/* * jchuff.c * * This file was part of the Independent JPEG Group's software: * Copyright (C) 1991-1997, Thomas G. Lane. * Lossless JPEG Modifications: * Copyright (C) 1999, Ken Murchison. * libjpeg-turbo Modifications: * Copyright (C) 2009-2011, 2014-2016, 2018-2024, D. R. Commander. * Copyright (C) 2015, Matthieu Darbois. * Copyright (C) 2018, Matthias Räncker. * Copyright (C) 2020, Arm Limited. * Copyright (C) 2022, Felix Hanau. * For conditions of distribution and use, see the accompanying README.ijg * file. * * This file contains Huffman entropy encoding routines. * * Much of the complexity here has to do with supporting output suspension. * If the data destination module demands suspension, we want to be able to * back up to the start of the current MCU. To do this, we copy state * variables into local working storage, and update them back to the * permanent JPEG objects only upon successful completion of an MCU. * * NOTE: All referenced figures are from * Recommendation ITU-T T.81 (1992) | ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994.
*/
/* Expanded entropy encoder object for Huffman encoding. * * The savable_state subrecord contains fields that change within an MCU, * but must not be updated permanently until we complete the MCU.
*/
/* NOTE: The more optimal Huffman encoding algorithm is only used by the * intrinsics implementation of the Arm Neon SIMD extensions, which is why we * retain the old Huffman encoder behavior when using the GAS implementation.
*/ #ifdefined(WITH_SIMD) && !(defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \ defined(_M_ARM) || defined(_M_ARM64)) typedefunsignedlonglong simd_bit_buf_type; #else typedef bit_buf_type simd_bit_buf_type; #endif
typedefstruct { union {
bit_buf_type c; #ifdef WITH_SIMD
simd_bit_buf_type simd; #endif
} put_buffer; /* current bit accumulation buffer */ int free_bits; /* # of bits available in it */ /* (Neon GAS: # of bits now in it) */ int last_dc_val[MAX_COMPS_IN_SCAN]; /* last DC coef for each component */
} savable_state;
typedefstruct { struct jpeg_entropy_encoder pub; /* public fields */
savable_state saved; /* Bit buffer & DC state at start of MCU */
/* These fields are NOT loaded into local working state. */ unsignedint restarts_to_go; /* MCUs left in this restart interval */ int next_restart_num; /* next restart number to write (0-7) */
/* Pointers to derived tables (these workspaces have image lifespan) */
c_derived_tbl *dc_derived_tbls[NUM_HUFF_TBLS];
c_derived_tbl *ac_derived_tbls[NUM_HUFF_TBLS];
#ifdef ENTROPY_OPT_SUPPORTED /* Statistics tables for optimization */ long *dc_count_ptrs[NUM_HUFF_TBLS]; long *ac_count_ptrs[NUM_HUFF_TBLS]; #endif
#ifdef WITH_SIMD int simd; #endif
} huff_entropy_encoder;
typedef huff_entropy_encoder *huff_entropy_ptr;
/* Working state while writing an MCU. * This struct contains all the fields that are needed by subroutines.
*/
typedefstruct {
JOCTET *next_output_byte; /* => next byte to write in buffer */
size_t free_in_buffer; /* # of byte spaces remaining in buffer */
savable_state cur; /* Current bit buffer & DC state */
j_compress_ptr cinfo; /* dump_buffer needs access to this */ #ifdef WITH_SIMD int simd; #endif
} working_state;
/* * Initialize for a Huffman-compressed scan. * If gather_statistics is TRUE, we do not output anything during the scan, * just count the Huffman symbols used and generate Huffman code tables.
*/
/* * Compute the derived values for a Huffman table. * This routine also performs some validation checks on the table. * * Note this is also used by jcphuff.c and jclhuff.c.
*/
GLOBAL(void)
jpeg_make_c_derived_tbl(j_compress_ptr cinfo, boolean isDC, int tblno,
c_derived_tbl **pdtbl)
{
JHUFF_TBL *htbl;
c_derived_tbl *dtbl; int p, i, l, lastp, si, maxsymbol; char huffsize[257]; unsignedint huffcode[257]; unsignedint code;
/* Note that huffsize[] and huffcode[] are filled in code-length order, * paralleling the order of the symbols themselves in htbl->huffval[].
