(* Title: HOL/Computational_Algebra/Primes.thy
Author: Christophe Tabacznyj
Author: Lawrence C. Paulson
Author: Amine Chaieb
Author: Thomas M. Rasmussen
Author: Jeremy Avigad
Author: Tobias Nipkow
Author: Manuel Eberl
This theory deals with properties of primes. Definitions and lemmas are
proved uniformly for the natural numbers and integers.
This file combines and revises a number of prior developments.
The original theories "GCD" and "Primes" were by Christophe Tabacznyj
and Lawrence C. Paulson, based on @{cite davenport92}. They introduced
gcd, lcm, and prime for the natural numbers.
The original theory "IntPrimes" was by Thomas M. Rasmussen, and
extended gcd, lcm, primes to the integers. Amine Chaieb provided
another extension of the notions to the integers, and added a number
of results to "Primes" and "GCD". IntPrimes also defined and developed
the congruence relations on the integers. The notion was extended to
the natural numbers by Chaieb.
Jeremy Avigad combined all of these, made everything uniform for the
natural numbers and the integers, and added a number of new theorems.
Tobias Nipkow cleaned up a lot.
Florian Haftmann and Manuel Eberl put primality and prime factorisation
onto an algebraic foundation and thus generalised these concepts to
other rings, such as polynomials. (see also the Factorial_Ring theory).
There were also previous formalisations of unique factorisation by
Thomas Marthedal Rasmussen, Jeremy Avigad, and David Gray.
*)
section \<open>Primes\<close>
theory Primes
imports Euclidean_Algorithm
begin
subsection \<open>Primes on \<^typ>\<open>nat\<close> and \<^typ>\<open>int\<close>\<close>
lemma Suc_0_not_prime_nat [simp]: "\ prime (Suc 0)"
using not_prime_1 [where ?'a = nat] by simp
lemma prime_ge_2_nat:
"p \ 2" if "prime p" for p :: nat
proof -
from that have "p \ 0" and "p \ 1"
by (auto dest: prime_elem_not_zeroI prime_elem_not_unit)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma prime_ge_2_int:
"p \ 2" if "prime p" for p :: int
proof -
from that have "prime_elem p" and "\p\ = p"
by (auto dest: normalize_prime)
then have "p \ 0" and "\p\ \ 1" and "p \ 0"
by (auto dest: prime_elem_not_zeroI prime_elem_not_unit)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma prime_ge_0_int: "prime p \ p \ (0::int)"
using prime_ge_2_int [of p] by simp
lemma prime_gt_0_nat: "prime p \ p > (0::nat)"
using prime_ge_2_nat [of p] by simp
(* As a simp or intro rule,
prime p \<Longrightarrow> p > 0
wreaks havoc here. When the premise includes \<forall>x \<in># M. prime x, it
leads to the backchaining
x > 0
prime x
x \<in># M which is, unfortunately,
count M x > 0 FIXME no, this is obsolete
*)
lemma prime_gt_0_int: "prime p \ p > (0::int)"
using prime_ge_2_int [of p] by simp
lemma prime_ge_1_nat: "prime p \ p \ (1::nat)"
using prime_ge_2_nat [of p] by simp
lemma prime_ge_Suc_0_nat: "prime p \ p \ Suc 0"
using prime_ge_1_nat [of p] by simp
lemma prime_ge_1_int: "prime p \ p \ (1::int)"
using prime_ge_2_int [of p] by simp
lemma prime_gt_1_nat: "prime p \ p > (1::nat)"
using prime_ge_2_nat [of p] by simp
lemma prime_gt_Suc_0_nat: "prime p \ p > Suc 0"
using prime_gt_1_nat [of p] by simp
lemma prime_gt_1_int: "prime p \ p > (1::int)"
using prime_ge_2_int [of p] by simp
lemma prime_natI:
