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<div class="chlinkprevnexttop"> <a href="chap0.html">[Top of Book]</a> <a href="chap0.html#contents">[Contents]</a> <a href="chap46.html">[Previous Chapter]</a> <a href="chap48.html">[Next Chapter]</a> </div>
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<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap47.html#X7AA982637E90B35A">47 <span class="Heading">Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7824C8167B3CFAB1">47.1 <span class="Heading">IsSubgroupFpGroup and IsFpGroup</span></a>
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<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7AF7E2B48199452C">47.1-1 IsSubgroupFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X850B9DF17D90C3A2">47.1-2 IsFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X8370BF3B78D0B14D">47.1-3 InfoFpGroup</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7D55E56E790F85FD">47.2 <span class="Heading">Creating Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
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<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7EF4179E78BC7313"><code>47.2-1 \/</code></a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7CE0FA5F8695241E">47.2-2 FactorGroupFpGroupByRels</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7B3D290B87B6EFE4">47.2-3 ParseRelators</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85EAA789848B528E">47.2-4 StringFactorizationWord</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X84D693EC872DAA55">47.3 <span class="Heading">Comparison of Elements of Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X797D29628203CBD6"><code>47.3-1 \=</code></a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7B350C718573B8DF"><code>47.3-2 \<</code></a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X87512CF485CC4128">47.3-3 FpElmComparisonMethod</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X82CB9EC982CDAEAC">47.3-4 SetReducedMultiplication</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7B0B2781796800AD">47.4 <span class="Heading">Preimages in the Free Group</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85CF3931849FB441">47.4-1 FreeGroupOfFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X79C77C5184CA02B6">47.4-2 FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X87BA180287CD1F71">47.4-3 RelatorsOfFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X8447A2397A1E524B">47.4-4 UnderlyingElement</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7F34C8017DC03FDB">47.4-5 ElementOfFpGroup</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X869143D284F3379D">47.5 <span class="Heading">Operations for Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7AB7187779EDC9BA">47.5-1 PseudoRandom</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7BD0CEBA7B225416">47.6 <span class="Heading">Coset Tables and Coset Enumeration</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7F7F31E47D7F6EF8">47.6-1 CosetTable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X87D175757C581E62">47.6-2 TracedCosetFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7EC1B0EE876E478A">47.6-3 FactorCosetAction</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X82926A7F8365A341">47.6-4 CosetTableBySubgroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7DE601F179E6FD09">47.6-5 CosetTableFromGensAndRels</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X822B188F87E9E642">47.6-6 CosetTableDefaultMaxLimit</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7A80A00E7E088E44">47.6-7 CosetTableDefaultLimit</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X829D31A981CB2AF4">47.6-8 MostFrequentGeneratorFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7912E6577B577A5C">47.6-9 IndicesInvolutaryGenerators</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85B882F782D7AFD0">47.7 <span class="Heading">Standardization of coset tables</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85FD1D637EF1EBE7">47.7-1 CosetTableStandard</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85FCD8DF81BA94D5">47.7-2 StandardizeTable</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X87C3FA0784A85309">47.8 <span class="Heading">Coset tables for subgroups in the whole group</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X846EC8AB7803114D">47.8-1 CosetTableInWholeGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X857F239583AFE0B7">47.8-2 SubgroupOfWholeGroupByCosetTable</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7E17A14E823F953D">47.9 <span class="Heading">Augmented Coset Tables and Rewriting</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X80F8BF1D867DA7C1">47.9-1 AugmentedCosetTableInWholeGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7AF67CFD846C1159">47.9-2 AugmentedCosetTableMtc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7F3F09C778552811">47.9-3 AugmentedCosetTableRrs</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X86B65EA186140244">47.9-4 RewriteWord</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X87FBDA2B815A8776">47.10 <span class="Heading">Low Index