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(*  Title:      HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy
    Author:     Clemens Ballarin, started 9 December 1996
    Copyright:  Clemens Ballarin

Contributions, in particular on long division, by Jesus Aransay.
*)

theory UnivPoly
imports Module RingHom
begin

section \<open>Univariate Polynomials\<close>

text \<open>
  Polynomials are formalised as modules with additional operations for
  extracting coefficients from polynomials and for obtaining monomials
  from coefficients and exponents (record \<open>up_ring\<close>).  The
  carrier set is a set of bounded functions from Nat to the
  coefficient domain.  Bounded means that these functions return zero
  above a certain bound (the degree).  There is a chapter on the
  formalisation of polynomials in the PhD thesis @{cite "Ballarin:1999"},
  which was implemented with axiomatic type classes.  This was later
  ported to Locales.
\<close>

subsection \<open>The Constructor for Univariate Polynomials\<close>

text \<open>
  Functions with finite support.
\<close>

locale bound =
  fixes z :: 'a
    and n :: nat
    and f :: "nat => 'a"
  assumes bound: "!!m. n < m \ f m = z"

declare bound.intro [intro!]
  and bound.bound [dest]

lemma bound_below:
  assumes bound: "bound z m f" and nonzero: "f n \ z" shows "n \ m"
proof (rule classical)
  assume "\ ?thesis"
  then have "m < n" by arith
  with bound have "f n = z" ..
  with nonzero show ?thesis by contradiction
qed

record ('a, 'p) up_ring = "('a, 'p) module" +
  monom :: "['a, nat] => 'p"
  coeff :: "['p, nat] => 'a"

definition
  up :: "('a, 'm) ring_scheme => (nat => 'a) set"
  where "up R = {f. f \ UNIV \ carrier R \ (\n. bound \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> n f)}"

definition UP :: "('a, 'm) ring_scheme => ('a, nat => 'a) up_ring"
  where "UP R = \
   carrier = up R,
   mult = (\<lambda>p\<in>up R. \<lambda>q\<in>up R. \<lambda>n. \<Oplus>\<^bsub>R\<^esub>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes>\<^bsub>R\<^esub> q (n-i)),
   one = (\<lambda>i. if i=0 then \<one>\<^bsub>R\<^esub> else \<zero>\<^bsub>R\<^esub>),
   zero = (\<lambda>i. \<zero>\<^bsub>R\<^esub>),
   add = (\<lambda>p\<in>up R. \<lambda>q\<in>up R. \<lambda>i. p i \<oplus>\<^bsub>R\<^esub> q i),
   smult = (\<lambda>a\<in>carrier R. \<lambda>p\<in>up R. \<lambda>i. a \<otimes>\<^bsub>R\<^esub> p i),
   monom = (\<lambda>a\<in>carrier R. \<lambda>n i. if i=n then a else \<zero>\<^bsub>R\<^esub>),
   coeff = (\<lambda>p\<in>up R. \<lambda>n. p n)\<rparr>"

text \<open>
  Properties of the set of polynomials \<^term>\<open>up\<close>.
\<close>

lemma mem_upI [intro]:
  "[| \n. f n \ carrier R; \n. bound (zero R) n f |] ==> f \ up R"
  by (simp add: up_def Pi_def)

lemma mem_upD [dest]:
  "f \ up R ==> f n \ carrier R"
  by (simp add: up_def Pi_def)

context ring
begin

lemma bound_upD [dest]: "f \ up R \ \n. bound \ n f" by (simp add: up_def)

lemma up_one_closed: "(\n. if n = 0 then \ else \) \ up R" using up_def by force

lemma up_smult_closed: "[| a \ carrier R; p \ up R |] ==> (\i. a \ p i) \ up R" by force

lemma up_add_closed:
  "[| p \ up R; q \ up R |] ==> (\i. p i \ q i) \ up R"
proof
  fix n
  assume "p \ up R" and "q \ up R"
  then show "p n \ q n \ carrier R"
    by auto
next
  assume UP: "p \ up R" "q \ up R"
  show "\n. bound \ n (\i. p i \ q i)"
  proof -
    from UP obtain n where boundn: "bound \ n p" by fast
    from UP obtain m where boundm: "bound \ m q" by fast
    have "bound \ (max n m) (\i. p i \ q i)"
    proof
      fix i
      assume "max n m < i"
      with boundn and boundm and UP show "p i \ q i = \" by fastforce
    qed
    then show ?thesis ..
  qed
qed

lemma up_a_inv_closed:
  "p \ up R ==> (\i. \ (p i)) \ up R"
proof
  assume R: "p \ up R"
  then obtain n where "bound \ n p" by auto
  then have "bound \ n (\i. \ p i)"
    by (simp add: bound_def minus_equality)
  then show "\n. bound \ n (\i. \ p i)" by auto
qed auto

lemma up_minus_closed:
  "[| p \ up R; q \ up R |] ==> (\i. p i \ q i) \ up R"
  unfolding a_minus_def
  using mem_upD [of p R] mem_upD [of q R] up_add_closed up_a_inv_closed  by auto

lemma up_mult_closed:
  "[| p \ up R; q \ up R |] ==>
  (\<lambda>n. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. p i \<otimes> q (n-i)) \<in> up R"
proof
  fix n
  assume "p \ up R" "q \ up R"
  then show "(\i \ {..n}. p i \ q (n-i)) \ carrier R"
    by (simp add: mem_upD  funcsetI)
next
  assume UP: "p \ up R" "q \ up R"
  show "\n. bound \ n (\n. \i \ {..n}. p i \ q (n-i))"
  proof -
    from UP obtain n where boundn: "bound \ n p" by fast
    from UP obtain m where boundm: "bound \ m q" by fast
    have "bound \ (n + m) (\n. \i \ {..n}. p i \ q (n - i))"
    proof
      fix k assume bound: "n + m < k"
      {
        fix i
        have "p i \ q (k-i) = \"
        proof (cases "n < i")
          case True
          with boundn have "p i = \" by auto
          moreover from UP have "q (k-i) \ carrier R" by auto
          ultimately show ?thesis by simp
        next
          case False
          with bound have "m < k-i" by arith
          with boundm have "q (k-i) = \" by auto
          moreover from UP have "p i \ carrier R" by auto
          ultimately show ?thesis by simp
        qed
      }
      then show "(\i \ {..k}. p i \ q (k-i)) = \"
        by (simp add: Pi_def)
    qed
    then show ?thesis by fast
  qed
qed

end

subsection \<open>Effect of Operations on Coefficients\<close>

locale UP =
  fixes R (structure) and P (structure)
  defines P_def: "P == UP R"

locale UP_ring = UP + R?: ring R

locale UP_cring = UP + R?: cring R

sublocale UP_cring < UP_ring
  by intro_locales [1] (rule P_def)

locale UP_domain = UP + R?: "domain" R

sublocale UP_domain < UP_cring
  by intro_locales [1] (rule P_def)

context UP
begin

text \<open>Temporarily declare @{thm P_def} as simp rule.\<close>

declare P_def [simp]

lemma up_eqI:
  assumes prem: "!!n. coeff P p n = coeff P q n" and R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  shows "p = q"
proof
  fix x
  from prem and R show "p x = q x" by (simp add: UP_def)
qed

lemma coeff_closed [simp]:
  "p \ carrier P ==> coeff P p n \ carrier R" by (auto simp add: UP_def)

end

context UP_ring
begin

(* Theorems generalised from commutative rings to rings by Jesus Aransay. *)