"prime p" if "p \ 2" and "\m n. p dvd m * n \ p dvd m \ p dvd n" for p :: nat
using that by (auto intro!: primeI prime_elemI)
lemma prime_intI:
"prime p" if "p \ 2" and "\m n. p dvd m * n \ p dvd m \ p dvd n" for p :: int
using that by (auto intro!: primeI prime_elemI)
lemma prime_elem_nat_iff [simp]:
"prime_elem n \ prime n" for n :: nat
by (simp add: prime_def)
lemma prime_elem_iff_prime_abs [simp]:
"prime_elem k \ prime \k\" for k :: int
by (auto intro: primeI)
lemma prime_nat_int_transfer [simp]:
"prime (int n) \ prime n" (is "?P \ ?Q")
proof
assume ?P
then have "n \ 2"
by (auto dest: prime_ge_2_int)
then show ?Q
proof (rule prime_natI)
fix r s
assume "n dvd r * s"
with of_nat_dvd_iff [of n "r * s"] have "int n dvd int r * int s"
by simp
with \<open>?P\<close> have "int n dvd int r \<or> int n dvd int s"
using prime_dvd_mult_iff [of "int n" "int r" "int s"]
by simp
then show "n dvd r \ n dvd s"
by simp
qed
next
assume ?Q
then have "int n \ 2"
by (auto dest: prime_ge_2_nat)
then show ?P
proof (rule prime_intI)
fix r s
assume "int n dvd r * s"
then have "n dvd nat \r * s\"
by simp
then have "n dvd nat \r\ * nat \s\"
by (simp add: nat_abs_mult_distrib)
with \<open>?Q\<close> have "n dvd nat \<bar>r\<bar> \<or> n dvd nat \<bar>s\<bar>"
using prime_dvd_mult_iff [of "n" "nat \r\" "nat \s\"]
by simp
then show "int n dvd r \ int n dvd s"
by simp
qed
qed
lemma prime_nat_iff_prime [simp]:
"prime (nat k) \ prime k"
proof (cases "k \ 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
using prime_nat_int_transfer [of "nat k"] by simp
next
case False
then show ?thesis
by (auto dest: prime_ge_2_int)
qed
lemma prime_int_nat_transfer:
"prime k \ k \ 0 \ prime (nat k)"
by (auto dest: prime_ge_2_int)
lemma prime_nat_naiveI:
"prime p" if "p \ 2" and dvd: "\n. n dvd p \ n = 1 \ n = p" for p :: nat
proof (rule primeI, rule prime_elemI)
fix m n :: nat
assume "p dvd m * n"
then obtain r s where "p = r * s" "r dvd m" "s dvd n"
by (blast dest: division_decomp)
moreover have "r = 1 \ r = p"
using \<open>r dvd m\<close> \<open>p = r * s\<close> dvd [of r] by simp
ultimately show "p dvd m \ p dvd n"
by auto
qed (use \<open>p \<ge> 2\<close> in simp_all)
lemma prime_int_naiveI:
"prime p" if "p \ 2" and dvd: "\k. k dvd p \ \k\ = 1 \ \k\ = p" for p :: int
proof -
from \<open>p \<ge> 2\<close> have "nat p \<ge> 2"
by simp
then have "prime (nat p)"
proof (rule prime_nat_naiveI)
fix n
assume "n dvd nat p"
with \<open>p \<ge> 2\<close> have "n dvd nat \<bar>p\<bar>"
by simp
then have "int n dvd p"
by simp
with dvd [of "int n"] show "n = 1 \ n = nat p"
by auto
qed
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma prime_nat_iff:
"prime (n :: nat) \ (1 < n \ (\m. m dvd n \ m = 1 \ m = n))"
proof (safe intro!: prime_gt_1_nat)
assume "prime n"
then have *: "prime_elem n"
by simp
fix m assume m: "m dvd n" "m \ n"
from * \<open>m dvd n\<close> have "n dvd m \<or> is_unit m"
by (intro irreducibleD' prime_elem_imp_irreducible)
with m show "m = 1" by (auto dest: dvd_antisym)
next
assume "n > 1" "\m. m dvd n \ m = 1 \ m = n"
then show "prime n"
using prime_nat_naiveI [of n] by auto
qed
lemma prime_int_iff:
"prime (n::int) \ (1 < n \ (\m. m \ 0 \ m dvd n \ m = 1 \ m = n))"
proof (intro iffI conjI allI impI; (elim conjE)?)
