primrec apm :: "subs => msg => msg"where "apm s (Agent A) = Agent (agent s A)"
| "apm s (Nonce n) = Nonce (nonce s n)"
| "apm s (Number n) = nb s n"
| "apm s (Key K) = Key (key s K)"
| "apm s (Hash X) = Hash (apm s X)"
| "apm s (Crypt K X) = ( if (\<exists>A. K = pubK A) then Crypt (pubK (agent s (agt K))) (apm s X)
else if (\<exists>A. K = priK A) then Crypt (priK (agent s (agt K))) (apm s X)
else Crypt (key s K) (apm s X))"
| "apm s \X,Y\ = \apm s X, apm s Y\"
lemma apm_parts: "X \ parts {Y} \ apm s X \ parts {apm s Y}" apply (erule parts.induct, simp_all, blast) apply (erule parts.Fst) apply (erule parts.Snd) by (erule parts.Body)+
lemma Nonce_apm [rule_format]: "Nonce n \ parts {apm s X} \
(\<forall>k. Number k \<in> parts {X} \<longrightarrow> Nonce n \<notin> parts {nb s k}) \<longrightarrow>
(\<exists>k. Nonce k \<in> parts {X} \<and> nonce s k = n)" by (induct X, simp_all, blast)
lemma wdef_Nonce: "\Nonce n \ parts {apm s X}; R \ p; msg' R = X; wdef p;
Nonce n \<notin> parts (apm s `(msg `(fst R)))\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
(\<exists>k. Nonce k \<in> parts {X} \<and> nonce s k = n)" apply (erule Nonce_apm, unfold wdef_def) apply (drule_tac x=R in spec, drule_tac x=k in spec, clarsimp) apply (drule_tac x=x in bspec, simp) apply (drule_tac Y="msg x"and s=s in apm_parts, simp) by (blast dest: parts_parts)
primrec ap :: "subs \ event \ event" where "ap s (Says A B X) = Says (agent s A) (agent s B) (apm s X)"
| "ap s (Gets A X) = Gets (agent s A) (apm s X)"
| "ap s (Notes A X) = Notes (agent s A) (apm s X)"
abbreviation
ap' :: "subs \ rule \ event" where "ap' s R \ ap s (snd R)"
abbreviation
apm' :: "subs \ rule \ msg" where "apm' s R \ apm s (msg' R)"
abbreviation
priK' :: "subs \ agent \ key" where "priK' s A \ priK (agent s A)"
abbreviation
pubK' :: "subs \ agent \ key" where "pubK' s A \ pubK (agent s A)"
subsection\<open>nonces generated by a rule\<close>
definition newn :: "rule \ nat set" where "newn R \ {n. Nonce n \ parts {msg (snd R)} \ Nonce n \ parts (msg`(fst R))}"
lemma newn_parts: "n \ newn R \ Nonce (nonce s n) \ parts {apm' s R}" by (auto simp: newn_def dest: apm_parts)
subsection\<open>traces generated by a protocol\<close>
definition ok :: "event list \ rule \ subs \ bool" where "ok evs R s \ ((\x. x \ fst R \ ap s x \ set evs) \<and> (\<forall>n. n \<in> newn R \<longrightarrow> Nonce (nonce s n) \<notin> used evs))"
inductive_set
tr :: "proto => event list set" for p :: proto where
Nil [intro]: "[] \ tr p"
| Fake [intro]: "\evsf \ tr p; X \ synth (analz (spies evsf))\ \<Longrightarrow> Says Spy B X # evsf \<in> tr p"
| Proto [intro]: "\evs \ tr p; R \ p; ok evs R s\ \ ap' s R # evs \ tr p"
subsection\<open>general properties\<close>
lemma one_step_tr [iff]: "one_step (tr p)" apply (unfold one_step_def, clarify) by (ind_cases "ev # evs \ tr p" for ev evs, auto)
definition has_only_Says' :: "proto => bool" where "has_only_Says' p \ \R. R \ p \ is_Says (snd R)"
lemma has_only_Says'D: "\R \ p; has_only_Says' p\ \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>A B X. snd R = Says A B X)" by (unfold has_only_Says'_def is_Says_def, blast)
