputTextFile</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X83F53291822B7126">10.5-2 OutputTextFile</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X808348977A05477A">10.6 <span class="Heading">User Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X83531E4C7C53544F">10.6-1 InputTextUser</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X83E5FC9487766297">10.6-2 OutputTextUser</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7DAF5B7085F4F893">10.6-3 InputFromUser</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X8028E1D87CE2F059">10.7 <span class="Heading">String Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7ABABCDF7ED81F7F">10.7-1 InputTextString</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7FEDA5167979B74D">10.7-2 OutputTextString</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X8563EF8387236417">10.8 <span class="Heading">Input-Output Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X82822D3D8339F635">10.8-1 IsInputOutputStream</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X820799A3824684AC">10.8-2 InputOutputLocalProcess</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7CDF48447E823977">10.8-3 ReadAllLine</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X8724699C7D67BA47">10.9 <span class="Heading">Dummy Streams</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7C732324806716C6">10.9-1 InputTextNone</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X7CC5C1FC81715E38">10.9-2 OutputTextNone</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X7CB5832F8721ADF3">10.10 <span class="Heading">Handling of Streams in the Background</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X81FB42517E3EA96D">10.10-1 InstallCharReadHookFunc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X8492474C7A0B10AD">10.10-2 UnInstallCharReadHookFunc</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X848DD7DC79363341">10.11 <span class="Heading">Comma separated files</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X86FDC1EF82CAD2DA">10.11-1 ReadCSV</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X8779DAC585E05A47">10.11-2 PrintCSV</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap10.html#X87396F857ADA3F97">10.12 <span class="Heading">Opening files in the Operating System</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap10.html#X86B98E287AD42BE8">10.12-1 OpenExternal</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap11.html#X7882133B7BDD51BC">11 <span class="Heading">Processes</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap11.html#X8390266186E61CCE">11.1 <span class="Heading">Process and Exec</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap11.html#X7B09033178D1107A">11.1-1 Process</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap11.html#X81402C91833986FC">11.1-2 Exec</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap12.html#X86710F997832ABA4">12 <span class="Heading">Objects and Elements</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X78497E777FB3E402">12.1 <span class="Heading">Objects</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7B130AC98415CAFB">12.1-1 IsObject</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X780C66027A49D110">12.2 <span class="Heading">Elements as equivalence classes</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X83BE0C20875DD285">12.3 <span class="Heading">Sets</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X7BAF69417BB925F6">12.4 <span class="Heading">Domains</span></a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X84545F3985C60F5B">12.5 <span class="Heading">Identical Objects</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7961183378DFB902">12.5-1 IsIdenticalObj</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X811976EC78EC5E29">12.5-2 IsNotIdenticalObj</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X7F0C119682196D65">12.6 <span class="Heading">Mutability and Copyability</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X811EFD727EBD1ADC">12.6-1 IsCopyable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7999AD1D7A4F1F46">12.6-2 IsMutable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7F0ABF2C870B0CBB">12.6-3 Immutable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X80CE136D804097C7">12.6-4 MakeImmutable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7FBA5F4D7C6872BD">12.6-5 <span class="Heading">Mutability of Iterators</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7ADB82997A16E853">12.6-6 <span class="Heading">Mutability of Results of Arithmetic Operations</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X786B942B82D684BD">12.7 <span class="Heading">Duplication of Objects</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X846BC7107C352031">12.7-1 ShallowCopy</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7C1E70587EBDD2CB">12.7-2 StructuralCopy</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap12.html#X86E7193D848C53FC">12.8 <span class="Heading">Other Operations Applicable to any Object</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X85D6D47B83BD02A1">12.8-1 SetName</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7F14EF9D81432113">12.8-2 Name</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X871562FD7F982C12">12.8-3 InfoText</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7F6C5C3287E8B816">12.8-4 IsInternallyConsistent</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap12.html#X7F4D216B7DF7BE9D">12.8-5 MemoryUsage</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="ContChap"><a href="chap13.html#X7E8202627B421DB1">13 <span class="Heading">Types of Objects</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap13.html#X846063757EC05986">13.1 <span class="Heading">Families</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7CF70EAC84284919">13.1-1 FamilyObj</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7FB4123E7E22137D">13.1-2 NewFamily</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap13.html#X84EFA4C07D4277BB">13.2 <span class="Heading">Filters</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X82E62B997C05E05E">13.2-1 RankFilter</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7A78ECC67E2C9D78">13.2-2 NamesFilter</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7F6645D87DD26CF0">13.2-3 FilterByName</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7F9568A67F3840DE">13.2-4 ShowImpliedFilters</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X836FAA18861BE387">13.2-5 FiltersType</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap13.html#X7CC6903E78F24167">13.3 <span class="Heading">Categories</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X792A23BF82BDF66B">13.3-1 IsCategory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X85C6EB707A406A5A">13.3-2 CategoriesOfObject</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X85D07C3E7F4D4043">13.3-3 CategoryByName</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X87F68F887B44DBBD">13.3-4 NewCategory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X879DE2A17A6C6E92">13.3-5 DeclareCategory</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X787BACEE7937EF01">13.3-6 CategoryFamily</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap13.html#X8698205F8648EB33">13.4 <span class="Heading">Representation</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X805F1C3B7C730062">13.4-1 <span class="Heading">Basic Representations of Objects</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X86D42C7783ACA5F4">13.4-2 IsRepresentation</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7BBE93BE7977750F">13.4-3 RepresentationsOfObject</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7CC8106F809E15CF">13.4-4 NewRepresentation</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">  </span><a href="chap13.html#X7C81FB2682AE54CD">13.4-5 DeclareRepresentation</a></span>
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