assume *: "prime n"
hence irred: "irreducible n" by (auto intro: prime_elem_imp_irreducible)
from * have "n \ 0" "n \ 0" "n \ 1"
by (auto simp add: prime_ge_0_int)
thus "n > 1" by presburger
fix m assume "m dvd n" \<open>m \<ge> 0\<close>
with irred have "m dvd 1 \ n dvd m" by (auto simp: irreducible_altdef)
with \<open>m dvd n\<close> \<open>m \<ge> 0\<close> \<open>n > 1\<close> show "m = 1 \<or> m = n"
using associated_iff_dvd[of m n] by auto
next
assume n: "1 < n" "\m. m \ 0 \ m dvd n \ m = 1 \ m = n"
hence "nat n > 1" by simp
moreover have "\m. m dvd nat n \ m = 1 \ m = nat n"
proof (intro allI impI)
fix m assume "m dvd nat n"
with \<open>n > 1\<close> have "m dvd nat \<bar>n\<bar>"
by simp
then have "int m dvd n"
by simp
with n(2) have "int m = 1 \ int m = n"
using of_nat_0_le_iff by blast
thus "m = 1 \ m = nat n" by auto
qed
ultimately show "prime n"
unfolding prime_int_nat_transfer prime_nat_iff by auto
qed
lemma prime_nat_not_dvd:
assumes "prime p" "p > n" "n \ (1::nat)"
shows "\n dvd p"
proof
assume "n dvd p"
from assms(1) have "irreducible p" by (simp add: prime_elem_imp_irreducible)
from irreducibleD'[OF this \n dvd p\] \n dvd p\ \p > n\ assms show False
by (cases "n = 0") (auto dest!: dvd_imp_le)
qed
lemma prime_int_not_dvd:
assumes "prime p" "p > n" "n > (1::int)"
shows "\n dvd p"
proof
assume "n dvd p"
from assms(1) have "irreducible p" by (auto intro: prime_elem_imp_irreducible)
from irreducibleD'[OF this \n dvd p\] \n dvd p\ \p > n\ assms show False
by (auto dest!: zdvd_imp_le)
qed
lemma prime_odd_nat: "prime p \ p > (2::nat) \ odd p"
by (intro prime_nat_not_dvd) auto
lemma prime_odd_int: "prime p \ p > (2::int) \ odd p"
by (intro prime_int_not_dvd) auto
lemma prime_int_altdef:
"prime p = (1 < p \ (\m::int. m \ 0 \ m dvd p \
m = 1 \<or> m = p))"
unfolding prime_int_iff by blast
lemma not_prime_eq_prod_nat:
assumes "m > 1" "\ prime (m::nat)"
shows "\n k. n = m * k \ 1 < m \ m < n \ 1 < k \ k < n"
using assms irreducible_altdef[of m]
by (auto simp: prime_elem_iff_irreducible irreducible_altdef)
subsection \<open>Largest exponent of a prime factor\<close>
text\<open>Possibly duplicates other material, but avoid the complexities of multisets.\<close>
lemma prime_power_cancel_less:
assumes "prime p" and eq: "m * (p ^ k) = m' * (p ^ k')" and less: "k < k'" and "\ p dvd m"
shows False
proof -
obtain l where l: "k' = k + l" and "l > 0"
using less less_imp_add_positive by auto
have "m = m * (p ^ k) div (p ^ k)"
using \<open>prime p\<close> by simp
also have "\ = m' * (p ^ k') div (p ^ k)"
using eq by simp
also have "\ = m' * (p ^ l) * (p ^ k) div (p ^ k)"
by (simp add: l mult.commute mult.left_commute power_add)
also have "... = m' * (p ^ l)"
using \<open>prime p\<close> by simp
finally have "p dvd m"
using \<open>l > 0\<close> by simp
with assms show False
by simp
qed
lemma prime_power_cancel:
assumes "prime p" and eq: "m * (p ^ k) = m' * (p ^ k')" and "\ p dvd m" "\ p dvd m'"
shows "k = k'"
using prime_power_cancel_less [OF \<open>prime p\<close>] assms
by (metis linorder_neqE_nat)
lemma prime_power_cancel2:
assumes "prime p" "m * (p ^ k) = m' * (p ^ k')" "\ p dvd m" "\ p dvd m'"
obtains "m = m'" "k = k'"
using prime_power_cancel [OF assms] assms by auto
lemma prime_power_canonical:
fixes m :: nat
assumes "prime p" "m > 0"
shows "\k n. \ p dvd n \ m = n * p ^ k"
using \<open>m > 0\<close>
proof (induction m rule: less_induct)
case (less m)
show ?case
proof (cases "p dvd m")
case True