Subgroups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85C5151380E19122">47.10-1 LowIndexSubgroupsFpGroupIterator</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X81003D217D92E342">47.11 <span class="Heading">Converting Groups to Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7F28268F850F454E">47.11-1 IsomorphismFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X81B2B3B6812FD62D">47.11-2 IsomorphismFpGroupByGenerators</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X826604AA7F18BFA3">47.12 <span class="Heading">New Presentations and Presentations for Subgroups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X78D87FA68233C401">47.12-1 IsomorphismSimplifiedFpGroup</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X86E7CE077D82133D">47.13 <span class="Heading">Preimages under Homomorphisms from an FpGroup</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7ABC3C917D41A74B">47.13-1 SubgroupOfWholeGroupByQuotientSubgroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X8047D7A37B27FEEA">47.13-2 IsSubgroupOfWholeGroupByQuotientRep</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X84E6CEA28611C112">47.13-3 AsSubgroupOfWholeGroupByQuotient</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7DA1151D84289FC9">47.13-4 DefiningQuotientHomomorphism</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X846072F779B51087">47.14 <span class="Heading">Quotient Methods</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7B5DDADC80F5796B">47.14-1 PQuotient</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X86EB30A7867EEF16">47.14-2 EpimorphismQuotientSystem</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7CA738DB80B20D67">47.14-3 EpimorphismPGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X7CA20E2582DC45FD">47.14-4 EpimorphismNilpotentQuotient</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X869F70CC818C946D">47.14-5 SolvableQuotient</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X79A4D3B68110F48A">47.14-6 EpimorphismSolvableQuotient</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X81167847832DD3B1">47.14-7 LargerQuotientBySubgroupAbelianization</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X81451C4B8463B848">47.15 <span class="Heading">Abelian Invariants for Subgroups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X83B63ED8826F4268">47.15-1 AbelianInvariantsSubgroupFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X804F664180BA2134">47.15-2 AbelianInvariantsSubgroupFpGroupMtc</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X8586137B7AAA6C10">47.15-3 <span class="Heading">AbelianInvariantsSubgroupFpGroupRrs</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X850E4CD784F6EAA8">47.15-4 AbelianInvariantsNormalClosureFpGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X801635B28079E56A">47.15-5 AbelianInvariantsNormalClosureFpGroupRrs</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X86C43E3B81ED25DC">47.16 <span class="Heading">Testing Finiteness of Finitely Presented Groups</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X82F444F67BE0E4FE">47.16-1 IsInfiniteAbelianizationGroup</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap47.html#X85C9FD548394C1E2">47.16-2 NewmanInfinityCriterion</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<h3>47 <span class="Heading">Finitely Presented Groups</span></h3>
<p>A <em>finitely presented group</em> (in short: FpGroup) is a group generated by a finite set of <em>abstract generators</em> subject to a finite set of <em>relations</em> that these generators satisfy. Every finite group can be represented as a finitely presented group, though in almost all cases it is computationally much more efficient to work in another representation (even the regular permutation representation).</p>
<p>Finitely presented groups are obtained by factoring a free group by a set of relators. Their elements know about this presentation and compare accordingly.</p>
<p>So to create a finitely presented group you first have to generate a free group (see <code class="func">FreeGroup</code> (<a href="chap37.html#X8215999E835290F0"><span class="RefLink">37.2-1</span></a>) for details). There are two ways to specify a quotient of the free group: either by giving a list of relators or by giving a list of equations. Relators are just words in the generators of the free group. Equations are represented as pairs of words in the generators of the free group. In either case the generators of the quotient are <em>the images</em> of the free generators under the canonical homomorphism from the free group onto the quotient. So for example to create the group</p>
<p class="pcenter">⟨ a, b ∣ a^2, b^3, (a b)^5 ⟩</p>
<p>you can use the following commands:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f := FreeGroup( "a", "b" );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g := f / [ f.1^2, f.2^3, (f.1*f.2)^5 ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ a, b ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">h := f / [ [f.1^2, f.1^0], [f.2^3, f.1^0], [(f.1*f.2)^4, f.2^-1*f.1^-1] ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ a, b ]>