*/
/* Allocate a workspace if we haven't already done so. */ if (*pdtbl == NULL)
*pdtbl = (c_derived_tbl *)
(*cinfo->mem->alloc_small) ((j_common_ptr)cinfo, JPOOL_IMAGE, sizeof(c_derived_tbl));
dtbl = *pdtbl;
/* Figure C.1: make table of Huffman code length for each symbol */
p = 0; for (l = 1; l <= 16; l++) {
i = (int)htbl->bits[l]; if (i < 0 || p + i > 256) /* protect against table overrun */
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_HUFF_TABLE); while (i--)
huffsize[p++] = (char)l;
}
huffsize[p] = 0;
lastp = p;
/* Figure C.2: generate the codes themselves */ /* We also validate that the counts represent a legal Huffman code tree. */
code = 0;
si = huffsize[0];
p = 0; while (huffsize[p]) { while (((int)huffsize[p]) == si) {
huffcode[p++] = code;
code++;
} /* code is now 1 more than the last code used for codelength si; but * it must still fit in si bits, since no code is allowed to be all ones.
*/ if (((JLONG)code) >= (((JLONG)1) << si))
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_HUFF_TABLE);
code <<= 1;
si++;
}
/* Figure C.3: generate encoding tables */ /* These are code and size indexed by symbol value */
/* Set all codeless symbols to have code length 0; * this lets us detect duplicate VAL entries here, and later * allows emit_bits to detect any attempt to emit such symbols.
*/
memset(dtbl->ehufco, 0, sizeof(dtbl->ehufco));
memset(dtbl->ehufsi, 0, sizeof(dtbl->ehufsi));
/* This is also a convenient place to check for out-of-range and duplicated * VAL entries. We allow 0..255 for AC symbols but only 0..15 for DC in * lossy mode and 0..16 for DC in lossless mode. (We could constrain them * further based on data depth and mode, but this seems enough.)
*/
maxsymbol = isDC ? (cinfo->master->lossless ? 16 : 15) : 255;
for (p = 0; p < lastp; p++) {
i = htbl->huffval[p]; if (i < 0 || i > maxsymbol || dtbl->ehufsi[i])
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_HUFF_TABLE);
dtbl->ehufco[i] = huffcode[p];
dtbl->ehufsi[i] = huffsize[p];
}
}
/* Outputting bytes to the file */
/* Emit a byte, taking 'action' if must suspend. */ #define emit_byte(state, val, action) { \
*(state)->next_output_byte++ = (JOCTET)(val); \ if (--(state)->free_in_buffer == 0) \ if (!dump_buffer(state)) \
{ action; } \
}
LOCAL(boolean)
dump_buffer(working_state *state) /* Empty the output buffer; return TRUE if successful, FALSE if must suspend */
{ struct jpeg_destination_mgr *dest = state->cinfo->dest;
if (!(*dest->empty_output_buffer) (state->cinfo)) returnFALSE; /* After a successful buffer dump, must reset buffer pointers */
state->next_output_byte = dest->next_output_byte;
state->free_in_buffer = dest->free_in_buffer; returnTRUE;
}
/* Outputting bits to the file */
/* Output byte b and, speculatively, an additional 0 byte. 0xFF must be * encoded as 0xFF 0x00, so the output buffer pointer is advanced by 2 if the * byte is 0xFF. Otherwise, the output buffer pointer is advanced by 1, and * the speculative 0 byte will be overwritten by the next byte.
*/ #define EMIT_BYTE(b) { \
buffer[0] = (JOCTET)(b); \
buffer[1] = 0; \
buffer -= -2 + ((JOCTET)(b) < 0xFF); \
}
/* Output the entire bit buffer. If there are no 0xFF bytes in it, then write * directly to the output buffer. Otherwise, use the EMIT_BYTE() macro to * encode 0xFF as 0xFF 0x00.
*/ #if BIT_BUF_SIZE == 64
/* Fill the bit buffer to capacity with the leading bits from code, then output * the bit buffer and put the remaining bits from code into the bit buffer.
*/ #define PUT_AND_FLUSH(code, size) { \
put_buffer = (put_buffer << (size + free_bits)) | (code >> -free_bits); \
FLUSH() \
free_bits += BIT_BUF_SIZE; \
put_buffer = code; \
}
/* Insert code into the bit buffer and output the bit buffer if needed. * NOTE: We can't flush with free_bits == 0, since the left shift in * PUT_AND_FLUSH() would have undefined behavior.