lemma has_only_Says_tr [simp]: "has_only_Says' p \ has_only_Says (tr p)" unfolding has_only_Says_def apply (rule allI, rule allI, rule impI) apply (erule tr.induct) apply (auto simp: has_only_Says'_def ok_def) by (drule_tac x=a in spec, auto simp: is_Says_def)
lemma has_only_Says'_in_trD: "\has_only_Says' p; list @ ev # evs1 \ tr p\ \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>A B X. ev = Says A B X)" by (drule has_only_Says_tr, auto)
lemma ok_not_used: "\Nonce n \ used evs; ok evs R s; \<forall>x. x \<in> fst R \<longrightarrow> is_Says x\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Nonce n \<notin> parts (apm s `(msg `(fst R)))" apply (unfold ok_def, clarsimp) apply (drule_tac x=x in spec, drule_tac x=x in spec) by (auto simp: is_Says_def dest: Says_imp_spies not_used_not_spied parts_parts)
lemma ok_is_Says: "\evs' @ ev # evs \ tr p; ok evs R s; has_only_Says' p;
R \<in> p; x \<in> fst R\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> is_Says x" apply (unfold ok_def is_Says_def, clarify) apply (drule_tac x=x in spec, simp) apply (subgoal_tac "one_step (tr p)") apply (drule trunc, simp, drule one_step_Cons, simp) apply (drule has_only_SaysD, simp+) by (clarify, case_tac x, auto)
subsection\<open>introduction of a fresh guarded nonce\<close>
definition fresh :: "proto \ rule \ subs \ nat \ key set \ event list \<Rightarrow> bool" where "fresh p R s n Ks evs \ (\evs1 evs2. evs = evs2 @ ap' s R # evs1 \<and> Nonce n \<notin> used evs1 \<and> R \<in> p \<and> ok evs1 R s \<and> Nonce n \<in> parts {apm' s R} \<and> apm' s R \<in> guard n Ks)"
lemma freshD: "fresh p R s n Ks evs \ (\evs1 evs2.
evs = evs2 @ ap' s R # evs1 \ Nonce n \ used evs1 \ R \ p \ ok evs1 R s \<and> Nonce n \<in> parts {apm' s R} \<and> apm' s R \<in> guard n Ks)" unfolding fresh_def by blast
lemma freshI [intro]: "\Nonce n \ used evs1; R \ p; Nonce n \ parts {apm' s R};
ok evs1 R s; apm' s R \ guard n Ks\ \<Longrightarrow> fresh p R s n Ks (list @ ap' s R # evs1)" unfolding fresh_def by blast
lemma freshI': "\Nonce n \ used evs1; (l,r) \ p;
Nonce n \<in> parts {apm s (msg r)}; ok evs1 (l,r) s; apm s (msg r) \<in> guard n Ks\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> fresh p (l,r) s n Ks (evs2 @ ap s r # evs1)" by (drule freshI, simp+)
lemma fresh_used: "\fresh p R' s' n Ks evs; has_only_Says' p\ \<Longrightarrow> Nonce n \<in> used evs" apply (unfold fresh_def, clarify) apply (drule has_only_Says'D) by (auto intro: parts_used_app)
lemma fresh_newn: "\evs' @ ap' s R # evs \ tr p; wdef p; has_only_Says' p;
Nonce n \<notin> used evs; R \<in> p; ok evs R s; Nonce n \<in> parts {apm' s R}\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>k. k \<in> newn R \<and> nonce s k = n" apply (drule wdef_Nonce, simp+) apply (frule ok_not_used, simp+) apply (clarify, erule ok_is_Says, simp+) apply (clarify, rule_tac x=k in exI, simp add: newn_def) apply (clarify, drule_tac Y="msg x"and s=s in apm_parts) apply (drule ok_not_used, simp+) by (clarify, erule ok_is_Says, simp_all)
lemma fresh_rule: "\evs' @ ev # evs \ tr p; wdef p; Nonce n \ used evs;
