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Datei: Big_O.thy Sprache: Isabelle

Original von: Isabelle^©

(*  Title:      HOL/Metis_Examples/Big_O.thy
    Author:     Lawrence C. Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
    Author:     Jasmin Blanchette, TU Muenchen

Metis example featuring the Big O notation.
*)

section \<open>Metis Example Featuring the Big O Notation\<close>

theory Big_O
imports
  "HOL-Decision_Procs.Dense_Linear_Order"
  "HOL-Library.Function_Algebras"
  "HOL-Library.Set_Algebras"
begin

subsection \<open>Definitions\<close>

definition bigo :: "('a => 'b::linordered_idom) => ('a => 'b) set" ("(1O'(_'))") where
  "O(f::('a => 'b)) == {h. \c. \x. \h x\ <= c * \f x\}"

lemma bigo_pos_const:
  "(\c::'a::linordered_idom.
    \<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>)
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. 0 < c \<and> (\<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>))"
  by (metis (no_types) abs_ge_zero
      algebra_simps mult.comm_neutral
      mult_nonpos_nonneg not_le_imp_less order_trans zero_less_one)

(*** Now various verions with an increasing shrink factor ***)

sledgehammer_params [isar_proofs, compress = 1]

lemma
  "(\c::'a::linordered_idom.
    \<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>)
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. 0 < c \<and> (\<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>))"
  apply auto
  apply (case_tac "c = 0", simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "1" in exI, simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "\c\" in exI, auto)
proof -
  fix c :: 'a and x :: 'b
  assume A1: "\x. \h x\ \ c * \f x\"
  have F1: "\x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 0 \ \x\<^sub>1\" by (metis abs_ge_zero)
  have F2: "\x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 1 * x\<^sub>1 = x\<^sub>1" by (metis mult_1)
  have F3: "\x\<^sub>1 x\<^sub>3. x\<^sub>3 \ \h x\<^sub>1\ \ x\<^sub>3 \ c * \f x\<^sub>1\" by (metis A1 order_trans)
  have F4: "\x\<^sub>2 x\<^sub>3::'a::linordered_idom. \x\<^sub>3\ * \x\<^sub>2\ = \x\<^sub>3 * x\<^sub>2\"
    by (metis abs_mult)
  have F5: "\x\<^sub>3 x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 0 \ x\<^sub>1 \ \x\<^sub>3 * x\<^sub>1\ = \x\<^sub>3\ * x\<^sub>1"
    by (metis abs_mult_pos)
  hence "\x\<^sub>1\0. \x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom\ = \1\ * x\<^sub>1" by (metis F2)
  hence "\x\<^sub>1\0. \x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom\ = x\<^sub>1" by (metis F2 abs_one)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. 0 \ \h x\<^sub>3\ \ \c * \f x\<^sub>3\\ = c * \f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F3)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. \c * \f x\<^sub>3\\ = c * \f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F1)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. (0::'a) \ \f x\<^sub>3\ \ c * \f x\<^sub>3\ = \c\ * \f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F5)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. (0::'a) \ \f x\<^sub>3\ \ c * \f x\<^sub>3\ = \c * f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F4)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. c * \f x\<^sub>3\ = \c * f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F1)
  hence "\h x\ \ \c * f x\" by (metis A1)
  thus "\h x\ \ \c\ * \f x\" by (metis F4)
qed

sledgehammer_params [isar_proofs, compress = 2]

lemma
  "(\c::'a::linordered_idom.
    \<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>)
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. 0 < c \<and> (\<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>))"
  apply auto
  apply (case_tac "c = 0", simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "1" in exI, simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "\c\" in exI, auto)
proof -
  fix c :: 'a and x :: 'b
  assume A1: "\x. \h x\ \ c * \f x\"
  have F1: "\x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 1 * x\<^sub>1 = x\<^sub>1" by (metis mult_1)
  have F2: "\x\<^sub>2 x\<^sub>3::'a::linordered_idom. \x\<^sub>3\ * \x\<^sub>2\ = \x\<^sub>3 * x\<^sub>2\"
    by (metis abs_mult)
  have "\x\<^sub>1\0. \x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom\ = x\<^sub>1" by (metis F1 abs_mult_pos abs_one)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. \c * \f x\<^sub>3\\ = c * \f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis A1 abs_ge_zero order_trans)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. 0 \ \f x\<^sub>3\ \ c * \f x\<^sub>3\ = \c * f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F2 abs_mult_pos)
  hence "\h x\ \ \c * f x\" by (metis A1 abs_ge_zero)
  thus "\h x\ \ \c\ * \f x\" by (metis F2)
qed