</pre></div>
<p>Note that you cannot call the generators by their names. These names are not variables, but just display figures. So, if you want to access the generators by their names, you first have to introduce the respective variables and to assign the generators to them.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Unbind(a);</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">GeneratorsOfGroup( g );</span>
[ a, b ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a;</span>
Error, Variable: 'a' must have a value
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a := g.1;; b := g.2;; # assign variables</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">GeneratorsOfGroup( g );</span>
[ a, b ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a in f;</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a in g;</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p>To relieve you of the tedium of typing the above assignments, <em>when working interactively</em>, there is the function <code class="func">AssignGeneratorVariables</code> (<a href="chap37.html#X814203E281F3272E"><span class="RefLink">37.2-3</span></a>).</p>
<p>Note that the generators of the free group are different from the generators of the FpGroup (even though they are displayed by the same names). That means that words in the generators of the free group are not elements of the finitely presented group. Vice versa elements of the FpGroup are not words.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a*b = b*a;</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">(b^2*a*b)^2 = a^0;</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p>Such calculations comparing elements of an FpGroup may run into problems: There exist finitely presented groups for which no algorithm exists (it is known that no such algorithm can exist) that will tell for two arbitrary words in the generators whether the corresponding elements in the FpGroup are equal.</p>
<p>Therefore the methods used by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> to compute in finitely presented groups may run into warning errors, run out of memory or run forever. If the FpGroup is (by theory) known to be finite the algorithms are guaranteed to terminate (if there is sufficient memory available), but the time needed for the calculation cannot be bounded a priori. See <a href="chap47.html#X7BD0CEBA7B225416"><span class="RefLink">47.6</span></a> and <a href="chap47.html#X86C43E3B81ED25DC"><span class="RefLink">47.16</span></a>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">(b^2*a*b)^2;</span>
(b^2*a*b)^2
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a^0;</span>
<identity ...>
</pre></div>
<p>A consequence of our convention is that elements of finitely presented groups are not printed in a unique way. See also <code class="func">SetReducedMultiplication</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X82CB9EC982CDAEAC"><span class="RefLink">47.3-4</span></a>). For many <q>higher level</q> computations for a finite group, such as conjugacy classes or character table, it is advisable not to use an FpGroup but an isomorphic group in a better internal representation, such as a pc group (see <code class="func">IsomorphismPcGroup</code> (<a href="chap46.html#X873CEB137BA1CD6E"><span class="RefLink">46.5-2</span></a>)) or a permutation group (see <code class="func">IsomorphismPermGroup</code> (<a href="chap43.html#X80B7B1C783AA1567"><span class="RefLink">43.3-1</span></a>)). In fact, calling a function such as <code class="func">ConjugacyClasses</code> (<a href="chap39.html#X871B570284BBA685"><span class="RefLink">39.10-2</span></a>) with an FpGroup for which <code class="code">HasIsFinite</code> returns <code class="keyw">false</code> may result in an error message, because the developers of the FpGroup code do not want an <em>automatic</em> <code class="func">IsFinite</code> (<a href="chap30.html#X808A4061809A6E67"><span class="RefLink">30.4-2</span></a>) test (which may not terminate) in the function. (Once the <code class="func">IsFinite</code> (<a href="chap30.html#X808A4061809A6E67"><span class="RefLink">30.4-2</span></a>) value is known, the computation in question can be done with the FpGroup, but still it is advisable to use a better internal representation.)</p>
<p><a id="X7824C8167B3CFAB1" name="X7824C8167B3CFAB1"></a></p>
<h4>47.1 <span class="Heading">IsSubgroupFpGroup and IsFpGroup</span></h4>
<p><a id="X7AF7E2B48199452C" name="X7AF7E2B48199452C"></a></p>
<h5>47.1-1 IsSubgroupFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsSubgroupFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">H</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is the category for finitely presented groups or subgroups of a finitely presented group.</p>
<p><a id="X850B9DF17D90C3A2" name="X850B9DF17D90C3A2"></a></p>
<h5>47.1-2 IsFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( filter )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is a synonym for <code class="code">IsSubgroupFpGroup(<var class="Arg">G</var>) and IsGroupOfFamily(<var class="Arg">G</var>)</code>.</p>