then obtain m' where m': "m = p * m'"
using dvdE by blast
with \<open>prime p\<close> have "0 < m'" "m' < m"
using less.prems prime_nat_iff by auto
with m' less show ?thesis
by (metis power_Suc mult.left_commute)
next
case False
then show ?thesis
by (metis mult.right_neutral power_0)
qed
qed
subsubsection \<open>Make prime naively executable\<close>
lemma prime_nat_iff':
"prime (p :: nat) \ p > 1 \ (\n \ {2.. n dvd p)"
proof safe
assume "p > 1" and *: "\n\{2..n dvd p"
show "prime p" unfolding prime_nat_iff
proof (intro conjI allI impI)
fix m assume "m dvd p"
with \<open>p > 1\<close> have "m \<noteq> 0" by (intro notI) auto
hence "m \ 1" by simp
moreover from \<open>m dvd p\<close> and * have "m \<notin> {2..<p}" by blast
with \<open>m dvd p\<close> and \<open>p > 1\<close> have "m \<le> 1 \<or> m = p" by (auto dest: dvd_imp_le)
ultimately show "m = 1 \ m = p" by simp
qed fact+
qed (auto simp: prime_nat_iff)
lemma prime_int_iff':
"prime (p :: int) \ p > 1 \ (\n \ {2.. n dvd p)" (is "?P \ ?Q")
proof (cases "p \ 0")
case True
have "?P \ prime (nat p)"
by simp
also have "\ \ p > 1 \ (\n\{2.. n dvd nat \p\)"
using True by (simp add: prime_nat_iff')
also have "{2..
using True int_eq_iff by fastforce
finally show "?P \ ?Q" by simp
next
case False
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: prime_ge_0_int)
qed
lemma prime_int_numeral_eq [simp]:
"prime (numeral m :: int) \ prime (numeral m :: nat)"
by (simp add: prime_int_nat_transfer)
lemma two_is_prime_nat [simp]: "prime (2::nat)"
by (simp add: prime_nat_iff')
lemma prime_nat_numeral_eq [simp]:
"prime (numeral m :: nat) \
(1::nat) < numeral m \<and>
(\<forall>n::nat \<in> set [2..<numeral m]. \<not> n dvd numeral m)"
by (simp only: prime_nat_iff' set_upt) \ \TODO Sieve Of Erathosthenes might speed this up\
text\<open>A bit of regression testing:\<close>
lemma "prime(97::nat)" by simp
lemma "prime(97::int)" by simp
lemma prime_factor_nat:
"n \ (1::nat) \ \p. prime p \ p dvd n"
using prime_divisor_exists[of n]
by (cases "n = 0") (auto intro: exI[of _ "2::nat"])
lemma prime_factor_int:
fixes k :: int
assumes "\k\ \ 1"
obtains p where "prime p" "p dvd k"
proof (cases "k = 0")
case True
then have "prime (2::int)" and "2 dvd k"
by simp_all
with that show thesis
by blast
next
case False
with assms prime_divisor_exists [of k] obtain p where "prime p" "p dvd k"
by auto
with that show thesis
by blast
qed
subsection \<open>Infinitely many primes\<close>
lemma next_prime_bound: "\p::nat. prime p \ n < p \ p \ fact n + 1"
proof-
have f1: "fact n + 1 \ (1::nat)" using fact_ge_1 [of n, where 'a=nat] by arith
from prime_factor_nat [OF f1]
obtain p :: nat where "prime p" and "p dvd fact n + 1" by auto
then have "p \ fact n + 1" apply (intro dvd_imp_le) apply auto done
{ assume "p \ n"
from \<open>prime p\<close> have "p \<ge> 1"
by (cases p, simp_all)
with \<open>p <= n\<close> have "p dvd fact n"
by (intro dvd_fact)
with \<open>p dvd fact n + 1\<close> have "p dvd fact n + 1 - fact n"
by (rule dvd_diff_nat)
then have "p dvd 1" by simp
then have "p <= 1" by auto
moreover from \<open>prime p\<close> have "p > 1"
using prime_nat_iff by blast
ultimately have False by auto}
then have "n < p" by presburger
with \<open>prime p\<close> and \<open>p <= fact n + 1\<close> show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma bigger_prime: "\p. prime p \ p > (n::nat)"
using next_prime_bound by auto
lemma primes_infinite: "\ (finite {(p::nat). prime p})"
