Quelle Set.thy Sprache: Isabelle

section \<open>Extending FOL by a modified version of HOL set theory\<close>

theory Set
imports FOL
begin

declare [[eta_contract]]

typedecl 'a set
instance set :: ("term") "term" ..

subsection \<open>Set comprehension and membership\<close>

axiomatization Collect :: "['a \ o] \ 'a set"
  and mem :: "['a, 'a set] \ o" (infixl \:\ 50)
where mem_Collect_iff: "(a : Collect(P)) \ P(a)"
  and set_extension: "A = B \ (ALL x. x:A \ x:B)"

syntax
  "_Coll" :: "[idt, o] \ 'a set" (\(\indent=1 notation=\mixfix Collect\\{_./ _})\)
syntax_consts
  "_Coll" == Collect
translations
  "{x. P}" == "CONST Collect(\x. P)"

lemma CollectI: "P(a) \ a : {x. P(x)}"
  apply (rule mem_Collect_iff [THEN iffD2])
  apply assumption
  done

lemma CollectD: "a : {x. P(x)} \ P(a)"
  apply (erule mem_Collect_iff [THEN iffD1])
  done

lemmas CollectE = CollectD [elim_format]

lemma set_ext: "(\x. x:A \ x:B) \ A = B"
  apply (rule set_extension [THEN iffD2])
  apply simp
  done

subsection \<open>Bounded quantifiers\<close>

definition Ball :: "['a set, 'a \ o] \ o"
  where "Ball(A, P) == ALL x. x:A \ P(x)"

definition Bex :: "['a set, 'a \ o] \ o"
  where "Bex(A, P) == EX x. x:A \ P(x)"

syntax
  "_Ball" :: "[idt, 'a set, o] \ o" (\(\notation=\binder ALL:\\ALL _:_./ _)\ [0, 0, 0] 10)
  "_Bex" :: "[idt, 'a set, o] \ o" (\(\notation=\binder EX:\\EX _:_./ _)\ [0, 0, 0] 10)
syntax_consts
  "_Ball" == Ball and
  "_Bex" == Bex
translations
  "ALL x:A. P"  == "CONST Ball(A, \x. P)"
  "EX x:A. P"   == "CONST Bex(A, \x. P)"

lemma ballI: "(\x. x:A \ P(x)) \ ALL x:A. P(x)"
  by (simp add: Ball_def)

lemma bspec: "\ALL x:A. P(x); x:A\ \ P(x)"
  by (simp add: Ball_def)

lemma ballE: "\ALL x:A. P(x); P(x) \ Q; \ x:A \ Q\ \ Q"
  unfolding Ball_def by blast

lemma bexI: "\P(x); x:A\ \ EX x:A. P(x)"
  unfolding Bex_def by blast

lemma bexCI: "\EX x:A. \P(x) \ P(a); a:A\ \ EX x:A. P(x)"
  unfolding Bex_def by blast

lemma bexE: "\EX x:A. P(x); \x. \x:A; P(x)\ \ Q\ \ Q"
  unfolding Bex_def by blast

(*Trival rewrite rule;   (! x:A.P)=P holds only if A is nonempty!*)
lemma ball_rew: "(ALL x:A. True) \ True"
  by (blast intro: ballI)

subsubsection \<open>Congruence rules\<close>

lemma ball_cong:
  "\A = A'; \x. x:A' \ P(x) \ P'(x)\ \
    (ALL x:A. P(x)) \<longleftrightarrow> (ALL x:A'. P'(x))"
  by (blast intro: ballI elim: ballE)

lemma bex_cong:
  "\A = A'; \x. x:A' \ P(x) \ P'(x)\ \
    (EX x:A. P(x)) \<longleftrightarrow> (EX x:A'. P'(x))"
  by (blast intro: bexI elim: bexE)

subsection \<open>Further operations\<close>

definition subset :: "['a set, 'a set] \ o" (infixl \<=\ 50)
  where "A <= B == ALL x:A. x:B"