Nonce n \<in> parts {msg ev}\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>R s. R \<in> p \<and> ap' s R = ev" apply (drule trunc, simp, ind_cases "ev # evs \ tr p", simp) by (drule_tac x=X in in_sub, drule parts_sub, simp, simp, blast+)
lemma fresh_ruleD: "\fresh p R' s' n Ks evs; keys R' s' n evs \ Ks; wdef p;
has_only_Says' p; evs \ tr p; \R k s. nonce s k = n \ Nonce n \ used evs \
R \<in> p \<longrightarrow> k \<in> newn R \<longrightarrow> Nonce n \<in> parts {apm' s R} \<longrightarrow> apm' s R \<in> guard n Ks \<longrightarrow>
apm' s R \ parts (spies evs) \ keys R s n evs \ Ks \ P\ \ P" apply (frule fresh_used, simp) apply (unfold fresh_def, clarify) apply (drule_tac x=R' in spec) apply (drule fresh_newn, simp+, clarify) apply (drule_tac x=k in spec) apply (drule_tac x=s' in spec) apply (subgoal_tac "apm' s' R' \ parts (spies (evs2 @ ap' s' R' # evs1))") apply (case_tac R', drule has_only_Says'D, simp, clarsimp) apply (case_tac R', drule has_only_Says'D, simp, clarsimp) apply (rule_tac Y="apm s' X"in parts_parts, blast) by (rule parts.Inj, rule Says_imp_spies, simp, blast)
subsection\<open>safe keys\<close>
definition safe :: "key set \ msg set \ bool" where "safe Ks G \ \K. K \ Ks \ Key K \ analz G"
lemma safeD [dest]: "\safe Ks G; K \ Ks\ \ Key K \ analz G" unfolding safe_def by blast
lemma safe_insert: "safe Ks (insert X G) \ safe Ks G" unfolding safe_def by blast
lemma Guard_safe: "\Guard n Ks G; safe Ks G\ \ Nonce n \ analz G" by (blast dest: Guard_invKey)
subsection\<open>guardedness preservation\<close>
definition preserv :: "proto \ keyfun \ nat \ key set \ bool" where "preserv p keys n Ks \ (\evs R' s' R s. evs \ tr p \
Guard n Ks (spies evs) \<longrightarrow> safe Ks (spies evs) \<longrightarrow> fresh p R' s' n Ks evs \<longrightarrow>
keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> Ks \<longrightarrow> R \<in> p \<longrightarrow> ok evs R s \<longrightarrow> apm' s R \<in> guard n Ks)"
lemma preservD: "\preserv p keys n Ks; evs \ tr p; Guard n Ks (spies evs);
safe Ks (spies evs); fresh p R' s' n Ks evs; R \<in> p; ok evs R s;
keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> Ks\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> apm' s R \<in> guard n Ks" unfolding preserv_def by blast
lemma preservD': "\preserv p keys n Ks; evs \ tr p; Guard n Ks (spies evs);
safe Ks (spies evs); fresh p R' s' n Ks evs; (l,Says A B X) \<in> p;
ok evs (l,Says A B X) s; keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> Ks\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> apm s X \<in> guard n Ks" by (drule preservD, simp+)
subsection\<open>monotonic keyfun\<close>
definition monoton :: "proto => keyfun => bool"where "monoton p keys \ \R' s' n ev evs. ev # evs \ tr p \
keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> keys R' s' n (ev # evs)"
lemma monotonD [dest]: "\keys R' s' n (ev # evs) \ Ks; monoton p keys;
ev # evs \<in> tr p\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> Ks" unfolding monoton_def by blast
subsection\<open>guardedness theorem\<close>
lemma Guard_tr [rule_format]: "\evs \ tr p; has_only_Says' p;