proof
assume "finite {(p::nat). prime p}"
with Max_ge have "(\b. (\x \ {(p::nat). prime p}. x \ b))"
by auto
then obtain b where "\(x::nat). prime x \ x \ b"
by auto
with bigger_prime [of b] show False
by auto
qed
subsection \<open>Powers of Primes\<close>
text\<open>Versions for type nat only\<close>
lemma prime_product:
fixes p::nat
assumes "prime (p * q)"
shows "p = 1 \ q = 1"
proof -
from assms have
"1 < p * q" and P: "\m. m dvd p * q \ m = 1 \ m = p * q"
unfolding prime_nat_iff by auto
from \<open>1 < p * q\<close> have "p \<noteq> 0" by (cases p) auto
then have Q: "p = p * q \ q = 1" by auto
have "p dvd p * q" by simp
then have "p = 1 \ p = p * q" by (rule P)
then show ?thesis by (simp add: Q)
qed
(* TODO: Generalise? *)
lemma prime_power_mult_nat:
fixes p :: nat
assumes p: "prime p" and xy: "x * y = p ^ k"
shows "\i j. x = p ^ i \ y = p^ j"
using xy
proof(induct k arbitrary: x y)
case 0 thus ?case apply simp by (rule exI[where x="0"], simp)
next
case (Suc k x y)
from Suc.prems have pxy: "p dvd x*y" by auto
from prime_dvd_multD [OF p pxy] have pxyc: "p dvd x \ p dvd y" .
from p have p0: "p \ 0" by - (rule ccontr, simp)
{assume px: "p dvd x"
then obtain d where d: "x = p*d" unfolding dvd_def by blast
from Suc.prems d have "p*d*y = p^Suc k" by simp
hence th: "d*y = p^k" using p0 by simp
from Suc.hyps[OF th] obtain i j where ij: "d = p^i" "y = p^j" by blast
with d have "x = p^Suc i" by simp
with ij(2) have ?case by blast}
moreover
{assume px: "p dvd y"
then obtain d where d: "y = p*d" unfolding dvd_def by blast
from Suc.prems d have "p*d*x = p^Suc k" by (simp add: mult.commute)
hence th: "d*x = p^k" using p0 by simp
from Suc.hyps[OF th] obtain i j where ij: "d = p^i" "x = p^j" by blast
with d have "y = p^Suc i" by simp
with ij(2) have ?case by blast}
ultimately show ?case using pxyc by blast
qed
lemma prime_power_exp_nat:
fixes p::nat
assumes p: "prime p" and n: "n \ 0"
and xn: "x^n = p^k" shows "\i. x = p^i"
using n xn
proof(induct n arbitrary: k)
case 0 thus ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n k) hence th: "x*x^n = p^k" by simp
{assume "n = 0" with Suc have ?case by simp (rule exI[where x="k"], simp)}
moreover
{assume n: "n \ 0"
from prime_power_mult_nat[OF p th]
obtain i j where ij: "x = p^i" "x^n = p^j"by blast
from Suc.hyps[OF n ij(2)] have ?case .}
ultimately show ?case by blast
qed
lemma divides_primepow_nat:
fixes p :: nat
assumes p: "prime p"
shows "d dvd p ^ k \ (\i\k. d = p ^ i)"
using assms divides_primepow [of p d k] by (auto intro: le_imp_power_dvd)
subsection \<open>Chinese Remainder Theorem Variants\<close>
lemma bezout_gcd_nat:
fixes a::nat shows "\x y. a * x - b * y = gcd a b \ b * x - a * y = gcd a b"
using bezout_nat[of a b]
by (metis bezout_nat diff_add_inverse gcd_add_mult gcd.commute
gcd_nat.right_neutral mult_0)
lemma gcd_bezout_sum_nat:
fixes a::nat
assumes "a * x + b * y = d"
shows "gcd a b dvd d"
proof-
let ?g = "gcd a b"
have dv: "?g dvd a*x" "?g dvd b * y"
by simp_all
from dvd_add[OF dv] assms
show ?thesis by auto
qed
text \<open>A binary form of the Chinese Remainder Theorem.\<close>
(* TODO: Generalise? *)
lemma chinese_remainder:
fixes a::nat assumes ab: "coprime a b" and a: "a \ 0" and b: "b \ 0"
shows "\x q1 q2. x = u + q1 * a \ x = v + q2 * b"
proof-
from bezout_add_strong_nat[OF a, of b] bezout_add_strong_nat[OF b, of a]
obtain d1 x1 y1 d2 x2 y2 where dxy1: "d1 dvd a" "d1 dvd b" "a * x1 = b * y1 + d1"
and dxy2: "d2 dvd b" "d2 dvd a" "b * x2 = a * y2 + d2" by blast