sledgehammer_params [isar_proofs, compress = 3]

lemma
  "(\c::'a::linordered_idom.
    \<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>)
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. 0 < c \<and> (\<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>))"
  apply auto
  apply (case_tac "c = 0", simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "1" in exI, simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "\c\" in exI, auto)
proof -
  fix c :: 'a and x :: 'b
  assume A1: "\x. \h x\ \ c * \f x\"
  have F1: "\x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 1 * x\<^sub>1 = x\<^sub>1" by (metis mult_1)
  have F2: "\x\<^sub>3 x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 0 \ x\<^sub>1 \ \x\<^sub>3 * x\<^sub>1\ = \x\<^sub>3\ * x\<^sub>1" by (metis abs_mult_pos)
  hence "\x\<^sub>1\0. \x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom\ = x\<^sub>1" by (metis F1 abs_one)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. 0 \ \f x\<^sub>3\ \ c * \f x\<^sub>3\ = \c\ * \f x\<^sub>3\" by (metis F2 A1 abs_ge_zero order_trans)
  thus "\h x\ \ \c\ * \f x\" by (metis A1 abs_ge_zero)
qed

sledgehammer_params [isar_proofs, compress = 4]

lemma
  "(\c::'a::linordered_idom.
    \<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>)
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>c. 0 < c \<and> (\<forall>x. \<bar>h x\<bar> \<le> c * \<bar>f x\<bar>))"
  apply auto
  apply (case_tac "c = 0", simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "1" in exI, simp)
  apply (rule_tac x = "\c\" in exI, auto)
proof -
  fix c :: 'a and x :: 'b
  assume A1: "\x. \h x\ \ c * \f x\"
  have "\x\<^sub>1::'a::linordered_idom. 1 * x\<^sub>1 = x\<^sub>1" by (metis mult_1)
  hence "\x\<^sub>3. \c * \f x\<^sub>3\\ = c * \f x\<^sub>3\"
    by (metis A1 abs_ge_zero order_trans abs_mult_pos abs_one)
  hence "\h x\ \ \c * f x\" by (metis A1 abs_ge_zero abs_mult_pos abs_mult)
  thus "\h x\ \ \c\ * \f x\" by (metis abs_mult)
qed

sledgehammer_params [isar_proofs, compress = 1]

lemma bigo_alt_def: "O(f) = {h. \c. (0 < c \ (\x. \h x\ <= c * \f x\))}"
by (auto simp add: bigo_def bigo_pos_const)

lemma bigo_elt_subset [intro]: "f \ O(g) \ O(f) \ O(g)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_alt_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "ca * c" in exI)
apply (metis algebra_simps mult_le_cancel_left_pos order_trans mult_pos_pos)
done

lemma bigo_refl [intro]: "f \ O(f)"
unfolding bigo_def mem_Collect_eq
by (metis mult_1 order_refl)

lemma bigo_zero: "0 \ O(g)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_def func_zero)
by (metis mult_zero_left order_refl)

lemma bigo_zero2: "O(\x. 0) = {\x. 0}"
by (auto simp add: bigo_def)

lemma bigo_plus_self_subset [intro]:
  "O(f) + O(f) <= O(f)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_alt_def set_plus_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "c + ca" in exI)
apply auto
apply (simp add: ring_distribs func_plus)
by (metis order_trans abs_triangle_ineq add_mono)

lemma bigo_plus_idemp [simp]: "O(f) + O(f) = O(f)"
by (metis bigo_plus_self_subset bigo_zero set_eq_subset set_zero_plus2)