<p>Free groups are a special case of finitely presented groups, namely finitely presented groups with no relators.</p>
<p>Note that <code class="code">FreeGroup(infinity)</code> (which exists e.g. for purposes of rewriting presentations with further generators) satisfies this filter, though of course it is not finitely generated (and thus not finitely presented). <code class="code">IsFpGroup</code> thus is not a proper property test and slightly misnamed for the sake of its most prominent uses.</p>
<p>Another special case are groups given by polycyclic presentations. <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> uses a special representation for these groups which is created in a different way. See chapter <a href="chap46.html#X7EAD57C97EBF7E67"><span class="RefLink">46</span></a> for details.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g:=FreeGroup(2);</span>
<free group on the generators [ f1, f2 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsFpGroup(g);</span>
true
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">h:=CyclicGroup(2);</span>
<pc group of size 2 with 1 generator>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsFpGroup(h);</span>
false
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X8370BF3B78D0B14D" name="X8370BF3B78D0B14D"></a></p>
<h5>47.1-3 InfoFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ InfoFpGroup</code></td><td class="tdright">( info class )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>The info class for functions dealing with finitely presented groups is <code class="func">InfoFpGroup</code>.</p>
<p><a id="X7D55E56E790F85FD" name="X7D55E56E790F85FD"></a></p>
<h4>47.2 <span class="Heading">Creating Finitely Presented Groups</span></h4>
<p><a id="X7EF4179E78BC7313" name="X7EF4179E78BC7313"></a></p>
<h5><code>47.2-1 \/</code></h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ \/</code>( <var class="Arg">F</var>, <var class="Arg">rels</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( method )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ \/</code>( <var class="Arg">F</var>, <var class="Arg">eqns</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( method )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>creates a finitely presented group given by the presentation <span class="SimpleMath">⟨ gens ∣ <var class="Arg">rels</var> ⟩</span> or <span class="SimpleMath">⟨ gens ∣ <var class="Arg">eqns</var> ⟩</span>, respectively where <span class="SimpleMath">gens</span> are the free generators of the free group <var class="Arg">F</var>. Relations can be entered either as words or as pairs of words in the generators of <var class="Arg">F</var>. In the former case we refer to the words given as <em>relators</em>, in the latter we refer to the pairs of words as <em>equations</em>. The two methods can currently not be mixed.</p>
<p>The same result is obtained with the infix operator <code class="code">/</code>, i.e., as <var class="Arg">F</var> <code class="code">/</code> <var class="Arg">rels</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f := FreeGroup( 3 );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f / [ f.1^4, f.2^3, f.3^5, f.1*f.2*f.3 ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ f1, f2, f3 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f / [ [ f.1^4, f.1^0 ], [ f.2^3, f.1^0 ], [ f.1, f.2^-1*f.3^-1 ] ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ f1, f2, f3 ]>
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7CE0FA5F8695241E" name="X7CE0FA5F8695241E"></a></p>
<h5>47.2-2 FactorGroupFpGroupByRels</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FactorGroupFpGroupByRels</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var>, <var class="Arg">elts</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the factor group <var class="Arg">G</var>/<span class="SimpleMath">N</span> of <var class="Arg">G</var> by the normal closure <span class="SimpleMath">N</span> of <var class="Arg">elts</var> where <var class="Arg">elts</var> is expected to be a list of elements of <var class="Arg">G</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X7B3D290B87B6EFE4" name="X7B3D290B87B6EFE4"></a></p>
<h5>47.2-3 ParseRelators</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ ParseRelators</code>( <var class="Arg">gens</var>, <var class="Arg">rels</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Will translate a list of relations as given in print, e.g. <span class="SimpleMath">x y^2 = (x y^3 x)^2 xy = yzx</span> into relators. <var class="Arg">gens</var> must be a list of generators of a free group, each being displayed by a single letter. <var class="Arg">rels</var> is a string that lists a sequence of equalities. These must be written in the letters which are the names of the generators in <var class="Arg">gens</var>. Change of upper/lower case is interpreted to indicate inverses.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:=FreeGroup("x","y","z");;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">AssignGeneratorVariables(f);</span>
