(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Subrings.thy
Authors: Martin Baillon and Paulo Emílio de Vilhena
*)
theory Subrings
imports Ring RingHom QuotRing Multiplicative_Group
begin
section \<open>Subrings\<close>
subsection \<open>Definitions\<close>
locale subring =
subgroup H "add_monoid R" + submonoid H R for H and R (structure)
locale subcring = subring +
assumes sub_m_comm: "\ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = h2 \ h1"
locale subdomain = subcring +
assumes sub_one_not_zero [simp]: "\ \ \"
assumes subintegral: "\ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = \ \ h1 = \ \ h2 = \"
locale subfield = subdomain K R for K and R (structure) +
assumes subfield_Units: "Units (R \ carrier := K \) = K - { \ }"
subsection \<open>Basic Properties\<close>
subsubsection \<open>Subrings\<close>
lemma (in ring) subringI:
assumes "H \ carrier R"
and "\ \ H"
and "\h. h \ H \ \ h \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 \ H"
shows "subring H R"
using add.subgroupI[OF assms(1) _ assms(3, 5)] assms(2)
submonoid.intro[OF assms(1, 4, 2)]
unfolding subring_def by auto
lemma subringE:
assumes "subring H R"
shows "H \ carrier R"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "H \ {}"
and "\h. h \ H \ \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
using subring.axioms[OF assms]
unfolding submonoid_def subgroup_def a_inv_def by auto
lemma (in ring) carrier_is_subring: "subring (carrier R) R"
by (simp add: subringI)
lemma (in ring) subring_inter:
assumes "subring I R" and "subring J R"
shows "subring (I \ J) R"
using subringE[OF assms(1)] subringE[OF assms(2)] subringI[of "I \ J"] by auto
lemma (in ring) subring_Inter:
assumes "\I. I \ S \ subring I R" and "S \ {}"
shows "subring (\S) R"
proof (rule subringI, auto simp add: assms subringE[of _ R])
fix x assume "\I \ S. x \ I" thus "x \ carrier R"
using assms subringE(1)[of _ R] by blast
qed
lemma (in ring) subring_is_ring:
assumes "subring H R" shows "ring (R \ carrier := H \)"
proof -
interpret group "add_monoid (R \ carrier := H \)" + monoid "R \ carrier := H \"
using subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF subring.axioms(1) add.is_group] assms
submonoid.submonoid_is_monoid[OF subring.axioms(2) monoid_axioms] by auto
show ?thesis
using subringE(1)[OF assms]
by (unfold_locales, simp_all add: subringE(1)[OF assms] add.m_comm subset_eq l_distr r_distr)
qed
lemma (in ring) ring_incl_imp_subring:
assumes "H \ carrier R"
and "ring (R \ carrier := H \)"
shows "subring H R"
using group.group_incl_imp_subgroup[OF add.group_axioms, of H] assms(1)
monoid.monoid_incl_imp_submonoid[OF monoid_axioms assms(1)]
ring.axioms(1, 2)[OF assms(2)] abelian_group.a_group[of "R \ carrier := H \"]
unfolding subring_def by auto
lemma (in ring) subring_iff:
assumes "H \ carrier R"
shows "subring H R \ ring (R \ carrier := H \)"
using subring_is_ring ring_incl_imp_subring[OF assms] by auto
subsubsection \<open>Subcrings\<close>
lemma (in ring) subcringI:
assumes "subring H R"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = h2 \ h1"
shows "subcring H R"
unfolding subcring_def subcring_axioms_def using assms by simp+
lemma (in cring) subcringI':
assumes "subring H R"
shows "subcring H R"
using subcringI[OF assms] subringE(1)[OF assms] m_comm by auto
lemma subcringE:
assumes "subcring H R"
shows "H \ carrier R"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "H \ {}"
and "\h. h \ H \ \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 = h2 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h1"
using subringE[OF subcring.axioms(1)[OF assms]] subcring.sub_m_comm[OF assms] by simp+
lemma (in cring) carrier_is_subcring: "subcring (carrier R) R"
by (simp add: subcringI' carrier_is_subring)