lemma coeff_monom [simp]:
  "a \ carrier R ==> coeff P (monom P a m) n = (if m=n then a else \)"
proof -
  assume R: "a \ carrier R"
  then have "(\n. if n = m then a else \) \ up R"
    using up_def by force
  with R show ?thesis by (simp add: UP_def)
qed

lemma coeff_zero [simp]: "coeff P \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n = \" by (auto simp add: UP_def)

lemma coeff_one [simp]: "coeff P \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n = (if n=0 then \ else \)"
  using up_one_closed by (simp add: UP_def)

lemma coeff_smult [simp]:
  "[| a \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==> coeff P (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = a \ coeff P p n"
  by (simp add: UP_def up_smult_closed)

lemma coeff_add [simp]:
  "[| p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==> coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = coeff P p n \ coeff P q n"
  by (simp add: UP_def up_add_closed)

lemma coeff_mult [simp]:
  "[| p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==> coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = (\i \ {..n}. coeff P p i \ coeff P q (n-i))"
  by (simp add: UP_def up_mult_closed)

end

subsection \<open>Polynomials Form a Ring.\<close>

context UP_ring
begin

text \<open>Operations are closed over \<^term>\<open>P\<close>.\<close>

lemma UP_mult_closed [simp]:
  "[| p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==> p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \ carrier P" by (simp add: UP_def up_mult_closed)

lemma UP_one_closed [simp]:
  "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ carrier P" by (simp add: UP_def up_one_closed)

lemma UP_zero_closed [intro, simp]:
  "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ carrier P" by (auto simp add: UP_def)

lemma UP_a_closed [intro, simp]:
  "[| p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==> p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \ carrier P" by (simp add: UP_def up_add_closed)

lemma monom_closed [simp]:
  "a \ carrier R ==> monom P a n \ carrier P" by (auto simp add: UP_def up_def Pi_def)

lemma UP_smult_closed [simp]:
  "[| a \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==> a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \ carrier P" by (simp add: UP_def up_smult_closed)

end

declare (in UP) P_def [simp del]

text \<open>Algebraic ring properties\<close>

context UP_ring
begin

lemma UP_a_assoc:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P" "r \ carrier P"
  shows "(p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)" by (rule up_eqI, simp add: a_assoc R, simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_l_zero [simp]:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p" by (rule up_eqI, simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_l_neg_ex:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "\q \ carrier P. q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof -
  let ?q = "\i. \ (p i)"
  from R have closed: "?q \ carrier P"
    by (simp add: UP_def P_def up_a_inv_closed)
  from R have coeff: "!!n. coeff P ?q n = \ (coeff P p n)"
    by (simp add: UP_def P_def up_a_inv_closed)
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "?q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
      by (auto intro!: up_eqI simp add: R closed coeff R.l_neg)
  qed (rule closed)
qed

lemma UP_a_comm:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  shows "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p" by (rule up_eqI, simp add: a_comm R, simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_m_assoc:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P" "r \ carrier P"
  shows "(p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix n
  {
    fix k and a b c :: "nat=>'a"
    assume R: "a \ UNIV \ carrier R" "b \ UNIV \ carrier R"
      "c \ UNIV \ carrier R"
    then have "k <= n ==>
      (\<Oplus>j \<in> {..k}. (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..j}. a i \<otimes> b (j-i)) \<otimes> c (n-j)) =
      (\<Oplus>j \<in> {..k}. a j \<otimes> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k-j}. b i \<otimes> c (n-j-i)))"
      (is "_ \ ?eq k")
    proof (induct k)
      case 0 then show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def m_assoc)
    next
      case (Suc k)
      then have "k <= n" by arith
      from this R have "?eq k" by (rule Suc)
      with R show ?case
        by (simp cong: finsum_cong
             add: Suc_diff_le Pi_def l_distr r_distr m_assoc)
           (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Pi_def a_ac finsum_ldistr m_assoc)
    qed
  }
  with R show "coeff P ((p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r) n = coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)) n"
    by (simp add: Pi_def)
qed (simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_r_one [simp]:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" shows "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix n
  show "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>) n = coeff P p n"
  proof (cases n)
    case 0
    {
      with R show ?thesis by simp
    }
  next
    case Suc
    {
      (*JE: in the locale UP_cring the proof was solved only with "by (simp del: finsum_Suc add: finsum_Suc2 Pi_def)", but I did not get it to work here*)
      fix nn assume Succ: "n = Suc nn"
      have "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>) (Suc nn) = coeff P p (Suc nn)"
      proof -
        have "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>) (Suc nn) = (\i\{..Suc nn}. coeff P p i \ (if Suc nn \ i then \ else \))" using R by simp
        also have "\ = coeff P p (Suc nn) \ (if Suc nn \ Suc nn then \ else \) \ (\i\{..nn}. coeff P p i \ (if Suc nn \ i then \ else \))"
          using finsum_Suc [of "(\i::nat. coeff P p i \ (if Suc nn \ i then \ else \))" "nn"] unfolding Pi_def using R by simp
        also have "\ = coeff P p (Suc nn) \ (if Suc nn \ Suc nn then \ else \)"
        proof -
          have "(\i\{..nn}. coeff P p i \ (if Suc nn \ i then \ else \)) = (\i\{..nn}. \)"
            using finsum_cong [of "{..nn}" "{..nn}" "(\i::nat. coeff P p i \ (if Suc nn \ i then \ else \))" "(\i::nat. \)"] using R
            unfolding Pi_def by simp
          also have "\ = \" by simp
          finally show ?thesis using r_zero R by simp
        qed
        also have "\ = coeff P p (Suc nn)" using R by simp
        finally show ?thesis by simp
      qed
      then show ?thesis using Succ by simp
    }
  qed
qed (simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_l_one [simp]:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix n
  show "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = coeff P p n"
  proof (cases n)
    case 0 with R show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case Suc with R show ?thesis
      by (simp del: finsum_Suc add: finsum_Suc2 Pi_def)
  qed
qed (simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_l_distr:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P" "r \ carrier P"
  shows "(p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r = (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r)"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp add: l_distr R Pi_def, simp_all add: R)

lemma UP_r_distr:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P" "r \ carrier P"
  shows "r \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = (r \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (r \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp add: r_distr R Pi_def, simp_all add: R)

theorem UP_ring: "ring P"
  by (auto intro!: ringI abelian_groupI monoidI UP_a_assoc)
    (auto intro: UP_a_comm UP_l_neg_ex UP_m_assoc UP_l_distr UP_r_distr)

end

subsection \<open>Polynomials Form a Commutative Ring.\<close>

context UP_cring
begin

lemma UP_m_comm:
  assumes R1: "p \ carrier P" and R2: "q \ carrier P" shows "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix n
  {
    fix k and a b :: "nat=>'a"
    assume R: "a \ UNIV \ carrier R" "b \ UNIV \ carrier R"
    then have "k <= n ==>
      (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. a i \<otimes> b (n-i)) = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. a (k-i) \<otimes> b (i+n-k))"
      (is "_ \ ?eq k")
    proof (induct k)
      case 0 then show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def)
    next
      case (Suc k) then show ?case
        by (subst (2) finsum_Suc2) (simp add: Pi_def a_comm)+
    qed
  }
  note l = this
  from R1 R2 show "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = coeff P (q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n"
    unfolding coeff_mult [OF R1 R2, of n]
    unfolding coeff_mult [OF R2 R1, of n]
    using l [of "(\i. coeff P p i)" "(\i. coeff P q i)" "n"] by (simp add: Pi_def m_comm)
qed (simp_all add: R1 R2)

subsection \<open>Polynomials over a commutative ring for a commutative ring\<close>

theorem UP_cring:
  "cring P" using UP_ring unfolding cring_def by (auto intro!: comm_monoidI UP_m_assoc UP_m_comm)

end

context UP_ring
begin

lemma UP_a_inv_closed [intro, simp]:
  "p \ carrier P ==> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \ carrier P"
  by (rule abelian_group.a_inv_closed [OF ring.is_abelian_group [OF UP_ring]])

lemma coeff_a_inv [simp]:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = \ (coeff P p n)"
proof -
  from R coeff_closed UP_a_inv_closed have
    "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = \ coeff P p n \ (coeff P p n \ coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n)"
    by algebra
  also from R have "... = \ (coeff P p n)"
    by (simp del: coeff_add add: coeff_add [THEN sym]
      abelian_group.r_neg [OF ring.is_abelian_group [OF UP_ring]])
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

end

sublocale UP_ring < P?: ring P using UP_ring .
sublocale UP_cring < P?: cring P using UP_cring .