#I Assigned the global variables [ x, y, z ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:=ParseRelators([x,y,z],</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">></span> <span class="GAPinput">"x^2 = y^5 = z^3 = (xyxyxy^4)^2 = (xz)^2 = (y^2z)^2 = 1");</span>
[ x^2, y^5, z^3, (x*z)^2, (y^2*z)^2, ((x*y)^3*y^3)^2 ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g:=f/r;</span>
<fp group on the generators [ x, y, z ]>
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X85EAA789848B528E" name="X85EAA789848B528E"></a></p>
<h5>47.2-4 StringFactorizationWord</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ StringFactorizationWord</code>( <var class="Arg">w</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns a string that expresses a given word <var class="Arg">w</var> in compact form written as a string. Inverses are expressed by changing the upper/lower case of the generators, recurring expressions are written as products.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">StringFactorizationWord(z^-1*x*y*y*y*x*x*y*y*y*x*y^-1*x);</span>
"Z(xy3x)2Yx"
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X84D693EC872DAA55" name="X84D693EC872DAA55"></a></p>
<h4>47.3 <span class="Heading">Comparison of Elements of Finitely Presented Groups</span></h4>
<p><a id="X797D29628203CBD6" name="X797D29628203CBD6"></a></p>
<h5><code>47.3-1 \=</code></h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ \=</code>( <var class="Arg">a</var>, <var class="Arg">b</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( method )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Two elements of a finitely presented group are equal if they are equal in this group. Nevertheless they may be represented as different words in the generators. Because of the fundamental problems mentioned in the introduction to this chapter such a test may take very long and cannot be guaranteed to finish.</p>
<p>The method employed by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> for such an equality test use the underlying finitely presented group. First (unless this group is known to be infinite) <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> tries to find a faithful permutation representation by a bounded Todd-Coxeter. If this fails, a Knuth-Bendix (see <a href="chap52.html#X87693BDC79DC6EBF"><span class="RefLink">52.5</span></a>) is attempted and the words are compared via their normal form.</p>
<p>If only elements in a subgroup are to be tested for equality it thus can be useful to translate the problem in a new finitely presented group by rewriting (see <code class="func">IsomorphismFpGroup</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X7F28268F850F454E"><span class="RefLink">47.11-1</span></a>));</p>
<p>The equality test of elements underlies many <q>basic</q> calculations, such as the order of an element, and the same type of problems can arise there. In some cases, working with rewriting systems can still help to solve the problem. The <strong class="pkg">kbmag</strong> package provides such functionality, see the package manual for further details.</p>
<p><a id="X7B350C718573B8DF" name="X7B350C718573B8DF"></a></p>
<h5><code>47.3-2 \<</code></h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ \<</code>( <var class="Arg">a</var>, <var class="Arg">b</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( method )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Compared with equality testing, problems get even worse when trying to compute a total ordering on the elements of a finitely presented group. As any ordering that is guaranteed to be reproducible in different runs of <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> or even with different groups given by syntactically equal presentations would be prohibitively expensive to implement, the ordering of elements is depending on a method chosen by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> and not guaranteed to stay the same when repeating the construction of an FpGroup. The only guarantee given for the <code class="code"><</code> ordering for such elements is that it will stay the same for one family during its lifetime. The attribute <code class="func">FpElmComparisonMethod</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X87512CF485CC4128"><span class="RefLink">47.3-3</span></a>) is used to obtain a comparison function for a family of FpGroup elements.</p>
<p><a id="X87512CF485CC4128" name="X87512CF485CC4128"></a></p>
<h5>47.3-3 FpElmComparisonMethod</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FpElmComparisonMethod</code>( <var class="Arg">fam</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>If <var class="Arg">fam</var> is the elements family of a finitely presented group this attribute returns a function <code class="code">smaller(<var class="Arg">left</var>, <var class="Arg">right</var>)</code> that will be used to compare elements in <var class="Arg">fam</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X82CB9EC982CDAEAC" name="X82CB9EC982CDAEAC"></a></p>