then have d12: "d1 = 1" "d2 = 1"
using ab coprime_common_divisor_nat [of a b] by blast+
let ?x = "v * a * x1 + u * b * x2"
let ?q1 = "v * x1 + u * y2"
let ?q2 = "v * y1 + u * x2"
from dxy2(3)[simplified d12] dxy1(3)[simplified d12]
have "?x = u + ?q1 * a" "?x = v + ?q2 * b"
by algebra+
thus ?thesis by blast
qed
text \<open>Primality\<close>
lemma coprime_bezout_strong:
fixes a::nat assumes "coprime a b" "b \ 1"
shows "\x y. a * x = b * y + 1"
by (metis add.commute add.right_neutral assms(1) assms(2) chinese_remainder coprime_1_left coprime_1_right coprime_crossproduct_nat mult.commute mult.right_neutral mult_cancel_left)
lemma bezout_prime:
assumes p: "prime p" and pa: "\ p dvd a"
shows "\x y. a*x = Suc (p*y)"
proof -
have ap: "coprime a p"
using coprime_commute p pa prime_imp_coprime by auto
moreover from p have "p \ 1" by auto
ultimately have "\x y. a * x = p * y + 1"
by (rule coprime_bezout_strong)
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
(* END TODO *)
subsection \<open>Multiplicity and primality for natural numbers and integers\<close>
lemma prime_factors_gt_0_nat:
"p \ prime_factors x \ p > (0::nat)"
by (simp add: in_prime_factors_imp_prime prime_gt_0_nat)
lemma prime_factors_gt_0_int:
"p \ prime_factors x \ p > (0::int)"
by (simp add: in_prime_factors_imp_prime prime_gt_0_int)
lemma prime_factors_ge_0_int [elim]: (* FIXME !? *)
fixes n :: int
shows "p \ prime_factors n \ p \ 0"
by (drule prime_factors_gt_0_int) simp
lemma prod_mset_prime_factorization_int:
fixes n :: int
assumes "n > 0"
shows "prod_mset (prime_factorization n) = n"
using assms by (simp add: prod_mset_prime_factorization)
lemma prime_factorization_exists_nat:
"n > 0 \ (\M. (\p::nat \ set_mset M. prime p) \ n = (\i \# M. i))"
using prime_factorization_exists[of n] by auto
lemma prod_mset_prime_factorization_nat [simp]:
"(n::nat) > 0 \ prod_mset (prime_factorization n) = n"
by (subst prod_mset_prime_factorization) simp_all
lemma prime_factorization_nat:
"n > (0::nat) \ n = (\p \ prime_factors n. p ^ multiplicity p n)"
by (simp add: prod_prime_factors)
lemma prime_factorization_int:
"n > (0::int) \ n = (\p \ prime_factors n. p ^ multiplicity p n)"
by (simp add: prod_prime_factors)
lemma prime_factorization_unique_nat:
fixes f :: "nat \ _"
assumes S_eq: "S = {p. 0 < f p}"
and "finite S"
and S: "\p\S. prime p" "n = (\p\S. p ^ f p)"
shows "S = prime_factors n \ (\p. prime p \ f p = multiplicity p n)"
using assms by (intro prime_factorization_unique'') auto
lemma prime_factorization_unique_int:
fixes f :: "int \ _"
assumes S_eq: "S = {p. 0 < f p}"
and "finite S"
and S: "\p\S. prime p" "abs n = (\p\S. p ^ f p)"
shows "S = prime_factors n \ (\p. prime p \ f p = multiplicity p n)"
using assms by (intro prime_factorization_unique'') auto
lemma prime_factors_characterization_nat:
"S = {p. 0 < f (p::nat)} \
finite S \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>p\<in>S. prime p \<Longrightarrow> n = (\<Prod>p\<in>S. p ^ f p) \<Longrightarrow> prime_factors n = S"
by (rule prime_factorization_unique_nat [THEN conjunct1, symmetric])
lemma prime_factors_characterization'_nat:
"finite {p. 0 < f (p::nat)} \
(\<forall>p. 0 < f p \<longrightarrow> prime p) \<Longrightarrow>
prime_factors (\<Prod>p | 0 < f p. p ^ f p) = {p. 0 < f p}"
by (rule prime_factors_characterization_nat) auto
lemma prime_factors_characterization_int:
"S = {p. 0 < f (p::int)} \ finite S \