subsection \<open>Polynomials Form an Algebra\<close>

context UP_ring
begin

lemma UP_smult_l_distr:
  "[| a \ carrier R; b \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==>
  (a \<oplus> b) \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.l_distr)

lemma UP_smult_r_distr:
  "[| a \ carrier R; p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==>
  a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.r_distr)

lemma UP_smult_assoc1:
      "[| a \ carrier R; b \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==>
      (a \<otimes> b) \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (b \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.m_assoc)

lemma UP_smult_zero [simp]:
      "p \ carrier P ==> \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma UP_smult_one [simp]:
      "p \ carrier P ==> \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = p"
  by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma UP_smult_assoc2:
  "[| a \ carrier R; p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==>
  (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)"
  by (rule up_eqI) (simp_all add: R.finsum_rdistr R.m_assoc Pi_def)

end

text \<open>
  Interpretation of lemmas from \<^term>\<open>algebra\<close>.
\<close>

lemma (in cring) cring:
  "cring R" ..

lemma (in UP_cring) UP_algebra:
  "algebra R P" by (auto intro!: algebraI R.cring UP_cring UP_smult_l_distr UP_smult_r_distr
    UP_smult_assoc1 UP_smult_assoc2)

sublocale UP_cring < algebra R P using UP_algebra .

subsection \<open>Further Lemmas Involving Monomials\<close>

context UP_ring
begin

lemma monom_zero [simp]:
  "monom P \ n = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (simp add: UP_def P_def)

lemma monom_mult_is_smult:
  assumes R: "a \ carrier R" "p \ carrier P"
  shows "monom P a 0 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p = a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix n
  show "coeff P (monom P a 0 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n = coeff P (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) n"
  proof (cases n)
    case 0 with R show ?thesis by simp
  next
    case Suc with R show ?thesis
      using R.finsum_Suc2 by (simp del: R.finsum_Suc add: Pi_def)
  qed
qed (simp_all add: R)

lemma monom_one [simp]:
  "monom P \ 0 = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma monom_add [simp]:
  "[| a \ carrier R; b \ carrier R |] ==>
  monom P (a \<oplus> b) n = monom P a n \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b n"
  by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma monom_one_Suc:
  "monom P \ (Suc n) = monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix k
  show "coeff P (monom P \ (Suc n)) k = coeff P (monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1) k"
  proof (cases "k = Suc n")
    case True show ?thesis
    proof -
      fix m
      from True have less_add_diff:
        "!!i. [| n < i; i <= n + m |] ==> n + m - i < m" by arith
      from True have "coeff P (monom P \ (Suc n)) k = \" by simp
      also from True
      have "... = (\i \ {.. {n}. coeff P (monom P \ n) i \
        coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
        by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
      also have "... = (\i \ {..n}. coeff P (monom P \ n) i \
        coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
        by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
      also from True
      have "... = (\i \ {..n} \ {n<..k}. coeff P (monom P \ n) i \
        coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) (k - i))"
        by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: R.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
          order_less_imp_not_eq Pi_def)
      also from True have "... = coeff P (monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1) k"
        by (simp add: ivl_disj_un_one)
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
  next
    case False
    note neq = False
    let ?s =
      "\i. (if n = i then \ else \) \ (if Suc 0 = k - i then \ else \)"
    from neq have "coeff P (monom P \ (Suc n)) k = \" by simp
    also have "... = (\i \ {..k}. ?s i)"
    proof -
      have f1: "(\i \ {.."
        by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
      from neq have f2: "(\i \ {n}. ?s i) = \"
        by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: Pi_def) arith
      have f3: "n < k ==> (\i \ {n<..k}. ?s i) = \"
        by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: order_less_imp_not_eq Pi_def)
      show ?thesis
      proof (cases "k < n")
        case True then show ?thesis by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
      next
        case False then have n_le_k: "n <= k" by arith
        show ?thesis
        proof (cases "n = k")
          case True
          then have "\ = (\i \ {.. {n}. ?s i)"
            by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: Pi_def)
          also from True have "... = (\i \ {..k}. ?s i)"
            by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
          finally show ?thesis .
        next
          case False with n_le_k have n_less_k: "n < k" by arith
          with neq have "\ = (\i \ {.. {n}. ?s i)"
            by (simp add: R.finsum_Un_disjoint f1 f2 Pi_def del: Un_insert_right)
          also have "... = (\i \ {..n}. ?s i)"
            by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
          also from n_less_k neq have "... = (\i \ {..n} \ {n<..k}. ?s i)"
            by (simp add: R.finsum_Un_disjoint f3 ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
          also from n_less_k have "... = (\i \ {..k}. ?s i)"
            by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
          finally show ?thesis .
        qed
      qed
    qed
    also have "... = coeff P (monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1) k" by simp
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
qed (simp_all)

lemma monom_one_Suc2:
  "monom P \ (Suc n) = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ n"
proof (induct n)
  case 0 show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc
  {
    fix k:: nat
    assume hypo: "monom P \ (Suc k) = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ k"
    then show "monom P \ (Suc (Suc k)) = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ (Suc k)"
    proof -
      have lhs: "monom P \ (Suc (Suc k)) = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ k \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1"
        unfolding monom_one_Suc [of "Suc k"] unfolding hypo ..
      note cl = monom_closed [OF R.one_closed, of 1]
      note clk = monom_closed [OF R.one_closed, of k]
      have rhs: "monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ (Suc k) = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ k \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1"
        unfolding monom_one_Suc [of k] unfolding sym [OF m_assoc  [OF cl clk cl]] ..
      from lhs rhs show ?thesis by simp
    qed
  }
qed

text\<open>The following corollary follows from lemmas @{thm "monom_one_Suc"}
  and @{thm "monom_one_Suc2"}, and is trivial in \<^term>\<open>UP_cring\<close>\<close>

corollary monom_one_comm: shows "monom P \ k \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ 1 = monom P \ 1 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ k"
  unfolding monom_one_Suc [symmetric] monom_one_Suc2 [symmetric] ..