lemma bigo_plus_subset [intro]: "O(f + g) <= O(f) + O(g)"
apply (rule subsetI)
apply (auto simp add: bigo_def bigo_pos_const func_plus set_plus_def)
apply (subst bigo_pos_const [symmetric])+
apply (rule_tac x = "\n. if \g n\ <= \f n\ then x n else 0" in exI)
apply (rule conjI)
apply (rule_tac x = "c + c" in exI)
apply clarsimp
apply (subgoal_tac "c * \f xa + g xa\ <= (c + c) * \f xa\")
  apply (metis mult_2 order_trans)
apply (subgoal_tac "c * \f xa + g xa\ <= c * (\f xa\ + \g xa\)")
  apply (erule order_trans)
  apply (simp add: ring_distribs)
apply (rule mult_left_mono)
  apply (simp add: abs_triangle_ineq)
apply (simp add: order_less_le)
apply (rule_tac x = "\n. if \f n\ < \g n\ then x n else 0" in exI)
apply (rule conjI)
apply (rule_tac x = "c + c" in exI)
apply auto
apply (subgoal_tac "c * \f xa + g xa\ <= (c + c) * \g xa\")
apply (metis order_trans mult_2)
apply (subgoal_tac "c * \f xa + g xa\ <= c * (\f xa\ + \g xa\)")
apply (erule order_trans)
apply (simp add: ring_distribs)
by (metis abs_triangle_ineq mult_le_cancel_left_pos)

lemma bigo_plus_subset2 [intro]: "A <= O(f) \ B <= O(f) \ A + B <= O(f)"
by (metis bigo_plus_idemp set_plus_mono2)

lemma bigo_plus_eq: "\x. 0 <= f x \ \x. 0 <= g x \ O(f + g) = O(f) + O(g)"
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (rule bigo_plus_subset)
apply (simp add: bigo_alt_def set_plus_def func_plus)
apply clarify
(* sledgehammer *)
apply (rule_tac x = "max c ca" in exI)

apply (rule conjI)
apply (metis less_max_iff_disj)
apply clarify
apply (drule_tac x = "xa" in spec)+
apply (subgoal_tac "0 <= f xa + g xa")
apply (simp add: ring_distribs)
apply (subgoal_tac "\a xa + b xa\ <= \a xa\ + \b xa\")
  apply (subgoal_tac "\a xa\ + \b xa\ <= max c ca * f xa + max c ca * g xa")
   apply (metis order_trans)
  defer 1
  apply (metis abs_triangle_ineq)
apply (metis add_nonneg_nonneg)
apply (rule add_mono)
apply (metis max.cobounded2 linorder_linear max.absorb1 mult_right_mono xt1(6))
by (metis max.cobounded2 linorder_not_le mult_le_cancel_right order_trans)

lemma bigo_bounded_alt: "\x. 0 \ f x \ \x. f x \ c * g x \ f \ O(g)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_def)
(* Version 1: one-line proof *)
by (metis abs_le_D1 linorder_class.not_less order_less_le Orderings.xt1(12) abs_mult)

lemma "\x. 0 \ f x \ \x. f x \ c * g x \ f \ O(g)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_def)
(* Version 2: structured proof *)
proof -
  assume "\x. f x \ c * g x"
  thus "\c. \x. f x \ c * \g x\" by (metis abs_mult abs_ge_self order_trans)
qed

lemma bigo_bounded: "\x. 0 \ f x \ \x. f x \ g x \ f \ O(g)"
apply (erule bigo_bounded_alt [of f 1 g])
by (metis mult_1)

lemma bigo_bounded2: "\x. lb x \ f x \ \x. f x \ lb x + g x \ f \ lb +o O(g)"
apply (rule set_minus_imp_plus)
apply (rule bigo_bounded)
apply (metis add_le_cancel_left diff_add_cancel diff_self minus_apply
              algebra_simps)
by (metis add_le_cancel_left diff_add_cancel func_plus le_fun_def
          algebra_simps)

lemma bigo_abs: "(\x. \f x\) =o O(f)"
apply (unfold bigo_def)
apply auto
by (metis mult_1 order_refl)

lemma bigo_abs2: "f =o O(\x. \f x\)"
apply (unfold bigo_def)
apply auto
by (metis mult_1 order_refl)

lemma bigo_abs3: "O(f) = O(\x. \f x\)"
proof -
  have F1: "\v u. u \ O(v) \ O(u) \ O(v)" by (metis bigo_elt_subset)
  have F2: "\u. (\R. \u R\) \ O(u)" by (metis bigo_abs)
  have "\u. u \ O(\R. \u R\)" by (metis bigo_abs2)
  thus "O(f) = O(\x. \f x\)" using F1 F2 by auto
qed