\<forall>p\<in>S. prime p \<Longrightarrow> abs n = (\<Prod>p\<in>S. p ^ f p) \<Longrightarrow> prime_factors n = S"
by (rule prime_factorization_unique_int [THEN conjunct1, symmetric])
(* TODO Move *)
lemma abs_prod: "abs (prod f A :: 'a :: linordered_idom) = prod (\x. abs (f x)) A"
by (cases "finite A", induction A rule: finite_induct) (simp_all add: abs_mult)
lemma primes_characterization'_int [rule_format]:
"finite {p. p \ 0 \ 0 < f (p::int)} \ \p. 0 < f p \ prime p \
prime_factors (\<Prod>p | p \<ge> 0 \<and> 0 < f p. p ^ f p) = {p. p \<ge> 0 \<and> 0 < f p}"
by (rule prime_factors_characterization_int) (auto simp: abs_prod prime_ge_0_int)
lemma multiplicity_characterization_nat:
"S = {p. 0 < f (p::nat)} \ finite S \ \p\S. prime p \ prime p \
n = (\<Prod>p\<in>S. p ^ f p) \<Longrightarrow> multiplicity p n = f p"
by (frule prime_factorization_unique_nat [of S f n, THEN conjunct2, rule_format, symmetric]) auto
lemma multiplicity_characterization'_nat: "finite {p. 0 < f (p::nat)} \
(\<forall>p. 0 < f p \<longrightarrow> prime p) \<longrightarrow> prime p \<longrightarrow>
multiplicity p (\<Prod>p | 0 < f p. p ^ f p) = f p"
by (intro impI, rule multiplicity_characterization_nat) auto
lemma multiplicity_characterization_int: "S = {p. 0 < f (p::int)} \
finite S \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>p\<in>S. prime p \<Longrightarrow> prime p \<Longrightarrow> n = (\<Prod>p\<in>S. p ^ f p) \<Longrightarrow> multiplicity p n = f p"
by (frule prime_factorization_unique_int [of S f n, THEN conjunct2, rule_format, symmetric])
(auto simp: abs_prod power_abs prime_ge_0_int intro!: prod.cong)
lemma multiplicity_characterization'_int [rule_format]:
"finite {p. p \ 0 \ 0 < f (p::int)} \
(\<forall>p. 0 < f p \<longrightarrow> prime p) \<Longrightarrow> prime p \<Longrightarrow>
multiplicity p (\<Prod>p | p \<ge> 0 \<and> 0 < f p. p ^ f p) = f p"
by (rule multiplicity_characterization_int) (auto simp: prime_ge_0_int)
lemma multiplicity_one_nat [simp]: "multiplicity p (Suc 0) = 0"
unfolding One_nat_def [symmetric] by (rule multiplicity_one)
lemma multiplicity_eq_nat:
fixes x and y::nat
assumes "x > 0" "y > 0" "\p. prime p \ multiplicity p x = multiplicity p y"
shows "x = y"
using multiplicity_eq_imp_eq[of x y] assms by simp
lemma multiplicity_eq_int:
fixes x y :: int
assumes "x > 0" "y > 0" "\p. prime p \ multiplicity p x = multiplicity p y"
shows "x = y"
using multiplicity_eq_imp_eq[of x y] assms by simp
lemma multiplicity_prod_prime_powers:
assumes "finite S" "\x. x \ S \ prime x" "prime p"
shows "multiplicity p (\p \ S. p ^ f p) = (if p \ S then f p else 0)"
proof -
define g where "g = (\x. if x \ S then f x else 0)"
define A where "A = Abs_multiset g"
have "{x. g x > 0} \ S" by (auto simp: g_def)
from finite_subset[OF this assms(1)] have [simp]: "g \ multiset"
by (simp add: multiset_def)
from assms have count_A: "count A x = g x" for x unfolding A_def
by simp
have set_mset_A: "set_mset A = {x\S. f x > 0}"
unfolding set_mset_def count_A by (auto simp: g_def)
with assms have prime: "prime x" if "x \# A" for x using that by auto
from set_mset_A assms have "(\p \ S. p ^ f p) = (\p \ S. p ^ g p) "
by (intro prod.cong) (auto simp: g_def)
also from set_mset_A assms have "\ = (\p \ set_mset A. p ^ g p)"
by (intro prod.mono_neutral_right) (auto simp: g_def set_mset_A)
also have "\ = prod_mset A"
by (auto simp: prod_mset_multiplicity count_A set_mset_A intro!: prod.cong)
also from assms have "multiplicity p \ = sum_mset (image_mset (multiplicity p) A)"