lemma monom_mult_smult:
  "[| a \ carrier R; b \ carrier R |] ==> monom P (a \ b) n = a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b n"
  by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma monom_one_mult:
  "monom P \ (n + m) = monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ m"
proof (induct n)
  case 0 show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc then show ?case
    unfolding add_Suc unfolding monom_one_Suc unfolding Suc.hyps
    using m_assoc monom_one_comm [of m] by simp
qed

lemma monom_one_mult_comm: "monom P \ n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ m = monom P \ m \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \ n"
  unfolding monom_one_mult [symmetric] by (rule up_eqI) simp_all

lemma monom_mult [simp]:
  assumes a_in_R: "a \ carrier R" and b_in_R: "b \ carrier R"
  shows "monom P (a \ b) (n + m) = monom P a n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b m"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  fix k
  show "coeff P (monom P (a \ b) (n + m)) k = coeff P (monom P a n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P b m) k"
  proof (cases "n + m = k")
    case True
    {
      show ?thesis
        unfolding True [symmetric]
          coeff_mult [OF monom_closed [OF a_in_R, of n] monom_closed [OF b_in_R, of m], of "n + m"]
          coeff_monom [OF a_in_R, of n] coeff_monom [OF b_in_R, of m]
        using R.finsum_cong [of "{.. n + m}" "{.. n + m}" "(\i. (if n = i then a else \) \ (if m = n + m - i then b else \))"
          "(\i. if n = i then a \ b else \)"]
          a_in_R b_in_R
        unfolding simp_implies_def
        using R.finsum_singleton [of n "{.. n + m}" "(\i. a \ b)"]
        unfolding Pi_def by auto
    }
  next
    case False
    {
      show ?thesis
        unfolding coeff_monom [OF R.m_closed [OF a_in_R b_in_R], of "n + m" k] apply (simp add: False)
        unfolding coeff_mult [OF monom_closed [OF a_in_R, of n] monom_closed [OF b_in_R, of m], of k]
        unfolding coeff_monom [OF a_in_R, of n] unfolding coeff_monom [OF b_in_R, of m] using False
        using R.finsum_cong [of "{..k}" "{..k}" "(\i. (if n = i then a else \) \ (if m = k - i then b else \))" "(\i. \)"]
        unfolding Pi_def simp_implies_def using a_in_R b_in_R by force
    }
  qed
qed (simp_all add: a_in_R b_in_R)

lemma monom_a_inv [simp]:
  "a \ carrier R ==> monom P (\ a) n = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P a n"
  by (rule up_eqI) auto

lemma monom_inj:
  "inj_on (\a. monom P a n) (carrier R)"
proof (rule inj_onI)
  fix x y
  assume R: "x \ carrier R" "y \ carrier R" and eq: "monom P x n = monom P y n"
  then have "coeff P (monom P x n) n = coeff P (monom P y n) n" by simp
  with R show "x = y" by simp
qed

end

subsection \<open>The Degree Function\<close>

definition
  deg :: "[('a, 'm) ring_scheme, nat => 'a] => nat"
  where "deg R p = (LEAST n. bound \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> n (coeff (UP R) p))"

context UP_ring
begin

lemma deg_aboveI:
  "[| (!!m. n < m ==> coeff P p m = \); p \ carrier P |] ==> deg R p <= n"
  by (unfold deg_def P_def) (fast intro: Least_le)

(*
lemma coeff_bound_ex: "EX n. bound n (coeff p)"
proof -
  have "(\<lambda>n. coeff p n) : UP" by (simp add: coeff_def Rep_UP)
  then obtain n where "bound n (coeff p)" by (unfold UP_def) fast
  then show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma bound_coeff_obtain:
  assumes prem: "(!!n. bound n (coeff p) ==> P)" shows "P"
proof -
  have "(\<lambda>n. coeff p n) : UP" by (simp add: coeff_def Rep_UP)
  then obtain n where "bound n (coeff p)" by (unfold UP_def) fast
  with prem show P .
qed
*)

lemma deg_aboveD:
  assumes "deg R p < m" and "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P p m = \"
proof -
  from \<open>p \<in> carrier P\<close> obtain n where "bound \<zero> n (coeff P p)"
    by (auto simp add: UP_def P_def)
  then have "bound \ (deg R p) (coeff P p)"
    by (auto simp: deg_def P_def dest: LeastI)
  from this and \<open>deg R p < m\<close> show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma deg_belowI:
  assumes non_zero: "n \ 0 \ coeff P p n \ \"
    and R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "n \ deg R p"
\<comment> \<open>Logically, this is a slightly stronger version of
   @{thm [source] deg_aboveD}\<close>
proof (cases "n=0")
  case True then show ?thesis by simp
next
  case False then have "coeff P p n \ \" by (rule non_zero)
  then have "\ deg R p < n" by (fast dest: deg_aboveD intro: R)
  then show ?thesis by arith
qed

lemma lcoeff_nonzero_deg:
  assumes deg: "deg R p \ 0" and R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P p (deg R p) \ \"
proof -
  from R obtain m where "deg R p \ m" and m_coeff: "coeff P p m \ \"
  proof -
    have minus: "\(n::nat) m. n \ 0 \ (n - Suc 0 < m) = (n \ m)"
      by arith
    from deg have "deg R p - 1 < (LEAST n. bound \ n (coeff P p))"
      by (unfold deg_def P_def) simp
    then have "\ bound \ (deg R p - 1) (coeff P p)" by (rule not_less_Least)
    then have "\m. deg R p - 1 < m \ coeff P p m \ \"
      by (unfold bound_def) fast
    then have "\m. deg R p \ m \ coeff P p m \ \" by (simp add: deg minus)
    then show ?thesis by (auto intro: that)
  qed
  with deg_belowI R have "deg R p = m" by fastforce
  with m_coeff show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma lcoeff_nonzero_nonzero:
  assumes deg: "deg R p = 0" and nonzero: "p \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P p 0 \ \"
proof -
  have "\m. coeff P p m \ \"
  proof (rule classical)
    assume "\ ?thesis"
    with R have "p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (auto intro: up_eqI)
    with nonzero show ?thesis by contradiction
  qed
  then obtain m where coeff: "coeff P p m \ \" ..
  from this and R have "m \ deg R p" by (rule deg_belowI)
  then have "m = 0" by (simp add: deg)
  with coeff show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma lcoeff_nonzero:
  assumes neq: "p \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P p (deg R p) \ \"
proof (cases "deg R p = 0")
  case True with neq R show ?thesis by (simp add: lcoeff_nonzero_nonzero)
next
  case False with neq R show ?thesis by (simp add: lcoeff_nonzero_deg)
qed

lemma deg_eqI:
  "[| \m. n < m \ coeff P p m = \;
      \<And>n. n \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> coeff P p n \<noteq> \<zero>; p \<in> carrier P |] ==> deg R p = n"
by (fast intro: le_antisym deg_aboveI deg_belowI)

text \<open>Degree and polynomial operations\<close>

lemma deg_add [simp]:
  "p \ carrier P \ q \ carrier P \
  deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \<le> max (deg R p) (deg R q)"
by(rule deg_aboveI)(simp_all add: deg_aboveD)

lemma deg_monom_le:
  "a \ carrier R \ deg R (monom P a n) \ n"
  by (intro deg_aboveI) simp_all

lemma deg_monom [simp]:
  "[| a \ \; a \ carrier R |] ==> deg R (monom P a n) = n"
  by (fastforce intro: le_antisym deg_aboveI deg_belowI)

lemma deg_const [simp]:
  assumes R: "a \ carrier R" shows "deg R (monom P a 0) = 0"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  show "deg R (monom P a 0) \ 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) (simp_all add: R)
next
  show "0 \ deg R (monom P a 0)" by (rule deg_belowI) (simp_all add: R)
qed