lemma bigo_abs4: "f =o g +o O(h) \ (\x. \f x\) =o (\x. \g x\) +o O(h)"
  apply (drule set_plus_imp_minus)
  apply (rule set_minus_imp_plus)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def)
proof -
  assume a: "f - g \ O(h)"
  have "(\x. \f x\ - \g x\) =o O(\x. \\f x\ - \g x\\)"
    by (rule bigo_abs2)
  also have "\ <= O(\x. \f x - g x\)"
    apply (rule bigo_elt_subset)
    apply (rule bigo_bounded)
     apply (metis abs_ge_zero)
    by (metis abs_triangle_ineq3)
  also have "\ <= O(f - g)"
    apply (rule bigo_elt_subset)
    apply (subst fun_diff_def)
    apply (rule bigo_abs)
    done
  also have "\ <= O(h)"
    using a by (rule bigo_elt_subset)
  finally show "(\x. \f x\ - \g x\) \ O(h)" .
qed

lemma bigo_abs5: "f =o O(g) \ (\x. \f x\) =o O(g)"
by (unfold bigo_def, auto)

lemma bigo_elt_subset2 [intro]: "f \ g +o O(h) \ O(f) \ O(g) + O(h)"
proof -
  assume "f \ g +o O(h)"
  also have "\ \ O(g) + O(h)"
    by (auto del: subsetI)
  also have "\ = O(\x. \g x\) + O(\x. \h x\)"
    by (metis bigo_abs3)
  also have "... = O((\x. \g x\) + (\x. \h x\))"
    by (rule bigo_plus_eq [symmetric], auto)
  finally have "f \ \".
  then have "O(f) \ \"
    by (elim bigo_elt_subset)
  also have "\ = O(\x. \g x\) + O(\x. \h x\)"
    by (rule bigo_plus_eq, auto)
  finally show ?thesis
    by (simp add: bigo_abs3 [symmetric])
qed

lemma bigo_mult [intro]: "O(f) * O(g) <= O(f * g)"
apply (rule subsetI)
apply (subst bigo_def)
apply (auto simp del: abs_mult ac_simps
            simp add: bigo_alt_def set_times_def func_times)
(* sledgehammer *)
apply (rule_tac x = "c * ca" in exI)
apply (rule allI)
apply (erule_tac x = x in allE)+
apply (subgoal_tac "c * ca * \f x * g x\ = (c * \f x\) * (ca * \g x\)")
apply (metis (no_types) abs_ge_zero abs_mult mult_mono')
by (metis mult.assoc mult.left_commute abs_of_pos mult.left_commute abs_mult)

lemma bigo_mult2 [intro]: "f *o O(g) <= O(f * g)"
by (metis bigo_mult bigo_refl set_times_mono3 subset_trans)

lemma bigo_mult3: "f \ O(h) \ g \ O(j) \ f * g \ O(h * j)"
by (metis bigo_mult rev_subsetD set_times_intro)

lemma bigo_mult4 [intro]:"f \ k +o O(h) \ g * f \ (g * k) +o O(g * h)"
by (metis bigo_mult2 set_plus_mono_b set_times_intro2 set_times_plus_distrib)

lemma bigo_mult5: "\x. f x ~= 0 \
    O(f * g) <= (f::'a => ('b::linordered_field)) *o O(g)"
proof -
  assume a: "\x. f x \ 0"
  show "O(f * g) <= f *o O(g)"
  proof
    fix h
    assume h: "h \ O(f * g)"
    then have "(\x. 1 / (f x)) * h \ (\x. 1 / f x) *o O(f * g)"
      by auto
    also have "... <= O((\x. 1 / f x) * (f * g))"
      by (rule bigo_mult2)
    also have "(\x. 1 / f x) * (f * g) = g"
      by (simp add: fun_eq_iff a)
    finally have "(\x. (1::'b) / f x) * h \ O(g)".
    then have "f * ((\x. (1::'b) / f x) * h) \ f *o O(g)"
      by auto
    also have "f * ((\x. (1::'b) / f x) * h) = h"
      by (simp add: func_times fun_eq_iff a)
    finally show "h \ f *o O(g)".
  qed
qed

lemma bigo_mult6:
"\x. f x \ 0 \ O(f * g) = (f::'a \ ('b::linordered_field)) *o O(g)"
by (metis bigo_mult2 bigo_mult5 order_antisym)