lemma (in ring) subcring_inter:
assumes "subcring I R" and "subcring J R"
shows "subcring (I \ J) R"
using subcringE[OF assms(1)] subcringE[OF assms(2)]
subcringI[of "I \ J"] subringI[of "I \ J"] by auto
lemma (in ring) subcring_Inter:
assumes "\I. I \ S \ subcring I R" and "S \ {}"
shows "subcring (\S) R"
proof (rule subcringI)
show "subring (\S) R"
using subcring.axioms(1)[of _ R] subring_Inter[of S] assms by auto
next
fix h1 h2 assume h1: "h1 \ \S" and h2: "h2 \ \S"
obtain S' where S': "S' \ S"
using assms(2) by blast
hence "h1 \ S'" "h2 \ S'"
using h1 h2 by blast+
thus "h1 \ h2 = h2 \ h1"
using subcring.sub_m_comm[OF assms(1)[OF S']] by simp
qed
lemma (in ring) subcring_iff:
assumes "H \ carrier R"
shows "subcring H R \ cring (R \ carrier := H \)"
proof
assume A: "subcring H R"
hence ring: "ring (R \ carrier := H \)"
using subring_iff[OF assms] subcring.axioms(1)[OF A] by simp
moreover have "comm_monoid (R \ carrier := H \)"
using monoid.monoid_comm_monoidI[OF ring.is_monoid[OF ring]]
subcring.sub_m_comm[OF A] by auto
ultimately show "cring (R \ carrier := H \)"
using cring_def by blast
next
assume A: "cring (R \ carrier := H \)"
hence "subring H R"
using cring.axioms(1) subring_iff[OF assms] by simp
moreover have "comm_monoid (R \ carrier := H \)"
using A unfolding cring_def by simp
hence"\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = h2 \ h1"
using comm_monoid.m_comm[of "R \ carrier := H \"] by auto
ultimately show "subcring H R"
unfolding subcring_def subcring_axioms_def by auto
qed
subsubsection \<open>Subdomains\<close>
lemma (in ring) subdomainI:
assumes "subcring H R"
and "\ \ \"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = \ \ h1 = \ \ h2 = \"
shows "subdomain H R"
unfolding subdomain_def subdomain_axioms_def using assms by simp+
lemma (in domain) subdomainI':
assumes "subring H R"
shows "subdomain H R"
proof (rule subdomainI[OF subcringI[OF assms]], simp_all)
show "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \ h2 = h2 \ h1"
using m_comm subringE(1)[OF assms] by auto
show "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H; h1 \ h2 = \ \ \ (h1 = \) \ (h2 = \)"
using integral subringE(1)[OF assms] by auto
qed
lemma subdomainE:
assumes "subdomain H R"
shows "H \ carrier R"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ H"
and "H \ {}"
and "\h. h \ H \ \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 \ H"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 = h2 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h1"
and "\h1 h2. \ h1 \ H; h2 \ H \ \ h1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> h2 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ h1 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ h2 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>"
using subcringE[OF subdomain.axioms(1)[OF assms]] assms
unfolding subdomain_def subdomain_axioms_def by auto
lemma (in ring) subdomain_iff:
assumes "H \ carrier R"
shows "subdomain H R \ domain (R \ carrier := H \)"
proof
assume A: "subdomain H R"
hence cring: "cring (R \ carrier := H \)"
using subcring_iff[OF assms] subdomain.axioms(1)[OF A] by simp
thus "domain (R \ carrier := H \)"
using domain.intro[OF cring] subdomain.subintegral[OF A] subdomain.sub_one_not_zero[OF A]
unfolding domain_axioms_def by auto
next
assume A: "domain (R \ carrier := H \)"
hence subcring: "subcring H R"
using subcring_iff[OF assms] unfolding domain_def by simp
thus "subdomain H R"
using subdomain.intro[OF subcring] domain.integral[OF A] domain.one_not_zero[OF A]
unfolding subdomain_axioms_def by auto
qed
lemma (in domain) subring_is_domain:
assumes "subring H R" shows "domain (R \ carrier := H \)"
using subdomainI'[OF assms] unfolding subdomain_iff[OF subringE(1)[OF assms]] .