lemma deg_zero [simp]:
  "deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = 0"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  show "deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) simp_all
next
  show "0 \ deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (rule deg_belowI) simp_all
qed

lemma deg_one [simp]:
  "deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = 0"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  show "deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ 0" by (rule deg_aboveI) simp_all
next
  show "0 \ deg R \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (rule deg_belowI) simp_all
qed

lemma deg_uminus [simp]:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" shows "deg R (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = deg R p"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  show "deg R (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \ deg R p" by (simp add: deg_aboveI deg_aboveD R)
next
  show "deg R p \ deg R (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
    by (simp add: deg_belowI lcoeff_nonzero_deg
      inj_on_eq_iff [OF R.a_inv_inj, of _ "\", simplified] R)
qed

text\<open>The following lemma is later \emph{overwritten} by the most
  specific one for domains, \<open>deg_smult\<close>.\<close>

lemma deg_smult_ring [simp]:
  "[| a \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==>
  deg R (a \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \<le> (if a = \<zero> then 0 else deg R p)"
  by (cases "a = \") (simp add: deg_aboveI deg_aboveD)+

end

context UP_domain
begin

lemma deg_smult [simp]:
  assumes R: "a \ carrier R" "p \ carrier P"
  shows "deg R (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = (if a = \ then 0 else deg R p)"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  show "deg R (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) \ (if a = \ then 0 else deg R p)"
    using R by (rule deg_smult_ring)
next
  show "(if a = \ then 0 else deg R p) \ deg R (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p)"
  proof (cases "a = \")
  qed (simp, simp add: deg_belowI lcoeff_nonzero_deg integral_iff R)
qed

end

context UP_ring
begin

lemma deg_mult_ring:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  shows "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \ deg R p + deg R q"
proof (rule deg_aboveI)
  fix m
  assume boundm: "deg R p + deg R q < m"
  {
    fix k i
    assume boundk: "deg R p + deg R q < k"
    then have "coeff P p i \ coeff P q (k - i) = \"
    proof (cases "deg R p < i")
      case True then show ?thesis by (simp add: deg_aboveD R)
    next
      case False with boundk have "deg R q < k - i" by arith
      then show ?thesis by (simp add: deg_aboveD R)
    qed
  }
  with boundm R show "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) m = \" by simp
qed (simp add: R)

end

context UP_domain
begin

lemma deg_mult [simp]:
  "[| p \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; q \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==>
  deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = deg R p + deg R q"
proof (rule le_antisym)
  assume "p \ carrier P" " q \ carrier P"
  then show "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \ deg R p + deg R q" by (rule deg_mult_ring)
next
  let ?s = "(\i. coeff P p i \ coeff P q (deg R p + deg R q - i))"
  assume R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P" and nz: "p \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" "q \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  have less_add_diff: "!!(k::nat) n m. k < n ==> m < n + m - k" by arith
  show "deg R p + deg R q \ deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)"
  proof (rule deg_belowI, simp add: R)
    have "(\i \ {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)
      = (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..< deg R p} \<union> {deg R p .. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
    also have "... = (\i \ {deg R p .. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
      by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: R.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
        deg_aboveD less_add_diff R Pi_def)
    also have "...= (\i \ {deg R p} \ {deg R p <.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
    also have "... = coeff P p (deg R p) \ coeff P q (deg R q)"
      by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
    finally have "(\i \ {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i)
      = coeff P p (deg R p) \<otimes> coeff P q (deg R q)" .
    with nz show "(\i \ {.. deg R p + deg R q}. ?s i) \ \"
      by (simp add: integral_iff lcoeff_nonzero R)
  qed (simp add: R)
qed

end

text\<open>The following lemmas also can be lifted to \<^term>\<open>UP_ring\<close>.\<close>

context UP_ring
begin

lemma coeff_finsum:
  assumes fin: "finite A"
  shows "p \ A \ carrier P ==>
    coeff P (finsum P p A) k = (\<Oplus>i \<in> A. coeff P (p i) k)"
  using fin by induct (auto simp: Pi_def)

lemma up_repr:
  assumes R: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "(\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) i) = p"
proof (rule up_eqI)
  let ?s = "(\i. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
  fix k
  from R have RR: "!!i. (if i = k then coeff P p i else \) \ carrier R"
    by simp
  show "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..deg R p}. ?s i) k = coeff P p k"
  proof (cases "k \ deg R p")
    case True
    hence "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..deg R p}. ?s i) k =
          coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..k} \<union> {k<..deg R p}. ?s i) k"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
    also from True
    have "... = coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..k}. ?s i) k"
      by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: R.finsum_Un_disjoint
        ivl_disj_int_one order_less_imp_not_eq2 coeff_finsum R RR Pi_def)
    also
    have "... = coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {.. {k}. ?s i) k"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
    also have "... = coeff P p k"
      by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: coeff_finsum deg_aboveD R RR Pi_def)
    finally show ?thesis .
  next
    case False
    hence "coeff P (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..deg R p}. ?s i) k =
          coeff P (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..<deg R p} \<union> {deg R p}. ?s i) k"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_singleton)
    also from False have "... = coeff P p k"
      by (simp cong: R.finsum_cong add: coeff_finsum deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
qed (simp_all add: R Pi_def)

lemma up_repr_le:
  "[| deg R p <= n; p \ carrier P |] ==>
  (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \<in> {..n}. monom P (coeff P p i) i) = p"
proof -
  let ?s = "(\i. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
  assume R: "p \ carrier P" and "deg R p <= n"
  then have "finsum P ?s {..n} = finsum P ?s ({..deg R p} \ {deg R p<..n})"
    by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
  also have "... = finsum P ?s {..deg R p}"
    by (simp cong: P.finsum_cong add: P.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one
      deg_aboveD R Pi_def)
  also have "... = p" using R by (rule up_repr)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

end

subsection \<open>Polynomials over Integral Domains\<close>

lemma domainI:
  assumes cring: "cring R"
    and one_not_zero: "one R \ zero R"
    and integral: "\a b. [| mult R a b = zero R; a \ carrier R;
      b \<in> carrier R |] ==> a = zero R \<or> b = zero R"
  shows "domain R"
  by (auto intro!: domain.intro domain_axioms.intro cring.axioms assms
    del: disjCI)

context UP_domain
begin

lemma UP_one_not_zero:
  "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof
  assume "\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  hence "coeff P \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> 0 = (coeff P \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> 0)" by simp
  hence "\ = \" by simp
  with R.one_not_zero show "False" by contradiction
qed

lemma UP_integral:
  "[| p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>; p \ carrier P; q \ carrier P |] ==> p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
proof -
  fix p q
  assume pq: "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" and R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  show "p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  proof (rule classical)
    assume c: "\ (p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>)"
    with R have "deg R p + deg R q = deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)" by simp
    also from pq have "... = 0" by simp
    finally have "deg R p + deg R q = 0" .
    then have f1: "deg R p = 0 \ deg R q = 0" by simp
    from f1 R have "p = (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..0}. monom P (coeff P p i) i)"
      by (simp only: up_repr_le)
    also from R have "... = monom P (coeff P p 0) 0" by simp
    finally have p: "p = monom P (coeff P p 0) 0" .
    from f1 R have "q = (\\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i \ {..0}. monom P (coeff P q i) i)"
      by (simp only: up_repr_le)
    also from R have "... = monom P (coeff P q 0) 0" by simp
    finally have q: "q = monom P (coeff P q 0) 0" .
    from R have "coeff P p 0 \ coeff P q 0 = coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) 0" by simp
    also from pq have "... = \" by simp
    finally have "coeff P p 0 \ coeff P q 0 = \" .
    with R have "coeff P p 0 = \ \ coeff P q 0 = \"
      by (simp add: R.integral_iff)
    with p q show "p = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ q = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by fastforce
  qed
qed