definition mono :: "['a set \ 'b set] \ o"
  where "mono(f) == (ALL A B. A <= B \ f(A) <= f(B))"

definition singleton :: "'a \ 'a set" (\(\open_block notation=\mixfix singleton\\{_})\)
  where "{a} == {x. x=a}"

definition empty :: "'a set"  (\<open>{}\<close>)
  where "{} == {x. False}"

definition Un :: "['a set, 'a set] \ 'a set" (infixl \Un\ 65)
  where "A Un B == {x. x:A | x:B}"

definition Int :: "['a set, 'a set] \ 'a set" (infixl \Int\ 70)
  where "A Int B == {x. x:A \ x:B}"

definition Compl :: "('a set) \ 'a set"
  where "Compl(A) == {x. \x:A}"

subsection \<open>Big Intersection / Union\<close>

definition INTER :: "['a set, 'a \ 'b set] \ 'b set"
  where "INTER(A, B) == {y. ALL x:A. y: B(x)}"

definition UNION :: "['a set, 'a \ 'b set] \ 'b set"
  where "UNION(A, B) == {y. EX x:A. y: B(x)}"

syntax
  "_INTER" :: "[idt, 'a set, 'b set] \ 'b set" (\(\notation=\binder INT:\\INT _:_./ _)\ [0, 0, 0] 10)
  "_UNION" :: "[idt, 'a set, 'b set] \ 'b set" (\(\notation=\binder UN:\\UN _:_./ _)\ [0, 0, 0] 10)
syntax_consts
  "_INTER" == INTER and
  "_UNION" == UNION
translations
  "INT x:A. B" == "CONST INTER(A, \x. B)"
  "UN x:A. B" == "CONST UNION(A, \x. B)"

definition Inter :: "(('a set)set) \ 'a set"
  where "Inter(S) == (INT x:S. x)"

definition Union :: "(('a set)set) \ 'a set"
  where "Union(S) == (UN x:S. x)"

subsection \<open>Rules for subsets\<close>

lemma subsetI: "(\x. x:A \ x:B) \ A <= B"
  unfolding subset_def by (blast intro: ballI)

(*Rule in Modus Ponens style*)
lemma subsetD: "\A <= B; c:A\ \ c:B"
  unfolding subset_def by (blast elim: ballE)

(*Classical elimination rule*)
lemma subsetCE: "\A <= B; \(c:A) \ P; c:B \ P\ \ P"
  by (blast dest: subsetD)

lemma subset_refl: "A <= A"
  by (blast intro: subsetI)

lemma subset_trans: "\A <= B; B <= C\ \ A <= C"
  by (blast intro: subsetI dest: subsetD)

subsection \<open>Rules for equality\<close>

(*Anti-symmetry of the subset relation*)
lemma subset_antisym: "\A <= B; B <= A\ \ A = B"
  by (blast intro: set_ext dest: subsetD)

lemmas equalityI = subset_antisym

(* Equality rules from ZF set theory -- are they appropriate here? *)
lemma equalityD1: "A = B \ A<=B"
  and equalityD2: "A = B \ B<=A"
  by (simp_all add: subset_refl)

lemma equalityE: "\A = B; \A <= B; B <= A\ \ P\ \ P"
  by (simp add: subset_refl)

lemma equalityCE: "\A = B; \c:A; c:B\ \ P; \\ c:A; \ c:B\ \ P\ \ P"
  by (blast elim: equalityE subsetCE)

lemma trivial_set: "{x. x:A} = A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI subsetI CollectI dest: CollectD)

subsection \<open>Rules for binary union\<close>

lemma UnI1: "c:A \ c : A Un B"
  and UnI2: "c:B \ c : A Un B"
  unfolding Un_def by (blast intro: CollectI)+