preserv p keys n Ks; monoton p keys; Guard n Ks (initState Spy)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
safe Ks (spies evs) \<longrightarrow> fresh p R' s' n Ks evs \<longrightarrow> keys R' s' n evs \<subseteq> Ks \<longrightarrow>
Guard n Ks (spies evs)" apply (erule tr.induct) (* Nil *) apply simp (* Fake *) apply (clarify, drule freshD, clarsimp) apply (case_tac evs2) (* evs2 = [] *) apply (frule has_only_Says'D, simp) apply (clarsimp, blast) (* evs2 = aa # list *) apply (clarsimp, rule conjI) apply (blast dest: safe_insert) (* X:guard n Ks *) apply (rule in_synth_Guard, simp, rule Guard_analz) apply (blast dest: safe_insert) apply (drule safe_insert, simp add: safe_def) (* Proto *) apply (clarify, drule freshD, clarify) apply (case_tac evs2) (* evs2 = [] *) apply (frule has_only_Says'D, simp) apply (frule_tac R=R' in has_only_Says'D, simp) apply (case_tac R', clarsimp, blast) (* evs2 = ab # list *) apply (frule has_only_Says'D, simp) apply (clarsimp, rule conjI) apply (drule Proto, simp+, blast dest: safe_insert) (* apm s X:guard n Ks *) apply (frule Proto, simp+) apply (erule preservD', simp+) apply (blast dest: safe_insert) apply (blast dest: safe_insert) by (blast, simp, simp, blast)
subsection\<open>useful properties for guardedness\<close>
lemma newn_neq_used: "\Nonce n \ used evs; ok evs R s; k \ newn R\ \<Longrightarrow> n \<noteq> nonce s k" by (auto simp: ok_def)
lemma ok_Guard: "\ok evs R s; Guard n Ks (spies evs); x \ fst R; is_Says x\ \<Longrightarrow> apm s (msg x) \<in> parts (spies evs) \<and> apm s (msg x) \<in> guard n Ks" apply (unfold ok_def is_Says_def, clarify) apply (drule_tac x="Says A B X"in spec, simp) by (drule Says_imp_spies, auto intro: parts_parts)
lemma ok_parts_not_new: "\Y \ parts (spies evs); Nonce (nonce s n) \ parts {Y};
ok evs R s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> n \<notin> newn R" by (auto simp: ok_def dest: not_used_not_spied parts_parts)
subsection\<open>unicity\<close>
definition uniq :: "proto \ secfun \ bool" where "uniq p secret \ \evs R R' n n' Ks s s'. R \ p \ R' \ p \
n \<in> newn R \<longrightarrow> n' \<in> newn R' \<longrightarrow> nonce s n = nonce s' n' \<longrightarrow>
Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s R} \<longrightarrow> Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s' R'} \<longrightarrow>
apm' s R \ guard (nonce s n) Ks \ apm' s' R' \ guard (nonce s n) Ks \
evs \<in> tr p \<longrightarrow> Nonce (nonce s n) \<notin> analz (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
secret R n s Ks \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow> secret R' n' s' Ks \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
secret R n s Ks = secret R' n' s' Ks"
lemma uniqD: "\uniq p secret; evs \ tr p; R \ p; R' \ p; n \ newn R; n' \ newn R';
nonce s n = nonce s' n'; Nonce (nonce s n) \<notin> analz (spies evs);
Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s R}; Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s' R'};
secret R n s Ks \<in> parts (spies evs); secret R' n' s' Ks \<in> parts (spies evs);
apm' s R \ guard (nonce s n) Ks; apm' s' R' \ guard (nonce s n) Ks\ \