theorem UP_domain:
  "domain P"
  by (auto intro!: domainI UP_cring UP_one_not_zero UP_integral del: disjCI)

end

text \<open>
  Interpretation of theorems from \<^term>\<open>domain\<close>.
\<close>

sublocale UP_domain < "domain" P
  by intro_locales (rule domain.axioms UP_domain)+

subsection \<open>The Evaluation Homomorphism and Universal Property\<close>

(* alternative congruence rule (possibly more efficient)
lemma (in abelian_monoid) finsum_cong2:
  "[| !!i. i \<in> A ==> f i \<in> carrier G = True; A = B;
  !!i. i \<in> B ==> f i = g i |] ==> finsum G f A = finsum G g B"
  sorry*)

lemma (in abelian_monoid) boundD_carrier:
  "[| bound \ n f; n < m |] ==> f m \ carrier G"
  by auto

context ring
begin

theorem diagonal_sum:
  "[| f \ {..n + m::nat} \ carrier R; g \ {..n + m} \ carrier R |] ==>
  (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
  (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
proof -
  assume Rf: "f \ {..n + m} \ carrier R" and Rg: "g \ {..n + m} \ carrier R"
  {
    fix j
    have "j <= n + m ==>
      (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..j}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..k}. f i \<otimes> g (k - i)) =
      (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..j}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..j - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
    proof (induct j)
      case 0 from Rf Rg show ?case by (simp add: Pi_def)
    next
      case (Suc j)
      have R6: "!!i k. [| k <= j; i <= Suc j - k |] ==> g i \ carrier R"
        using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg])
      have R8: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j; i <= k |] ==> g (k - i) \ carrier R"
        using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg])
      have R9: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j |] ==> f k \ carrier R"
        using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rf])
      have R10: "!!i k. [| k <= Suc j; i <= Suc j - k |] ==> g i \ carrier R"
        using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg])
      have R11: "g 0 \ carrier R"
        using Suc by (auto intro!: funcset_mem [OF Rg])
      from Suc show ?case
        by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: Suc_diff_le a_ac
          Pi_def R6 R8 R9 R10 R11)
    qed
  }
  then show ?thesis by fast
qed

theorem cauchy_product:
  assumes bf: "bound \ n f" and bg: "bound \ m g"
    and Rf: "f \ {..n} \ carrier R" and Rg: "g \ {..m} \ carrier R"
  shows "(\k \ {..n + m}. \i \ {..k}. f i \ g (k - i)) =
    (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..n}. f i) \<otimes> (\<Oplus>i \<in> {..m}. g i)"      (* State reverse direction? *)
proof -
  have f: "!!x. f x \ carrier R"
  proof -
    fix x
    show "f x \ carrier R"
      using Rf bf boundD_carrier by (cases "x <= n") (auto simp: Pi_def)
  qed
  have g: "!!x. g x \ carrier R"
  proof -
    fix x
    show "g x \ carrier R"
      using Rg bg boundD_carrier by (cases "x <= m") (auto simp: Pi_def)
  qed
  from f g have "(\k \ {..n + m}. \i \ {..k}. f i \ g (k - i)) =
      (\<Oplus>k \<in> {..n + m}. \<Oplus>i \<in> {..n + m - k}. f k \<otimes> g i)"
    by (simp add: diagonal_sum Pi_def)
  also have "... = (\k \ {..n} \ {n<..n + m}. \i \ {..n + m - k}. f k \ g i)"
    by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one)
  also from f g have "... = (\k \ {..n}. \i \ {..n + m - k}. f k \ g i)"
    by (simp cong: finsum_cong
      add: bound.bound [OF bf] finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
  also from f g
  have "... = (\k \ {..n}. \i \ {..m} \ {m<..n + m - k}. f k \ g i)"
    by (simp cong: finsum_cong add: ivl_disj_un_one le_add_diff Pi_def)
  also from f g have "... = (\k \ {..n}. \i \ {..m}. f k \ g i)"
    by (simp cong: finsum_cong
      add: bound.bound [OF bg] finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
  also from f g have "... = (\i \ {..n}. f i) \ (\i \ {..m}. g i)"
    by (simp add: finsum_ldistr diagonal_sum Pi_def,
      simp cong: finsum_cong add: finsum_rdistr Pi_def)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

end

lemma (in UP_ring) const_ring_hom:
  "(\a. monom P a 0) \ ring_hom R P"
  by (auto intro!: ring_hom_memI intro: up_eqI simp: monom_mult_is_smult)

definition
  eval :: "[('a, 'm) ring_scheme, ('b, 'n) ring_scheme,
           'a => 'b, 'b, nat => 'a] => 'b"
  where "eval R S phi s = (\p \ carrier (UP R).
    \<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R p}. phi (coeff (UP R) p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"

context UP
begin

lemma eval_on_carrier:
  fixes S (structure)
  shows "p \ carrier P ==>
  eval R S phi s p = (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. phi (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
  by (unfold eval_def, fold P_def) simp

lemma eval_extensional:
  "eval R S phi p \ extensional (carrier P)"
  by (unfold eval_def, fold P_def) simp

end

text \<open>The universal property of the polynomial ring\<close>

locale UP_pre_univ_prop = ring_hom_cring + UP_cring

locale UP_univ_prop = UP_pre_univ_prop +
  fixes s and Eval
  assumes indet_img_carrier [simp, intro]: "s \ carrier S"
  defines Eval_def: "Eval == eval R S h s"

text\<open>JE: I have moved the following lemma from Ring.thy and lifted then to the locale \<^term>\<open>ring_hom_ring\<close> from \<^term>\<open>ring_hom_cring\<close>.\<close>
text\<open>JE: I was considering using it in \<open>eval_ring_hom\<close>, but that property does not hold for non commutative rings, so
  maybe it is not that necessary.\<close>

lemma (in ring_hom_ring) hom_finsum [simp]:
  "f \ A \ carrier R \
  h (finsum R f A) = finsum S (h \<circ> f) A"
  by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct, auto simp: Pi_def)