(*Classical introduction rule: no commitment to A vs B*)
lemma UnCI: "(\c:B \ c:A) \ c : A Un B"
  by (blast intro: UnI1 UnI2)

lemma UnE: "\c : A Un B; c:A \ P; c:B \ P\ \ P"
  unfolding Un_def by (blast dest: CollectD)

subsection \<open>Rules for small intersection\<close>

lemma IntI: "\c:A; c:B\ \ c : A Int B"
  unfolding Int_def by (blast intro: CollectI)

lemma IntD1: "c : A Int B \ c:A"
  and IntD2: "c : A Int B \ c:B"
  unfolding Int_def by (blast dest: CollectD)+

lemma IntE: "\c : A Int B; \c:A; c:B\ \ P\ \ P"
  by (blast dest: IntD1 IntD2)

subsection \<open>Rules for set complement\<close>

lemma ComplI: "(c:A \ False) \ c : Compl(A)"
  unfolding Compl_def by (blast intro: CollectI)

(*This form, with negated conclusion, works well with the Classical prover.
  Negated assumptions behave like formulae on the right side of the notional
  turnstile...*)
lemma ComplD: "c : Compl(A) \ \c:A"
  unfolding Compl_def by (blast dest: CollectD)

lemmas ComplE = ComplD [elim_format]

subsection \<open>Empty sets\<close>

lemma empty_eq: "{x. False} = {}"
  by (simp add: empty_def)

lemma emptyD: "a : {} \ P"
  unfolding empty_def by (blast dest: CollectD)

lemmas emptyE = emptyD [elim_format]

lemma not_emptyD:
  assumes "\ A={}"
  shows "EX x. x:A"
proof -
  have "\ (EX x. x:A) \ A = {}"
    by (rule equalityI) (blast intro!: subsetI elim!: emptyD)+
  with assms show ?thesis by blast
qed

subsection \<open>Singleton sets\<close>

lemma singletonI: "a : {a}"
  unfolding singleton_def by (blast intro: CollectI)

lemma singletonD: "b : {a} \ b=a"
  unfolding singleton_def by (blast dest: CollectD)

lemmas singletonE = singletonD [elim_format]

subsection \<open>Unions of families\<close>

(*The order of the premises presupposes that A is rigid; b may be flexible*)
lemma UN_I: "\a:A; b: B(a)\ \ b: (UN x:A. B(x))"
  unfolding UNION_def by (blast intro: bexI CollectI)

lemma UN_E: "\b : (UN x:A. B(x)); \x. \x:A; b: B(x)\ \ R\ \ R"
  unfolding UNION_def by (blast dest: CollectD elim: bexE)

lemma UN_cong: "\A = B; \x. x:B \ C(x) = D(x)\ \ (UN x:A. C(x)) = (UN x:B. D(x))"
  by (simp add: UNION_def cong: bex_cong)

subsection \<open>Intersections of families\<close>

lemma INT_I: "(\x. x:A \ b: B(x)) \ b : (INT x:A. B(x))"
  unfolding INTER_def by (blast intro: CollectI ballI)

lemma INT_D: "\b : (INT x:A. B(x)); a:A\ \ b: B(a)"
  unfolding INTER_def by (blast dest: CollectD bspec)

(*"Classical" elimination rule -- does not require proving X:C *)
lemma INT_E: "\b : (INT x:A. B(x)); b: B(a) \ R; \ a:A \ R\ \ R"
  unfolding INTER_def by (blast dest: CollectD bspec)

lemma INT_cong: "\A = B; \x. x:B \ C(x) = D(x)\ \ (INT x:A. C(x)) = (INT x:B. D(x))"
  by (simp add: INTER_def cong: ball_cong)

subsection \<open>Rules for Unions\<close>

(*The order of the premises presupposes that C is rigid; A may be flexible*)
lemma UnionI: "\X:C; A:X\ \ A : Union(C)"
  unfolding Union_def by (blast intro: UN_I)

lemma UnionE: "\A : Union(C); \X. \ A:X; X:C\ \ R\ \ R"
  unfolding Union_def by (blast elim: UN_E)

subsection \<open>Rules for Inter\<close>

lemma InterI: "(\X. X:C \ A:X) \ A : Inter(C)"
  unfolding Inter_def by (blast intro: INT_I)