by (subst prime_elem_multiplicity_prod_mset_distrib) (auto dest: prime)
also from assms have "image_mset (multiplicity p) A = image_mset (\x. if x = p then 1 else 0) A"
by (intro image_mset_cong) (auto simp: prime_multiplicity_other dest: prime)
also have "sum_mset \ = (if p \ S then f p else 0)" by (simp add: sum_mset_delta count_A g_def)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma prime_factorization_prod_mset:
assumes "0 \# A"
shows "prime_factorization (prod_mset A) = \\<^sub>#(image_mset prime_factorization A)"
using assms by (induct A) (auto simp add: prime_factorization_mult)
lemma prime_factors_prod:
assumes "finite A" and "0 \ f ` A"
shows "prime_factors (prod f A) = \((prime_factors \ f) ` A)"
using assms by (simp add: prod_unfold_prod_mset prime_factorization_prod_mset)
lemma prime_factors_fact:
"prime_factors (fact n) = {p \ {2..n}. prime p}" (is "?M = ?N")
proof (rule set_eqI)
fix p
{ fix m :: nat
assume "p \ prime_factors m"
then have "prime p" and "p dvd m" by auto
moreover assume "m > 0"
ultimately have "2 \ p" and "p \ m"
by (auto intro: prime_ge_2_nat dest: dvd_imp_le)
moreover assume "m \ n"
ultimately have "2 \ p" and "p \ n"
by (auto intro: order_trans)
} note * = this
show "p \ ?M \ p \ ?N"
by (auto simp add: fact_prod prime_factors_prod Suc_le_eq dest!: prime_prime_factors intro: *)
qed
lemma prime_dvd_fact_iff:
assumes "prime p"
shows "p dvd fact n \ p \ n"
using assms
by (auto simp add: prime_factorization_subset_iff_dvd [symmetric]
prime_factorization_prime prime_factors_fact prime_ge_2_nat)
(* TODO Legacy names *)
lemmas prime_imp_coprime_nat = prime_imp_coprime[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_imp_coprime_int = prime_imp_coprime[where ?'a = int]
lemmas prime_dvd_mult_nat = prime_dvd_mult_iff[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_dvd_mult_int = prime_dvd_mult_iff[where ?'a = int]
lemmas prime_dvd_mult_eq_nat = prime_dvd_mult_iff[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_dvd_mult_eq_int = prime_dvd_mult_iff[where ?'a = int]
lemmas prime_dvd_power_nat = prime_dvd_power[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_dvd_power_int = prime_dvd_power[where ?'a = int]
lemmas prime_dvd_power_nat_iff = prime_dvd_power_iff[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_dvd_power_int_iff = prime_dvd_power_iff[where ?'a = int]
lemmas prime_imp_power_coprime_nat = prime_imp_power_coprime[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_imp_power_coprime_int = prime_imp_power_coprime[where ?'a = int]
lemmas primes_coprime_nat = primes_coprime[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas primes_coprime_int = primes_coprime[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_divprod_pow_nat = prime_elem_divprod_pow[where ?'a = nat]
lemmas prime_exp = prime_elem_power_iff[where ?'a = nat]
text \<open>Code generation\<close>
context
begin
qualified definition prime_nat :: "nat \ bool"
where [simp, code_abbrev]: "prime_nat = prime"
lemma prime_nat_naive [code]:
"prime_nat p \ p > 1 \ (\n \{1<.. n dvd p)"
by (auto simp add: prime_nat_iff')
qualified definition prime_int :: "int \ bool"
where [simp, code_abbrev]: "prime_int = prime"
lemma prime_int_naive [code]:
"prime_int p \ p > 1 \ (\n \{1<.. n dvd p)"
by (auto simp add: prime_int_iff')
lemma "prime(997::nat)" by eval
lemma "prime(997::int)" by eval
end
end
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