context UP_pre_univ_prop
begin

theorem eval_ring_hom:
  assumes S: "s \ carrier S"
  shows "eval R S h s \ ring_hom P S"
proof (rule ring_hom_memI)
  fix p
  assume R: "p \ carrier P"
  then show "eval R S h s p \ carrier S"
    by (simp only: eval_on_carrier) (simp add: S Pi_def)
next
  fix p q
  assume R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  then show "eval R S h s (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
  proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier P.a_closed)
    from S R have
      "(\\<^bsub>S \<^esub>i\{..deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S \<^esub>i\<in>{..deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)} \<union> {deg R (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
        h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong
        add: deg_aboveD S.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def del: coeff_add)
    also from R have "... =
        (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
          h (coeff P (p \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp add: ivl_disj_un_one)
    also from R S have "... =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i\<in>{..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i\<in>{..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong
        add: S.l_distr deg_aboveD ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
    also have "... =
        (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p} \<union> {deg R p<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
          h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
        (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q} \<union> {deg R q<..max (deg R p) (deg R q)}.
          h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one max.cobounded1 max.cobounded2)
    also from R S have "... =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong
        add: deg_aboveD S.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
    finally show
      "(\\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \ {..deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)" .
  qed
next
  show "eval R S h s \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> = \\<^bsub>S\<^esub>"
    by (simp only: eval_on_carrier UP_one_closed) simp
next
  fix p q
  assume R: "p \ carrier P" "q \ carrier P"
  then show "eval R S h s (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = eval R S h s p \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> eval R S h s q"
  proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier UP_mult_closed)
    from R S have
      "(\\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \ {..deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)} \<union> {deg R (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)<..deg R p + deg R q}.
        h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong
        add: deg_aboveD S.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def
        del: coeff_mult)
    also from R have "... =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p + deg R q}. h (coeff P (p \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one deg_mult_ring)
    also from R S have "... =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p + deg R q}.
         \<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> k \<in> {..i}.
           h (coeff P p k) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> h (coeff P q (i - k)) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
           (s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> k \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> (i - k)))"
      by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong add: S.nat_pow_mult Pi_def
        S.m_ac S.finsum_rdistr)
    also from R S have "... =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
      by (simp add: S.cauchy_product [THEN sym] bound.intro deg_aboveD S.m_ac
        Pi_def)
    finally show
      "(\\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \ {..deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q)}. h (coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) i) \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R p}. h (coeff P p i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub>
      (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..deg R q}. h (coeff P q i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)" .
  qed
qed

text \<open>
  The following lemma could be proved in \<open>UP_cring\<close> with the additional
  assumption that \<open>h\<close> is closed.\<close>

lemma (in UP_pre_univ_prop) eval_const:
  "[| s \ carrier S; r \ carrier R |] ==> eval R S h s (monom P r 0) = h r"
  by (simp only: eval_on_carrier monom_closed) simp

text \<open>Further properties of the evaluation homomorphism.\<close>

text \<open>The following proof is complicated by the fact that in arbitrary
  rings one might have \<^term>\<open>one R = zero R\<close>.\<close>

(* TODO: simplify by cases "one R = zero R" *)

lemma (in UP_pre_univ_prop) eval_monom1:
  assumes S: "s \ carrier S"
  shows "eval R S h s (monom P \ 1) = s"
proof (simp only: eval_on_carrier monom_closed R.one_closed)
   from S have
    "(\\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\{..deg R (monom P \ 1)}. h (coeff P (monom P \ 1) i) \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) =
    (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i\<in>{..deg R (monom P \<one> 1)} \<union> {deg R (monom P \<one> 1)<..1}.
      h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
    by (simp cong: S.finsum_cong del: coeff_monom
      add: deg_aboveD S.finsum_Un_disjoint ivl_disj_int_one Pi_def)
  also have "... =
    (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \<in> {..1}. h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i)"
    by (simp only: ivl_disj_un_one deg_monom_le R.one_closed)
  also have "... = s"
  proof (cases "s = \\<^bsub>S\<^esub>")
    case True then show ?thesis by (simp add: Pi_def)
  next
    case False then show ?thesis by (simp add: S Pi_def)
  qed
  finally show "(\\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i \ {..deg R (monom P \ 1)}.
    h (coeff P (monom P \<one> 1) i) \<otimes>\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> i) = s" .
qed

end

text \<open>Interpretation of ring homomorphism lemmas.\<close>

sublocale UP_univ_prop < ring_hom_cring P S Eval
  unfolding Eval_def
  by unfold_locales (fast intro: eval_ring_hom)

lemma (in UP_cring) monom_pow:
  assumes R: "a \ carrier R"
  shows "(monom P a n) [^]\<^bsub>P\<^esub> m = monom P (a [^] m) (n * m)"
proof (induct m)
  case 0 from R show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc with R show ?case
    by (simp del: monom_mult add: monom_mult [THEN sym] add.commute)
qed

lemma (in ring_hom_cring) hom_pow [simp]:
  "x \ carrier R ==> h (x [^] n) = h x [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> (n::nat)"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma (in UP_univ_prop) Eval_monom:
  "r \ carrier R ==> Eval (monom P r n) = h r \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> n"
proof -
  assume R: "r \ carrier R"
  from R have "Eval (monom P r n) = Eval (monom P r 0 \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P \ 1) [^]\<^bsub>P\<^esub> n)"
    by (simp del: monom_mult add: monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow)
  also
  from R eval_monom1 [where s = s, folded Eval_def]
  have "... = h r \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> n"
    by (simp add: eval_const [where s = s, folded Eval_def])
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma (in UP_pre_univ_prop) eval_monom:
  assumes R: "r \ carrier R" and S: "s \ carrier S"
  shows "eval R S h s (monom P r n) = h r \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> s [^]\<^bsub>S\<^esub> n"
proof -
  interpret UP_univ_prop R S h P s "eval R S h s"
    using UP_pre_univ_prop_axioms P_def R S
    by (auto intro: UP_univ_prop.intro UP_univ_prop_axioms.intro)
  from R
  show ?thesis by (rule Eval_monom)
qed

lemma (in UP_univ_prop) Eval_smult:
  "[| r \ carrier R; p \ carrier P |] ==> Eval (r \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) = h r \\<^bsub>S\<^esub> Eval p"
proof -
  assume R: "r \ carrier R" and P: "p \ carrier P"
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: monom_mult_is_smult [THEN sym]
      eval_const [where s = s, folded Eval_def])
qed

lemma ring_hom_cringI:
  assumes "cring R"
    and "cring S"
    and "h \ ring_hom R S"
  shows "ring_hom_cring R S h"
  by (fast intro: ring_hom_cring.intro ring_hom_cring_axioms.intro
    cring.axioms assms)

context UP_pre_univ_prop
begin

lemma UP_hom_unique:
  assumes "ring_hom_cring P S Phi"
  assumes Phi: "Phi (monom P \ (Suc 0)) = s"
      "!!r. r \ carrier R ==> Phi (monom P r 0) = h r"
  assumes "ring_hom_cring P S Psi"
  assumes Psi: "Psi (monom P \ (Suc 0)) = s"
      "!!r. r \ carrier R ==> Psi (monom P r 0) = h r"
    and P: "p \ carrier P" and S: "s \ carrier S"
  shows "Phi p = Psi p"
proof -
  interpret ring_hom_cring P S Phi by fact
  interpret ring_hom_cring P S Psi by fact
  have "Phi p =
      Phi (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P \<^esub>i \<in> {..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1 [^]\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i)"
    by (simp add: up_repr P monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow del: monom_mult)
  also
  have "... =
      Psi (\<Oplus>\<^bsub>P \<^esub>i\<in>{..deg R p}. monom P (coeff P p i) 0 \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P \<one> 1 [^]\<^bsub>P\<^esub> i)"
    by (simp add: Phi Psi P Pi_def comp_def)
  also have "... = Psi p"
    by (simp add: up_repr P monom_mult [THEN sym] monom_pow del: monom_mult)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma ring_homD:
  assumes Phi: "Phi \ ring_hom P S"
  shows "ring_hom_cring P S Phi"
  by unfold_locales (rule Phi)

theorem UP_universal_property:
  assumes S: "s \ carrier S"
  shows "\!Phi. Phi \ ring_hom P S \ extensional (carrier P) \
    Phi (monom P \<one> 1) = s \<and>
    (\<forall>r \<in> carrier R. Phi (monom P r 0) = h r)"
  using S eval_monom1
  apply (auto intro: eval_ring_hom eval_const eval_extensional)
  apply (rule extensionalityI)
  apply (auto intro: UP_hom_unique ring_homD)
  done

end

text\<open>JE: The following lemma was added by me; it might be even lifted to a simpler locale\<close>

context monoid
begin

lemma nat_pow_eone[simp]: assumes x_in_G: "x \ carrier G" shows "x [^] (1::nat) = x"
  using nat_pow_Suc [of x 0] unfolding nat_pow_0 [of x] unfolding l_one [OF x_in_G] by simp

end

context UP_ring
begin

abbreviation lcoeff :: "(nat =>'a) => 'a" where "lcoeff p == coeff P p (deg R p)"

lemma lcoeff_nonzero2: assumes p_in_R: "p \ carrier P" and p_not_zero: "p \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" shows "lcoeff p \ \"
  using lcoeff_nonzero [OF p_not_zero p_in_R] .