(* NEW ====================== *)
lemma (in ring) subdomain_is_domain:
assumes "subdomain H R" shows "domain (R \ carrier := H \)"
using assms unfolding subdomain_iff[OF subdomainE(1)[OF assms]] .
subsubsection \<open>Subfields\<close>
lemma (in ring) subfieldI:
assumes "subcring K R" and "Units (R \ carrier := K \) = K - { \ }"
shows "subfield K R"
proof (rule subfield.intro)
show "subfield_axioms K R"
using assms(2) unfolding subfield_axioms_def .
show "subdomain K R"
proof (rule subdomainI[OF assms(1)], auto)
have subM: "submonoid K R"
using subring.axioms(2)[OF subcring.axioms(1)[OF assms(1)]] .
show contr: "\ = \ \ False"
proof -
assume one_eq_zero: "\ = \"
have "\ \ K" and "\ \ \ = \"
using submonoid.one_closed[OF subM] by simp+
hence "\ \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
unfolding Units_def by (simp, blast)
hence "\ \ \"
using assms(2) by simp
thus False
using one_eq_zero by simp
qed
fix k1 k2 assume k1: "k1 \ K" and k2: "k2 \ K" "k2 \ \" and k12: "k1 \ k2 = \"
obtain k2' where k2': "k2' \ K" "k2' \ k2 = \" "k2 \ k2' = \"
using assms(2) k2 unfolding Units_def by auto
have "\ = (k1 \ k2) \ k2'"
using k12 k2'(1) submonoid.mem_carrier[OF subM] by fastforce
also have "... = k1"
using k1 k2(1) k2'(1,3) submonoid.mem_carrier[OF subM] by (simp add: m_assoc)
finally have "\ = k1" .
thus "k1 = \" by simp
qed
qed
lemma (in field) subfieldI':
assumes "subring K R" and "\k. k \ K - { \ } \ inv k \ K"
shows "subfield K R"
proof (rule subfieldI)
show "subcring K R"
using subcringI[OF assms(1)] m_comm subringE(1)[OF assms(1)] by auto
show "Units (R \ carrier := K \) = K - { \ }"
proof
show "K - { \ } \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
proof
fix k assume k: "k \ K - { \ }"
hence inv_k: "inv k \ K"
using assms(2) by simp
moreover have "k \ carrier R - { \ }"
using subringE(1)[OF assms(1)] k by auto
ultimately have "k \ inv k = \" "inv k \ k = \"
by (simp add: field_Units)+
thus "k \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
unfolding Units_def using k inv_k by auto
qed
next
show "Units (R \ carrier := K \) \ K - { \ }"
proof
fix k assume k: "k \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
then obtain k' where k': "k' \ K" "k \ k' = \"
unfolding Units_def by auto
hence "k \ carrier R" and "k' \ carrier R"
using k subringE(1)[OF assms(1)] unfolding Units_def by auto
hence "\ = \" if "k = \"
using that k'(2) by auto
thus "k \ K - { \ }"
using k unfolding Units_def by auto
qed
qed
qed
lemma (in field) carrier_is_subfield: "subfield (carrier R) R"
by (auto intro: subfieldI[OF carrier_is_subcring] simp add: field_Units)
lemma subfieldE:
assumes "subfield K R"
shows "subring K R" and "subcring K R"
and "K \ carrier R"
and "\k1 k2. \ k1 \ K; k2 \ K \ \ k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2 = k2 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k1"
and "\k1 k2. \ k1 \ K; k2 \ K \ \ k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ k1 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ k2 = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>"
and "\\<^bsub>R\<^esub> \ \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>"
using subdomain.axioms(1)[OF subfield.axioms(1)[OF assms]] subcring_def
subdomainE(1, 8, 9, 10)[OF subfield.axioms(1)[OF assms]] by auto
lemma (in ring) subfield_m_inv:
assumes "subfield K R" and "k \ K - { \ }"
shows "inv k \ K - { \ }" and "k \ inv k = \" and "inv k \ k = \"
proof -
have K: "subring K R" "submonoid K R"
using subfieldE(1)[OF assms(1)] subring.axioms(2) by auto
have monoid: "monoid (R \ carrier := K \)"
using submonoid.submonoid_is_monoid[OF subring.axioms(2)[OF K(1)] is_monoid] .