(*proof requires relaxing relevance: 2007-01-25*)
declare bigo_mult6 [simp]

lemma bigo_mult7:
"\x. f x \ 0 \ O(f * g) \ O(f::'a \ ('b::linordered_field)) * O(g)"
by (metis bigo_refl bigo_mult6 set_times_mono3)

declare bigo_mult6 [simp del]
declare bigo_mult7 [intro!]

lemma bigo_mult8:
"\x. f x \ 0 \ O(f * g) = O(f::'a \ ('b::linordered_field)) * O(g)"
by (metis bigo_mult bigo_mult7 order_antisym_conv)

lemma bigo_minus [intro]: "f \ O(g) \ - f \ O(g)"
by (auto simp add: bigo_def fun_Compl_def)

lemma bigo_minus2: "f \ g +o O(h) \ -f \ -g +o O(h)"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) bigo_minus diff_minus_eq_add minus_add_distrib
    minus_minus set_minus_imp_plus set_plus_imp_minus)

lemma bigo_minus3: "O(-f) = O(f)"
by (metis bigo_elt_subset bigo_minus bigo_refl equalityI minus_minus)

lemma bigo_plus_absorb_lemma1: "f \ O(g) \ f +o O(g) \ O(g)"
by (metis bigo_plus_idemp set_plus_mono3)

lemma bigo_plus_absorb_lemma2: "f \ O(g) \ O(g) \ f +o O(g)"
by (metis (no_types) bigo_minus bigo_plus_absorb_lemma1 right_minus
          set_plus_mono set_plus_rearrange2 set_zero_plus subsetD subset_refl
          subset_trans)

lemma bigo_plus_absorb [simp]: "f \ O(g) \ f +o O(g) = O(g)"
by (metis bigo_plus_absorb_lemma1 bigo_plus_absorb_lemma2 order_eq_iff)

lemma bigo_plus_absorb2 [intro]: "f \ O(g) \ A \ O(g) \ f +o A \ O(g)"
by (metis bigo_plus_absorb set_plus_mono)

lemma bigo_add_commute_imp: "f \ g +o O(h) \ g \ f +o O(h)"
by (metis bigo_minus minus_diff_eq set_plus_imp_minus set_minus_plus)

lemma bigo_add_commute: "(f \ g +o O(h)) = (g \ f +o O(h))"
by (metis bigo_add_commute_imp)

lemma bigo_const1: "(\x. c) \ O(\x. 1)"
by (auto simp add: bigo_def ac_simps)

lemma bigo_const2 [intro]: "O(\x. c) \ O(\x. 1)"
by (metis bigo_const1 bigo_elt_subset)

lemma bigo_const3: "(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \ (\x. 1) \ O(\x. c)"
apply (simp add: bigo_def)
by (metis abs_eq_0 left_inverse order_refl)

lemma bigo_const4: "(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \ O(\x. 1) \ O(\x. c)"
by (metis bigo_elt_subset bigo_const3)

lemma bigo_const [simp]: "(c::'a::linordered_field) ~= 0 \
    O(\<lambda>x. c) = O(\<lambda>x. 1)"
by (metis bigo_const2 bigo_const4 equalityI)

lemma bigo_const_mult1: "(\x. c * f x) \ O(f)"
apply (simp add: bigo_def abs_mult)
by (metis le_less)

lemma bigo_const_mult2: "O(\x. c * f x) \ O(f)"
by (rule bigo_elt_subset, rule bigo_const_mult1)

lemma bigo_const_mult3: "(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \ f \ O(\x. c * f x)"
apply (simp add: bigo_def)
by (metis (no_types) abs_mult mult.assoc mult_1 order_refl left_inverse)

lemma bigo_const_mult4:
"(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \ O(f) \ O(\x. c * f x)"
by (metis bigo_elt_subset bigo_const_mult3)

lemma bigo_const_mult [simp]: "(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \
    O(\<lambda>x. c * f x) = O(f)"
by (metis equalityI bigo_const_mult2 bigo_const_mult4)