<h5>47.3-4 SetReducedMultiplication</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SetReducedMultiplication</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For an FpGroup <var class="Arg">obj</var>, an element <var class="Arg">obj</var> of it or the family <var class="Arg">obj</var> of its elements, this function will force immediate reduction when multiplying, keeping words short at extra cost per multiplication.</p>
<p><a id="X7B0B2781796800AD" name="X7B0B2781796800AD"></a></p>
<h4>47.4 <span class="Heading">Preimages in the Free Group</span></h4>
<p><a id="X85CF3931849FB441" name="X85CF3931849FB441"></a></p>
<h5>47.4-1 FreeGroupOfFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FreeGroupOfFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the underlying free group for the finitely presented group <var class="Arg">G</var>. This is the group generated by the free generators provided by the <code class="func">FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X79C77C5184CA02B6"><span class="RefLink">47.4-2</span></a>) value of <var class="Arg">G</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X79C77C5184CA02B6" name="X79C77C5184CA02B6"></a></p>
<h5>47.4-2 FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FreeGeneratorsOfWholeGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">U</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</code> returns the underlying free generators corresponding to the generators of the finitely presented group <var class="Arg">G</var> which must be a full FpGroup.</p>
<p><code class="func">FreeGeneratorsOfWholeGroup</code> also works for subgroups of an FpGroup and returns the free generators of the full group that defines the family.</p>
<p><a id="X87BA180287CD1F71" name="X87BA180287CD1F71"></a></p>
<h5>47.4-3 RelatorsOfFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ RelatorsOfFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the relators of the finitely presented group <var class="Arg">G</var> as words in the free generators provided by the <code class="func">FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X79C77C5184CA02B6"><span class="RefLink">47.4-2</span></a>) value of <var class="Arg">G</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f := FreeGroup( "a", "b" );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g := f / [ f.1^5, f.2^2, f.1^f.2*f.1 ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ a, b ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Size( g );</span>
10
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">FreeGroupOfFpGroup( g ) = f;</span>
true
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">FreeGeneratorsOfFpGroup( g );</span>
[ a, b ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">RelatorsOfFpGroup( g );</span>
[ a^5, b^2, b^-1*a*b*a ]
</pre></div>
<p>Note that these attributes are only available for the <em>full</em> finitely presented group. It is possible (for example by using <code class="func">Subgroup</code> (<a href="chap39.html#X7C82AA387A42DCA0"><span class="RefLink">39.3-1</span></a>)) to construct a subgroup of index <span class="SimpleMath">1</span> which is not identical to the whole group. The latter one can be obtained in this situation via <code class="func">Parent</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X7BC856CC7F116BB0"><span class="RefLink">31.7-1</span></a>).</p>
<p>Elements of a finitely presented group are not words, but are represented using a word from the free group as representative. The following two commands obtain this representative, respectively create an element in the finitely presented group.</p>
<p><a id="X8447A2397A1E524B" name="X8447A2397A1E524B"></a></p>
<h5>47.4-4 UnderlyingElement</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ UnderlyingElement</code>( <var class="Arg">elm</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Let <var class="Arg">elm</var> be an element of a group whose elements are represented as words with further properties. Then <code class="func">UnderlyingElement</code> returns the word from the free group that is used as a representative for <var class="Arg">elm</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">w := g.1*g.2;</span>
a*b
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsWord( w );</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ue := UnderlyingElement( w );</span>
a*b
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsWord( ue );</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7F34C8017DC03FDB" name="X7F34C8017DC03FDB"></a></p>
<h5>47.4-5 ElementOfFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ ElementOfFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">fam</var>, <var class="Arg">word</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>If <var class="Arg">fam</var> is the elements family of a finitely presented group and <var class="Arg">word</var> is a word in the free generators underlying this finitely presented group, this operation creates the element with the representative <var class="Arg">word</var> in the free group.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ge := ElementOfFpGroup( FamilyObj( g.1 ), f.1*f.2 );</span>
a*b
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ge in f;</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ge in g;</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X869143D284F3379D" name="X869143D284F3379D"></a></p>