have "monoid R"
by (simp add: monoid_axioms)
hence k: "k \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
using subfield.subfield_Units[OF assms(1)] assms(2) by blast
hence unit_of_R: "k \ Units R"
using assms(2) subringE(1)[OF subfieldE(1)[OF assms(1)]] unfolding Units_def by auto
have "inv\<^bsub>(R \ carrier := K \)\<^esub> k \ Units (R \ carrier := K \)"
by (simp add: k monoid monoid.Units_inv_Units)
hence "inv\<^bsub>(R \ carrier := K \)\<^esub> k \ K - { \ }"
using subfield.subfield_Units[OF assms(1)] by blast
thus "inv k \ K - { \ }" and "k \ inv k = \" and "inv k \ k = \"
using Units_l_inv[OF unit_of_R] Units_r_inv[OF unit_of_R]
using monoid.m_inv_monoid_consistent[OF monoid_axioms k K(2)] by auto
qed
lemma (in ring) subfield_m_inv_simprule:
assumes "subfield K R"
shows "\ k \ K - { \ }; a \ carrier R \ \ k \ a \ K \ a \ K"
proof -
note subring_props = subringE[OF subfieldE(1)[OF assms]]
assume A: "k \ K - { \ }" "a \ carrier R" "k \ a \ K"
then obtain k' where k': "k' \ K" "k \ a = k'" by blast
have inv_k: "inv k \ K" "inv k \ k = \"
using subfield_m_inv[OF assms A(1)] by auto
hence "inv k \ (k \ a) \ K"
using k' A(3) subring_props(6) by auto
thus "a \ K"
using m_assoc[of "inv k" k a] A(2) inv_k subring_props(1)
by (metis (no_types, hide_lams) A(1) Diff_iff l_one subsetCE)
qed
lemma (in ring) subfield_iff:
shows "\ field (R \ carrier := K \); K \ carrier R \ \ subfield K R"
and "subfield K R \ field (R \ carrier := K \)"
proof-
assume A: "field (R \ carrier := K \)" "K \ carrier R"
have "\k1 k2. \ k1 \ K; k2 \ K \ \ k1 \ k2 = k2 \ k1"
using comm_monoid.m_comm[OF cring.axioms(2)[OF fieldE(1)[OF A(1)]]] by simp
moreover have "subring K R"
using ring_incl_imp_subring[OF A(2) cring.axioms(1)[OF fieldE(1)[OF A(1)]]] .
ultimately have "subcring K R"
using subcringI by simp
thus "subfield K R"
using field.field_Units[OF A(1)] subfieldI by auto
next
assume A: "subfield K R"
have cring: "cring (R \ carrier := K \)"
using subcring_iff[OF subringE(1)[OF subfieldE(1)[OF A]]] subfieldE(2)[OF A] by simp
thus "field (R \ carrier := K \)"
using cring.cring_fieldI[OF cring] subfield.subfield_Units[OF A] by simp
qed
lemma (in field) subgroup_mult_of :
assumes "subfield K R"
shows "subgroup (K - {\}) (mult_of R)"
proof (intro group.group_incl_imp_subgroup[OF field_mult_group])
show "K - {\} \ carrier (mult_of R)"
by (simp add: Diff_mono assms carrier_mult_of subfieldE(3))
show "group ((mult_of R) \ carrier := K - {\} \)"
using field.field_mult_group[OF subfield_iff(2)[OF assms]]
unfolding mult_of_def by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Subring Homomorphisms\<close>
lemma (in ring) hom_imp_img_subring:
assumes "h \ ring_hom R S" and "subring K R"
shows "ring (S \ carrier := h ` K, one := h \, zero := h \ \)"
proof -
have [simp]: "h \ = \\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
using assms ring_hom_one by blast
have "ring (R \ carrier := K \)"
by (simp add: assms(2) subring_is_ring)
moreover have "h \ ring_hom (R \ carrier := K \) S"
using assms subringE(1)[OF assms (2)] unfolding ring_hom_def
apply simp
apply blast
done
ultimately show ?thesis
using ring.ring_hom_imp_img_ring[of "R \ carrier := K \" h S] by simp
qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_subring:
assumes "subring K R" shows "subring (h ` K) S"
proof -
have "ring (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
using R.hom_imp_img_subring[OF homh assms] hom_zero hom_one by simp
moreover have "h ` K \ carrier S"
using ring_hom_memE(1)[OF homh] subringE(1)[OF assms] by auto
ultimately show ?thesis
using ring_incl_imp_subring by simp
qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_subfield:
assumes "subfield K R" and "\\<^bsub>S\<^esub> \ \\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
shows "inj_on h K" and "subfield (h ` K) S"
proof -
have K: "K \ carrier R" "subring K R" "subring (h ` K) S"
using subfieldE(1)[OF assms(1)] subringE(1) img_is_subring by auto