lemma bigo_const_mult5 [simp]: "(c::'a::linordered_field) \ 0 \
    (\<lambda>x. c) *o O(f) = O(f)"
  apply (auto del: subsetI)
  apply (rule order_trans)
  apply (rule bigo_mult2)
  apply (simp add: func_times)
  apply (auto intro!: subsetI simp add: bigo_def elt_set_times_def func_times)
  apply (rule_tac x = "\y. inverse c * x y" in exI)
  apply (rename_tac g d)
  apply safe
  apply (rule_tac [2] ext)
   prefer 2
   apply simp
  apply (simp add: mult.assoc [symmetric] abs_mult)
  (* couldn't get this proof without the step above *)
proof -
  fix g :: "'b \ 'a" and d :: 'a
  assume A1: "c \ (0::'a)"
  assume A2: "\x::'b. \g x\ \ d * \f x\"
  have F1: "inverse \c\ = \inverse c\" using A1 by (metis nonzero_abs_inverse)
  have F2: "(0::'a) < \c\" using A1 by (metis zero_less_abs_iff)
  have "(0::'a) < \c\ \ (0::'a) < \inverse c\" using F1 by (metis positive_imp_inverse_positive)
  hence "(0::'a) < \inverse c\" using F2 by metis
  hence F3: "(0::'a) \ \inverse c\" by (metis order_le_less)
  have "\(u::'a) SKF\<^sub>7::'a \ 'b. \g (SKF\<^sub>7 (\inverse c\ * u))\ \ u * \f (SKF\<^sub>7 (\inverse c\ * u))\"
    using A2 by metis
  hence F4: "\(u::'a) SKF\<^sub>7::'a \ 'b. \g (SKF\<^sub>7 (\inverse c\ * u))\ \ u * \f (SKF\<^sub>7 (\inverse c\ * u))\ \ (0::'a) \ \inverse c\"
    using F3 by metis
  hence "\(v::'a) (u::'a) SKF\<^sub>7::'a \ 'b. \inverse c\ * \g (SKF\<^sub>7 (u * v))\ \ u * (v * \f (SKF\<^sub>7 (u * v))\)"
    by (metis mult_left_mono)
  then show "\ca::'a. \x::'b. inverse \c\ * \g x\ \ ca * \f x\"
    using A2 F4 by (metis F1 \<open>0 < \<bar>inverse c\<bar>\<close> mult.assoc mult_le_cancel_left_pos)
qed

lemma bigo_const_mult6 [intro]: "(\x. c) *o O(f) <= O(f)"
  apply (auto intro!: subsetI
    simp add: bigo_def elt_set_times_def func_times
    simp del: abs_mult ac_simps)
(* sledgehammer *)
  apply (rule_tac x = "ca * \c\" in exI)
  apply (rule allI)
  apply (subgoal_tac "ca * \c\ * \f x\ = \c\ * (ca * \f x\)")
  apply (erule ssubst)
  apply (subst abs_mult)
  apply (rule mult_left_mono)
  apply (erule spec)
  apply simp
  apply (simp add: ac_simps)
done

lemma bigo_const_mult7 [intro]: "f =o O(g) \ (\x. c * f x) =o O(g)"
by (metis bigo_const_mult1 bigo_elt_subset order_less_le psubsetD)

lemma bigo_compose1: "f =o O(g) \ (\x. f(k x)) =o O(\x. g(k x))"
by (unfold bigo_def, auto)

lemma bigo_compose2:
"f =o g +o O(h) \ (\x. f(k x)) =o (\x. g(k x)) +o O(\x. h(k x))"
apply (simp only: set_minus_plus [symmetric] fun_Compl_def func_plus)
apply (drule bigo_compose1 [of "f - g" h k])
apply (simp add: fun_diff_def)
done

subsection \<open>Sum\<close>

lemma bigo_sum_main: "\x. \y \ A x. 0 \ h x y \
    \<exists>c. \<forall>x. \<forall>y \<in> A x. \<bar>f x y\<bar> <= c * (h x y) \<Longrightarrow>
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. f x y) =o O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. h x y)"
apply (auto simp add: bigo_def)
apply (rule_tac x = "\c\" in exI)
apply (subst abs_of_nonneg) back back
apply (rule sum_nonneg)
apply force
apply (subst sum_distrib_left)
apply (rule allI)
apply (rule order_trans)
apply (rule sum_abs)
apply (rule sum_mono)
by (metis abs_ge_self abs_mult_pos order_trans)