(*A "destruct" rule -- every X in C contains A as an element, but
  A:X can hold when X:C does not!  This rule is analogous to "spec". *)
lemma InterD: "\A : Inter(C); X:C\ \ A:X"
  unfolding Inter_def by (blast dest: INT_D)

(*"Classical" elimination rule -- does not require proving X:C *)
lemma InterE: "\A : Inter(C); A:X \ R; \ X:C \ R\ \ R"
  unfolding Inter_def by (blast elim: INT_E)

section \<open>Derived rules involving subsets; Union and Intersection as lattice operations\<close>

subsection \<open>Big Union -- least upper bound of a set\<close>

lemma Union_upper: "B:A \ B <= Union(A)"
  by (blast intro: subsetI UnionI)

lemma Union_least: "(\X. X:A \ X<=C) \ Union(A) <= C"
  by (blast intro: subsetI dest: subsetD elim: UnionE)

subsection \<open>Big Intersection -- greatest lower bound of a set\<close>

lemma Inter_lower: "B:A \ Inter(A) <= B"
  by (blast intro: subsetI dest: InterD)

lemma Inter_greatest: "(\X. X:A \ C<=X) \ C <= Inter(A)"
  by (blast intro: subsetI InterI dest: subsetD)

subsection \<open>Finite Union -- the least upper bound of 2 sets\<close>

lemma Un_upper1: "A <= A Un B"
  by (blast intro: subsetI UnI1)

lemma Un_upper2: "B <= A Un B"
  by (blast intro: subsetI UnI2)

lemma Un_least: "\A<=C; B<=C\ \ A Un B <= C"
  by (blast intro: subsetI elim: UnE dest: subsetD)

subsection \<open>Finite Intersection -- the greatest lower bound of 2 sets\<close>

lemma Int_lower1: "A Int B <= A"
  by (blast intro: subsetI elim: IntE)

lemma Int_lower2: "A Int B <= B"
  by (blast intro: subsetI elim: IntE)

lemma Int_greatest: "\C<=A; C<=B\ \ C <= A Int B"
  by (blast intro: subsetI IntI dest: subsetD)

subsection \<open>Monotonicity\<close>

lemma monoI: "(\A B. A <= B \ f(A) <= f(B)) \ mono(f)"
  unfolding mono_def by blast

lemma monoD: "\mono(f); A <= B\ \ f(A) <= f(B)"
  unfolding mono_def by blast

lemma mono_Un: "mono(f) \ f(A) Un f(B) <= f(A Un B)"
  by (blast intro: Un_least dest: monoD intro: Un_upper1 Un_upper2)

lemma mono_Int: "mono(f) \ f(A Int B) <= f(A) Int f(B)"
  by (blast intro: Int_greatest dest: monoD intro: Int_lower1 Int_lower2)

subsection \<open>Automated reasoning setup\<close>

lemmas [intro!] = ballI subsetI InterI INT_I CollectI ComplI IntI UnCI singletonI
  and [intro] = bexI UnionI UN_I
  and [elim!] = bexE UnionE UN_E CollectE ComplE IntE UnE emptyE singletonE
  and [elim] = ballE InterD InterE INT_D INT_E subsetD subsetCE

lemma mem_rews:
  "(a : A Un B) \ (a:A | a:B)"
  "(a : A Int B) \ (a:A \ a:B)"
  "(a : Compl(B)) \ (\a:B)"
  "(a : {b}) \ (a=b)"
  "(a : {}) \ False"
  "(a : {x. P(x)}) \ P(a)"
  by blast+