<h4>47.5 <span class="Heading">Operations for Finitely Presented Groups</span></h4>
<p>Finitely presented groups are groups and so all operations for groups should be applicable to them (though not necessarily efficient methods are available). However, one may run into errors if the FpGroup does not store that it is finite; see the introduction to this chapter. Most methods for finitely presented groups rely on coset enumeration. See <a href="chap47.html#X7BD0CEBA7B225416"><span class="RefLink">47.6</span></a> for details.</p>
<p>The command <code class="func">IsomorphismPermGroup</code> (<a href="chap43.html#X80B7B1C783AA1567"><span class="RefLink">43.3-1</span></a>) can be used to obtain a faithful permutation representation, if such a representation of small degree exists. (Otherwise it might run very long or fail.)</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f := FreeGroup( "a", "b" );</span>
<free group on the generators [ a, b ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g := f / [ f.1^2, f.2^3, (f.1*f.2)^5 ];</span>
<fp group on the generators [ a, b ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">h := IsomorphismPermGroup( g );</span>
[ a, b ] -> [ (2,4)(5,6), (1,2,3)(4,5,6) ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">u:=Subgroup(g,[g.1*g.2]);;rt:=RightTransversal(g,u);</span>
RightTransversal(<fp group of size 60 on the generators
[ a, b ]>,Group([ a*b ]))
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Image(ActionHomomorphism(g,rt,OnRight));</span>
Group([ (1,2)(3,4)(5,7)(6,8)(9,10)(11,12),
(1,3,2)(4,5,6)(7,8,9)(10,11,12) ])
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7AB7187779EDC9BA" name="X7AB7187779EDC9BA"></a></p>
<h5>47.5-1 PseudoRandom</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PseudoRandom</code>( <var class="Arg">F:</var> <var class="Arg">radius</var> <var class="Arg">:=</var> <var class="Arg">l</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( method )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>The default algorithm for <code class="func">PseudoRandom</code> (<a href="chap30.html#X811B5BD47DC5356B"><span class="RefLink">30.7-2</span></a>) makes little sense for finitely presented or free groups, as it produces words that are extremely long.</p>
<p>By specifying the option <code class="code">radius</code>, instead elements are taken as words in the generators of <var class="Arg">F</var> in the ball of radius <var class="Arg">l</var> with equal distribution in the free group.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">PseudoRandom(g:radius:=20);</span>
a^3*b^2*a^-2*b^-1*a*b^-4*a*b^-1*a*b^-4
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7BD0CEBA7B225416" name="X7BD0CEBA7B225416"></a></p>
<h4>47.6 <span class="Heading">Coset Tables and Coset Enumeration</span></h4>
<p>Coset enumeration (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBNeu82">[Neu82]</a> for an explanation) is one of the fundamental tools for the examination of finitely presented groups. This section describes <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> functions that can be used to invoke a coset enumeration.</p>
<p>Note that in addition to the built-in coset enumerator there is the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> package <strong class="pkg">ACE</strong>. Moreover, <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> provides an interactive Todd-Coxeter in the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> package <strong class="pkg">ITC</strong> which is based on the <strong class="pkg">XGAP</strong> package.</p>
<p><a id="X7F7F31E47D7F6EF8" name="X7F7F31E47D7F6EF8"></a></p>
<h5>47.6-1 CosetTable</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ CosetTable</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var>, <var class="Arg">H</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the coset table of the finitely presented group <var class="Arg">G</var> on the cosets of the subgroup <var class="Arg">H</var>.</p>
<p>Basically a coset table is the permutation representation of the finitely presented group on the cosets of a subgroup (which need not be faithful if the subgroup has a nontrivial core). Most of the set theoretic and group functions use the regular representation of <var class="Arg">G</var>, i.e., the coset table of <var class="Arg">G</var> over the trivial subgroup.</p>
<p>The coset table is returned as a list of lists. For each generator of <var class="Arg">G</var> and its inverse the table contains a generator list. A generator list is simply a list of integers. If <span class="SimpleMath">l</span> is the generator list for the generator <span class="SimpleMath">g</span> and if <span class="SimpleMath">l[i] = j</span> then generator <span class="SimpleMath">g</span> takes the coset <span class="SimpleMath">i</span> to the coset <span class="SimpleMath">j</span> by multiplication from the right. Thus the permutation representation of <var class="Arg">G</var> on the cosets of <var class="Arg">H</var> is obtained by applying <code class="func">PermList</code> (<a href="chap42.html#X78D611D17EA6E3BC"><span class="RefLink">42.5-2</span></a>) to each generator list.</p>