lemma bigo_sum1: "\x y. 0 <= h x y \
    \<exists>c. \<forall>x y. \<bar>f x y\<bar> <= c * (h x y) \<Longrightarrow>
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. f x y) =o O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. h x y)"
by (metis (no_types) bigo_sum_main)

lemma bigo_sum2: "\y. 0 <= h y \
    \<exists>c. \<forall>y. \<bar>f y\<bar> <= c * (h y) \<Longrightarrow>
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. f y) =o O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. h y)"
apply (rule bigo_sum1)
by metis+

lemma bigo_sum3: "f =o O(h) \
    (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * f(k x y)) =o
      O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. \<bar>l x y * h(k x y)\<bar>)"
apply (rule bigo_sum1)
apply (rule allI)+
apply (rule abs_ge_zero)
apply (unfold bigo_def)
apply (auto simp add: abs_mult)
by (metis abs_ge_zero mult.left_commute mult_left_mono)

lemma bigo_sum4: "f =o g +o O(h) \
    (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. l x y * f(k x y)) =o
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. l x y * g(k x y)) +o
        O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. \<bar>l x y * h(k x y)\<bar>)"
apply (rule set_minus_imp_plus)
apply (subst fun_diff_def)
apply (subst sum_subtractf [symmetric])
apply (subst right_diff_distrib [symmetric])
apply (rule bigo_sum3)
by (metis (lifting, no_types) fun_diff_def set_plus_imp_minus ext)

lemma bigo_sum5: "f =o O(h) \ \x y. 0 <= l x y \
    \<forall>x. 0 <= h x \<Longrightarrow>
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * f(k x y)) =o
        O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * h(k x y))"
apply (subgoal_tac "(\x. \y \ A x. (l x y) * h(k x y)) =
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. \<bar>(l x y) * h(k x y)\<bar>)")
apply (erule ssubst)
apply (erule bigo_sum3)
apply (rule ext)
apply (rule sum.cong)
apply (rule refl)
by (metis abs_of_nonneg zero_le_mult_iff)

lemma bigo_sum6: "f =o g +o O(h) \ \x y. 0 <= l x y \
    \<forall>x. 0 <= h x \<Longrightarrow>
      (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * f(k x y)) =o
        (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * g(k x y)) +o
          O(\<lambda>x. \<Sum>y \<in> A x. (l x y) * h(k x y))"
  apply (rule set_minus_imp_plus)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def)
  apply (subst sum_subtractf [symmetric])
  apply (subst right_diff_distrib [symmetric])
  apply (rule bigo_sum5)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def [symmetric])
  apply (drule set_plus_imp_minus)
  apply auto
done

subsection \<open>Misc useful stuff\<close>

lemma bigo_useful_intro: "A <= O(f) \ B <= O(f) \
  A + B <= O(f)"
  apply (subst bigo_plus_idemp [symmetric])
  apply (rule set_plus_mono2)
  apply assumption+
done

lemma bigo_useful_add: "f =o O(h) \ g =o O(h) \ f + g =o O(h)"
  apply (subst bigo_plus_idemp [symmetric])
  apply (rule set_plus_intro)
  apply assumption+
done

lemma bigo_useful_const_mult: "(c::'a::linordered_field) ~= 0 \
    (\<lambda>x. c) * f =o O(h) \<Longrightarrow> f =o O(h)"
  apply (rule subsetD)
  apply (subgoal_tac "(\x. 1 / c) *o O(h) <= O(h)")
  apply assumption
  apply (rule bigo_const_mult6)
  apply (subgoal_tac "f = (\x. 1 / c) * ((\x. c) * f)")
  apply (erule ssubst)
  apply (erule set_times_intro2)
  apply (simp add: func_times)
done

lemma bigo_fix: "(\x. f ((x::nat) + 1)) =o O(\x. h(x + 1)) \ f 0 = 0 \
    f =o O(h)"
apply (simp add: bigo_alt_def)
by (metis abs_ge_zero abs_mult abs_of_pos abs_zero not0_implies_Suc)