lemmas [simp] = trivial_set empty_eq mem_rews
  and [cong] = ball_cong bex_cong INT_cong UN_cong

section \<open>Equalities involving union, intersection, inclusion, etc.\<close>

subsection \<open>Binary Intersection\<close>

lemma Int_absorb: "A Int A = A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Int_commute: "A Int B = B Int A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Int_assoc: "(A Int B) Int C = A Int (B Int C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Int_Un_distrib: "(A Un B) Int C = (A Int C) Un (B Int C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma subset_Int_eq: "(A<=B) \ (A Int B = A)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI elim: equalityE)

subsection \<open>Binary Union\<close>

lemma Un_absorb: "A Un A = A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Un_commute: "A Un B = B Un A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Un_assoc: "(A Un B) Un C = A Un (B Un C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Un_Int_distrib: "(A Int B) Un C = (A Un C) Int (B Un C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Un_Int_crazy:
    "(A Int B) Un (B Int C) Un (C Int A) = (A Un B) Int (B Un C) Int (C Un A)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma subset_Un_eq: "(A<=B) \ (A Un B = B)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI elim: equalityE)

subsection \<open>Simple properties of \<open>Compl\<close> -- complement of a set\<close>

lemma Compl_disjoint: "A Int Compl(A) = {x. False}"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Compl_partition: "A Un Compl(A) = {x. True}"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma double_complement: "Compl(Compl(A)) = A"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Compl_Un: "Compl(A Un B) = Compl(A) Int Compl(B)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Compl_Int: "Compl(A Int B) = Compl(A) Un Compl(B)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Compl_UN: "Compl(UN x:A. B(x)) = (INT x:A. Compl(B(x)))"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Compl_INT: "Compl(INT x:A. B(x)) = (UN x:A. Compl(B(x)))"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

(*Halmos, Naive Set Theory, page 16.*)
lemma Un_Int_assoc_eq: "((A Int B) Un C = A Int (B Un C)) \ (C<=A)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI elim: equalityE)

subsection \<open>Big Union and Intersection\<close>

lemma Union_Un_distrib: "Union(A Un B) = Union(A) Un Union(B)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Union_disjoint:
    "(Union(C) Int A = {x. False}) \ (ALL B:C. B Int A = {x. False})"
  by (blast intro: equalityI elim: equalityE)

lemma Inter_Un_distrib: "Inter(A Un B) = Inter(A) Int Inter(B)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

subsection \<open>Unions and Intersections of Families\<close>

lemma UN_eq: "(UN x:A. B(x)) = Union({Y. EX x:A. Y=B(x)})"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

(*Look: it has an EXISTENTIAL quantifier*)
lemma INT_eq: "(INT x:A. B(x)) = Inter({Y. EX x:A. Y=B(x)})"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Int_Union_image: "A Int Union(B) = (UN C:B. A Int C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

lemma Un_Inter_image: "A Un Inter(B) = (INT C:B. A Un C)"
  by (blast intro: equalityI)

section \<open>Monotonicity of various operations\<close>

lemma Union_mono: "A<=B \ Union(A) <= Union(B)"
  by blast

lemma Inter_anti_mono: "B <= A \ Inter(A) <= Inter(B)"
  by blast

lemma UN_mono: "\A <= B; \x. x:A \ f(x)<=g(x)\ \ (UN x:A. f(x)) <= (UN x:B. g(x))"
  by blast

lemma INT_anti_mono: "\B <= A; \x. x:A \ f(x) <= g(x)\ \ (INT x:A. f(x)) <= (INT x:A. g(x))"
  by blast

lemma Un_mono: "\A <= C; B <= D\ \ A Un B <= C Un D"
  by blast

lemma Int_mono: "\A <= C; B <= D\ \ A Int B <= C Int D"
  by blast

lemma Compl_anti_mono: "A <= B \ Compl(B) <= Compl(A)"
  by blast

end

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