secret R n s Ks = secret R' n' s' Ks" unfolding uniq_def by blast
definition ord :: "proto \ (rule \ rule \ bool) \ bool" where "ord p inff \ \R R'. R \ p \ R' \ p \ \ inff R R' \ inff R' R"
lemma ordD: "\ord p inff; \ inff R R'; R \ p; R' \ p\ \ inff R' R" unfolding ord_def by blast
definition uniq' :: "proto \ (rule \ rule \ bool) \ secfun \ bool" where "uniq' p inff secret \ \evs R R' n n' Ks s s'. R \ p \ R' \ p \
inff R R' \ n \ newn R \ n' \ newn R' \ nonce s n = nonce s' n' \
Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s R} \<longrightarrow> Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s' R'} \<longrightarrow>
apm' s R \ guard (nonce s n) Ks \ apm' s' R' \ guard (nonce s n) Ks \
evs \<in> tr p \<longrightarrow> Nonce (nonce s n) \<notin> analz (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
secret R n s Ks \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow> secret R' n' s' Ks \<in> parts (spies evs) \<longrightarrow>
secret R n s Ks = secret R' n' s' Ks"
lemma uniq'D: "\uniq' p inff secret; evs \ tr p; inff R R'; R \ p; R' \ p; n \ newn R;
n' \ newn R'; nonce s n = nonce s' n'; Nonce (nonce s n) \ analz (spies evs);
Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s R}; Nonce (nonce s n) \<in> parts {apm' s' R'};
secret R n s Ks \<in> parts (spies evs); secret R' n' s' Ks \<in> parts (spies evs);
apm' s R \ guard (nonce s n) Ks; apm' s' R' \ guard (nonce s n) Ks\ \
secret R n s Ks = secret R' n' s' Ks" by (unfold uniq'_def, blast)
lemma uniq'_imp_uniq: "\uniq' p inff secret; ord p inff\ \ uniq p secret" unfolding uniq_def apply (rule allI)+ apply (case_tac "inff R R'") apply (blast dest: uniq'D) by (auto dest: ordD uniq'D intro: sym)
subsection\<open>Needham-Schroeder-Lowe\<close>
definition a :: agent where"a == Friend 0" definition b :: agent where"b == Friend 1" definition a' :: agent where "a' == Friend 2" definition b' :: agent where "b' == Friend 3" definition Na :: nat where"Na == 0" definition Nb :: nat where"Nb == 1"
abbreviation
ns1 :: rule where "ns1 == ({}, Says a b (Crypt (pubK b) \Nonce Na, Agent a\))"
abbreviation
ns2 :: rule where "ns2 == ({Says a' b (Crypt (pubK b) \Nonce Na, Agent a\)},
Says b a (Crypt (pubK a) \<lbrace>Nonce Na, Nonce Nb, Agent b\<rbrace>))"
abbreviation
ns3 :: rule where "ns3 == ({Says a b (Crypt (pubK b) \Nonce Na, Agent a\),
Says b' a (Crypt (pubK a) \Nonce Na, Nonce Nb, Agent b\)},
Says a b (Crypt (pubK b) (Nonce Nb)))"
inductive_set ns :: proto where
[iff]: "ns1 \ ns"
| [iff]: "ns2 \ ns"
| [iff]: "ns3 \ ns"
abbreviation (input)
ns3a :: event where "ns3a == Says a b (Crypt (pubK b) \Nonce Na, Agent a\)"
abbreviation (input)
ns3b :: event where "ns3b == Says b' a (Crypt (pubK a) \Nonce Na, Nonce Nb, Agent b\)"
definition keys :: "keyfun"where "keys R' s' n evs == {priK' s' a, priK' s' b}"
lemma"monoton ns keys" by (simp add: keys_def monoton_def)
definition secret :: "secfun"where "secret R n s Ks ==
(if R=ns1 then apm s (Crypt (pubK b) \<lbrace>Nonce Na, Agent a\<rbrace>)
else if R=ns2 then apm s (Crypt (pubK a) \<lbrace>Nonce Na, Nonce Nb, Agent b\<rbrace>)
else Number 0)"
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