subsection\<open>The long division algorithm: some previous facts.\<close>

lemma coeff_minus [simp]:
  assumes p: "p \ carrier P" and q: "q \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) n = coeff P p n \ coeff P q n"
  by (simp add: a_minus_def p q)

lemma lcoeff_closed [simp]: assumes p: "p \ carrier P" shows "lcoeff p \ carrier R"
  using coeff_closed [OF p, of "deg R p"] by simp

lemma deg_smult_decr: assumes a_in_R: "a \ carrier R" and f_in_P: "f \ carrier P" shows "deg R (a \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> f) \ deg R f"
  using deg_smult_ring [OF a_in_R f_in_P] by (cases "a = \", auto)

lemma coeff_monom_mult: assumes R: "c \ carrier R" and P: "p \ carrier P"
  shows "coeff P (monom P c n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) (m + n) = c \ (coeff P p m)"
proof -
  have "coeff P (monom P c n \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> p) (m + n) = (\i\{..m + n}. (if n = i then c else \) \ coeff P p (m + n - i))"
    unfolding coeff_mult [OF monom_closed [OF R, of n] P, of "m + n"] unfolding coeff_monom [OF R, of n] by simp
  also have "(\i\{..m + n}. (if n = i then c else \) \ coeff P p (m + n - i)) =
    (\<Oplus>i\<in>{..m + n}. (if n = i then c \<otimes> coeff P p (m + n - i) else \<zero>))"
    using  R.finsum_cong [of "{..m + n}" "{..m + n}" "(\i::nat. (if n = i then c else \) \ coeff P p (m + n - i))"
      "(\i::nat. (if n = i then c \ coeff P p (m + n - i) else \))"]
    using coeff_closed [OF P] unfolding Pi_def simp_implies_def using R by auto
  also have "\ = c \ coeff P p m" using R.finsum_singleton [of n "{..m + n}" "(\i. c \ coeff P p (m + n - i))"]
    unfolding Pi_def using coeff_closed [OF P] using P R by auto
  finally show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma deg_lcoeff_cancel:
  assumes p_in_P: "p \ carrier P" and q_in_P: "q \ carrier P" and r_in_P: "r \ carrier P"
  and deg_r_nonzero: "deg R r \ 0"
  and deg_R_p: "deg R p \ deg R r" and deg_R_q: "deg R q \ deg R r"
  and coeff_R_p_eq_q: "coeff P p (deg R r) = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub> (coeff P q (deg R r))"
  shows "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) < deg R r"
proof -
  have deg_le: "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \ deg R r"
  proof (rule deg_aboveI)
    fix m
    assume deg_r_le: "deg R r < m"
    show "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) m = \"
    proof -
      have slp: "deg R p < m" and "deg R q < m" using deg_R_p deg_R_q using deg_r_le by auto
      then have max_sl: "max (deg R p) (deg R q) < m" by simp
      then have "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) < m" using deg_add [OF p_in_P q_in_P] by arith
      with deg_R_p deg_R_q show ?thesis using coeff_add [OF p_in_P q_in_P, of m]
        using deg_aboveD [of "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q" m] using p_in_P q_in_P by simp
    qed
  qed (simp add: p_in_P q_in_P)
  moreover have deg_ne: "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \ deg R r"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume nz: "\ deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) \ deg R r" then have deg_eq: "deg R (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) = deg R r" by simp
    from deg_r_nonzero have r_nonzero: "r \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>" by (cases "r = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>", simp_all)
    have "coeff P (p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q) (deg R r) = \\<^bsub>R\<^esub>" using coeff_add [OF p_in_P q_in_P, of "deg R r"] using coeff_R_p_eq_q
      using coeff_closed [OF p_in_P, of "deg R r"] coeff_closed [OF q_in_P, of "deg R r"] by algebra
    with lcoeff_nonzero [OF r_nonzero r_in_P]  and deg_eq show False using lcoeff_nonzero [of "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q"] using p_in_P q_in_P
      using deg_r_nonzero by (cases "p \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>", auto)
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma monom_deg_mult:
  assumes f_in_P: "f \ carrier P" and g_in_P: "g \ carrier P" and deg_le: "deg R g \ deg R f"
  and a_in_R: "a \ carrier R"
  shows "deg R (g \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> monom P a (deg R f - deg R g)) \ deg R f"
  using deg_mult_ring [OF g_in_P monom_closed [OF a_in_R, of "deg R f - deg R g"]]
  apply (cases "a = \") using g_in_P apply simp
  using deg_monom [OF _ a_in_R, of "deg R f - deg R g"] using deg_le by simp

lemma deg_zero_impl_monom:
  assumes f_in_P: "f \ carrier P" and deg_f: "deg R f = 0"
  shows "f = monom P (coeff P f 0) 0"
  apply (rule up_eqI) using coeff_monom [OF coeff_closed [OF f_in_P], of 0 0]
  using f_in_P deg_f using deg_aboveD [of f _] by auto

end

subsection \<open>The long division proof for commutative rings\<close>

context UP_cring
begin

lemma exI3: assumes exist: "Pred x y z"
  shows "\ x y z. Pred x y z"
  using exist by blast

text \<open>Jacobson's Theorem 2.14\<close>

lemma long_div_theorem:
  assumes g_in_P [simp]: "g \ carrier P" and f_in_P [simp]: "f \ carrier P"
  and g_not_zero: "g \ \\<^bsub>P\<^esub>"
  shows "\q r (k::nat). (q \ carrier P) \ (r \ carrier P) \ (lcoeff g)[^]\<^bsub>R\<^esub>k \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> f = g \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r \ (r = \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \ deg R r < deg R g)"
  using f_in_P
proof (induct "deg R f" arbitrary: "f" rule: nat_less_induct)
  case (1 f)
  note f_in_P [simp] = "1.prems"
  let ?pred = "(\ q r (k::nat).
    (q \<in> carrier P) \<and> (r \<in> carrier P)
    \<and> (lcoeff g)[^]\<^bsub>R\<^esub>k \<odot>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> f = g \<otimes>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> q \<oplus>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> r \<and> (r = \<zero>\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \<or> deg R r < deg R g))"
  let ?lg = "lcoeff g" and ?lf = "lcoeff f"
  show ?case
  proof (cases "deg R f < deg R g")
    case True
    have "?pred \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> f 0" using True by force
    then show ?thesis by blast
  next
    case False then have deg_g_le_deg_f: "deg R g \ deg R f" by simp
    {
      let ?k = "1::nat"
      let ?f1 = "(g \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (monom P (?lf) (deg R f - deg R g))) \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> (?lg \\<^bsub>P\<^esub> f)"
      let ?q = "monom P (?lf) (deg R f - deg R g)"
      have f1_in_carrier: "?f1 \ carrier P" and q_in_carrier: "?q \ carrier P" by simp_all
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