lemma bigo_fix2:
    "(\x. f ((x::nat) + 1)) =o (\x. g(x + 1)) +o O(\x. h(x + 1)) \
       f 0 = g 0 \<Longrightarrow> f =o g +o O(h)"
  apply (rule set_minus_imp_plus)
  apply (rule bigo_fix)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def [symmetric])
  apply (rule set_plus_imp_minus)
  apply simp
  apply (simp add: fun_diff_def)
done

subsection \<open>Less than or equal to\<close>

definition lesso :: "('a => 'b::linordered_idom) => ('a => 'b) => ('a => 'b)" (infixl " 70) where
  "f x. max (f x - g x) 0)"

lemma bigo_lesseq1: "f =o O(h) \ \x. \g x\ <= \f x\ \
    g =o O(h)"
  apply (unfold bigo_def)
  apply clarsimp
apply (blast intro: order_trans)
done

lemma bigo_lesseq2: "f =o O(h) \ \x. \g x\ <= f x \
      g =o O(h)"
  apply (erule bigo_lesseq1)
apply (blast intro: abs_ge_self order_trans)
done

lemma bigo_lesseq3: "f =o O(h) \ \x. 0 <= g x \ \x. g x <= f x \
      g =o O(h)"
  apply (erule bigo_lesseq2)
  apply (rule allI)
  apply (subst abs_of_nonneg)
  apply (erule spec)+
done

lemma bigo_lesseq4: "f =o O(h) \
    \<forall>x. 0 <= g x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. g x <= \<bar>f x\<bar> \<Longrightarrow>
      g =o O(h)"
  apply (erule bigo_lesseq1)
  apply (rule allI)
  apply (subst abs_of_nonneg)
  apply (erule spec)+
done

lemma bigo_lesso1: "\x. f x <= g x \ f
apply (unfold lesso_def)
apply (subgoal_tac "(\x. max (f x - g x) 0) = 0")
apply (metis bigo_zero)
by (metis (lifting, no_types) func_zero le_fun_def le_iff_diff_le_0
      max.absorb2 order_eq_iff)

lemma bigo_lesso2: "f =o g +o O(h) \
    \<forall>x. 0 <= k x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. k x <= f x \<Longrightarrow>
      k <o g =o O(h)"
  apply (unfold lesso_def)
  apply (rule bigo_lesseq4)
  apply (erule set_plus_imp_minus)
  apply (rule allI)
  apply (rule max.cobounded2)
  apply (rule allI)
  apply (subst fun_diff_def)
apply (erule thin_rl)
(* sledgehammer *)
apply (case_tac "0 <= k x - g x")
apply (metis (lifting) abs_le_D1 linorder_linear min_diff_distrib_left
          min.absorb1 min.absorb2 max.absorb1)
by (metis abs_ge_zero le_cases max.absorb2)

lemma bigo_lesso3: "f =o g +o O(h) \
    \<forall>x. 0 <= k x \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. g x <= k x \<Longrightarrow>
      f <o k =o O(h)"
apply (unfold lesso_def)
apply (rule bigo_lesseq4)
  apply (erule set_plus_imp_minus)
apply (rule allI)
apply (rule max.cobounded2)
apply (rule allI)
apply (subst fun_diff_def)
apply (erule thin_rl)
(* sledgehammer *)
apply (case_tac "0 <= f x - k x")
apply simp
apply (subst abs_of_nonneg)
  apply (drule_tac x = x in spec) back
  apply (metis diff_less_0_iff_less linorder_not_le not_le_imp_less xt1(12) xt1(6))
apply (metis add_minus_cancel diff_le_eq le_diff_eq uminus_add_conv_diff)
by (metis abs_ge_zero linorder_linear max.absorb1 max.commute)

lemma bigo_lesso4:
  "f 'b::{linordered_field}) \
   g =o h +o O(k) \<Longrightarrow> f <o h =o O(k)"
apply (unfold lesso_def)
apply (drule set_plus_imp_minus)
apply (drule bigo_abs5) back
apply (simp add: fun_diff_def)
apply (drule bigo_useful_add, assumption)
apply (erule bigo_lesseq2) back
apply (rule allI)
by (auto simp add: func_plus fun_diff_def algebra_simps
    split: split_max abs_split)

lemma bigo_lesso5: "f \C. \x. f x <= g x + C * \h x\"
apply (simp only: lesso_def bigo_alt_def)
apply clarsimp
by (metis add.commute diff_le_eq)

end

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