<p>The coset table is standard (see below).</p>
<p>For finitely presented groups, a coset table is computed by a Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration. Note that you may influence the performance of that enumeration by changing the values of the global variables <code class="func">CosetTableDefaultLimit</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X7A80A00E7E088E44"><span class="RefLink">47.6-7</span></a>) and <code class="func">CosetTableDefaultMaxLimit</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X822B188F87E9E642"><span class="RefLink">47.6-6</span></a>) described below and that the options described under <code class="func">CosetTableFromGensAndRels</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X7DE601F179E6FD09"><span class="RefLink">47.6-5</span></a>) are recognized.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">tab := CosetTable(g, Subgroup(g, [ g.1, g.2*g.1*g.2*g.1*g.2^-1 ]));</span>
[ [ 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 ], [ 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 ], [ 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 ],
[ 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 ] ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">List( last, PermList );</span>
[ (2,4)(3,5), (2,4)(3,5), (1,2,3), (1,3,2) ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">PrintArray( TransposedMat( tab ) );</span>
[ [ 1, 1, 2, 3 ],
[ 4, 4, 3, 1 ],
[ 5, 5, 1, 2 ],
[ 2, 2, 4, 4 ],
[ 3, 3, 5, 5 ] ]
</pre></div>
<p>The last printout in the preceding example provides the coset table in the form in which it is usually used in hand calculations: The rows correspond to the cosets, the columns correspond to the generators and their inverses in the ordering <span class="SimpleMath">g_1, g_1^{-1}, g_2, g_2^{-1}</span>. (See section <a href="chap47.html#X85B882F782D7AFD0"><span class="RefLink">47.7</span></a> for a description on the way the numbers are assigned.)</p>
<p><a id="X87D175757C581E62" name="X87D175757C581E62"></a></p>
<h5>47.6-2 TracedCosetFpGroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ TracedCosetFpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">tab</var>, <var class="Arg">word</var>, <var class="Arg">pt</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Traces the coset number <var class="Arg">pt</var> under the word <var class="Arg">word</var> through the coset table <var class="Arg">tab</var>. (Note: <var class="Arg">word</var> must be in the free group, use <code class="func">UnderlyingElement</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X8447A2397A1E524B"><span class="RefLink">47.4-4</span></a>) if in doubt.)</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">TracedCosetFpGroup(tab,UnderlyingElement(g.1),2);</span>
4
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7EC1B0EE876E478A" name="X7EC1B0EE876E478A"></a></p>
<h5>47.6-3 FactorCosetAction</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FactorCosetAction</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var>, <var class="Arg">H</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the action of <var class="Arg">G</var> on the cosets of its subgroup <var class="Arg">H</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">u := Subgroup( g, [ g.1, g.1^g.2 ] );</span>
Group([ a, b^-1*a*b ])
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">FactorCosetAction( g, u );</span>
[ a, b ] -> [ (2,4)(5,6), (1,2,3)(4,5,6) ]
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X82926A7F8365A341" name="X82926A7F8365A341"></a></p>
<h5>47.6-4 CosetTableBySubgroup</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ CosetTableBySubgroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var>, <var class="Arg">H</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns a coset table for the action of <var class="Arg">G</var> on the cosets of <var class="Arg">H</var>. The columns of the table correspond to the <code class="func">GeneratorsOfGroup</code> (<a href="chap39.html#X79C44528864044C5"><span class="RefLink">39.2-4</span></a>) value of <var class="Arg">G</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X7DE601F179E6FD09" name="X7DE601F179E6FD09"></a></p>
<h5>47.6-5 CosetTableFromGensAndRels</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ CosetTableFromGensAndRels</code>( <var class="Arg">fgens</var>, <var class="Arg">grels</var>, <var class="Arg">fsgens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is an internal function which is called by the functions <code class="func">CosetTable</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X7F7F31E47D7F6EF8"><span class="RefLink">47.6-1</span></a>), <code class="func">CosetTableInWholeGroup</code> (<a href="chap47.html#X846EC8AB7803114D"><span class="RefLink">47.8-1</span></a>) and others. It is, in fact, the workhorse that performs a Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration. <var class="Arg">fgens</var> must be a set of free generators and <var class="A | |