have field: "field (R \ carrier := K \)"
using R.subfield_iff(2) \<open>subfield K R\<close> by blast
moreover have ring: "ring (R \ carrier := K \)"
using K R.ring_axioms R.subring_is_ring by blast
moreover have ringS: "ring (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
using subring_is_ring K by simp
ultimately have h: "h \ ring_hom (R \ carrier := K \) (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
unfolding ring_hom_def apply auto
using ring_hom_memE[OF homh] K
by (meson contra_subsetD)+
hence ring_hom: "ring_hom_ring (R \ carrier := K \) (S \ carrier := h ` K \) h"
using ring_axioms ring ringS ring_hom_ringI2 by blast
have "h ` K \ { \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> }"
using subfieldE(1, 5)[OF assms(1)] subringE(3) assms(2)
by (metis hom_one image_eqI singletonD)
thus "inj_on h K"
using ring_hom_ring.non_trivial_field_hom_imp_inj[OF ring_hom field] by auto
hence "h \ ring_iso (R \ carrier := K \) (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
using h unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto
hence "field (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
using field.ring_iso_imp_img_field[OF field, of h "S \ carrier := h ` K \"] by auto
thus "subfield (h ` K) S"
using S.subfield_iff[of "h ` K"] K(1) ring_hom_memE(1)[OF homh] by blast
qed
(* NEW ========================================================================== *)
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) induced_ring_hom:
assumes "subring K R" shows "ring_hom_ring (R \ carrier := K \) S h"
proof -
have "h \ ring_hom (R \ carrier := K \) S"
using homh subringE(1)[OF assms] unfolding ring_hom_def
by (auto, meson hom_mult hom_add subsetCE)+
thus ?thesis
using R.subring_is_ring[OF assms] ring_axioms
unfolding ring_hom_ring_def ring_hom_ring_axioms_def by auto
qed
(* NEW ========================================================================== *)
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) inj_on_subgroup_iff_trivial_ker:
assumes "subring K R"
shows "inj_on h K \ a_kernel (R \ carrier := K \) S h = { \ }"
using ring_hom_ring.inj_iff_trivial_ker[OF induced_ring_hom[OF assms]] by simp
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) inv_ring_hom:
assumes "inj_on h K" and "subring K R"
shows "ring_hom_ring (S \ carrier := h ` K \) R (inv_into K h)"
proof (intro ring_hom_ringI[OF _ R.ring_axioms], auto)
show "ring (S \ carrier := h ` K \)"
using subring_is_ring[OF img_is_subring[OF assms(2)]] .
next
show "inv_into K h \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>"
using assms(1) subringE(3)[OF assms(2)] hom_one by (simp add: inv_into_f_eq)
next
fix k1 k2
assume k1: "k1 \ K" and k2: "k2 \ K"
with \<open>k1 \<in> K\<close> show "inv_into K h (h k1) \<in> carrier R"
using assms(1) subringE(1)[OF assms(2)] by (simp add: subset_iff)
from \<open>k1 \<in> K\<close> and \<open>k2 \<in> K\<close>
have "h k1 \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h k2 = h (k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2)" and "k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2 \ K"
and "h k1 \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h k2 = h (k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2)" and "k1 \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> k2 \ K"
using subringE(1,6,7)[OF assms(2)] by (simp add: subset_iff)+
thus "inv_into K h (h k1 \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h k2) = inv_into K h (h k1) \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> inv_into K h (h k2)"
and "inv_into K h (h k1 \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h k2) = inv_into K h (h k1) \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> inv_into K h (h k2)"
using assms(1) k1 k2 by simp+
qed
end
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noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung ist noch experimentell.
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