*/ #define PUT_BITS(code, size) { \
free_bits -= size; \ if (free_bits < 0) \
PUT_AND_FLUSH(code, size) \ else \
put_buffer = (put_buffer << size) | code; \
}
/* Although it is exceedingly rare, it is possible for a Huffman-encoded * coefficient block to be larger than the 128-byte unencoded block. For each * of the 64 coefficients, PUT_BITS is invoked twice, and each invocation can * theoretically store 16 bits (for a maximum of 2048 bits or 256 bytes per * encoded block.) If, for instance, one artificially sets the AC * coefficients to alternating values of 32767 and -32768 (using the JPEG * scanning order-- 1, 8, 16, etc.), then this will produce an encoded block * larger than 200 bytes.
*/ #define BUFSIZE (DCTSIZE2 * 8)
/* Encode the DC coefficient difference per section F.1.2.1 */
temp = block[0] - last_dc_val;
/* This is a well-known technique for obtaining the absolute value without a * branch. It is derived from an assembly language technique presented in * "How to Optimize for the Pentium Processors", Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 by * Agner Fog. This code assumes we are on a two's complement machine.
*/
nbits = temp >> (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int) - 1);
temp += nbits;
nbits ^= temp;
/* Find the number of bits needed for the magnitude of the coefficient */
nbits = JPEG_NBITS(nbits); /* Check for out-of-range coefficient values. * Since we're encoding a difference, the range limit is twice as much.
*/ if (nbits > max_coef_bits + 1)
ERREXIT(state->cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCT_COEF);
/* Emit the Huffman-coded symbol for the number of bits. * Emit that number of bits of the value, if positive, * or the complement of its magnitude, if negative.
*/
PUT_CODE(dctbl->ehufco[nbits], dctbl->ehufsi[nbits])
/* Encode the AC coefficients per section F.1.2.2 */
{ int r = 0; /* r = run length of zeros */
/* Manually unroll the k loop to eliminate the counter variable. This * improves performance greatly on systems with a limited number of * registers (such as x86.)
*/ #define kloop(jpeg_natural_order_of_k) { \ if ((temp = block[jpeg_natural_order_of_k]) == 0) { \
r += 16; \
} else { \ /* Branch-less absolute value, bitwise complement, etc., same as above */ \
nbits = temp >> (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int) - 1); \
temp += nbits; \
nbits ^= temp; \
nbits = JPEG_NBITS_NONZERO(nbits); \ /* Check for out-of-range coefficient values */ \ if (nbits > max_coef_bits) \
ERREXIT(state->cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCT_COEF); \ /* if run length > 15, must emit special run-length-16 codes (0xF0) */ \ while (r >= 16 * 16) { \
r -= 16 * 16; \
PUT_BITS(actbl->ehufco[0xf0], actbl->ehufsi[0xf0]) \
} \ /* Emit Huffman symbol for run length / number of bits */ \
r += nbits; \
PUT_CODE(actbl->ehufco[r], actbl->ehufsi[r]) \
r = 0; \
} \
}
/* Load up working state */
state.next_output_byte = cinfo->dest->next_output_byte;
state.free_in_buffer = cinfo->dest->free_in_buffer;
state.cur = entropy->saved;
state.cinfo = cinfo; #ifdef WITH_SIMD
state.simd = entropy->simd; #endif
/* Emit restart marker if needed */ if (cinfo->restart_interval) { if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0) if (!emit_restart(&state, entropy->next_restart_num)) returnFALSE;
}
/* Encode the MCU data blocks */ #ifdef WITH_SIMD if (entropy->simd) { for (blkn = 0; blkn < cinfo->blocks_in_MCU; blkn++) {
ci = cinfo->MCU_membership[blkn];
compptr = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci]; if (!encode_one_block_simd(&state,
MCU_data[blkn][0], state.cur.last_dc_val[ci],
entropy->dc_derived_tbls[compptr->dc_tbl_no],
entropy->ac_derived_tbls[compptr->ac_tbl_no])) returnFALSE; /* Update last_dc_val */
state.cur.last_dc_val[ci] = MCU_data[blkn][0][0];
}
} else #endif
{ for (blkn = 0; blkn < cinfo->blocks_in_MCU; blkn++) {
ci = cinfo->MCU_membership[blkn];
compptr = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci]; if (!encode_one_block(&state,
MCU_data[blkn][0], state.cur.last_dc_val[ci],
entropy->dc_derived_tbls[compptr->dc_tbl_no],
entropy->ac_derived_tbls[compptr->ac_tbl_no])) returnFALSE; /* Update last_dc_val */
state.cur.last_dc_val[ci] = MCU_data[blkn][0][0];
}
}
/* Completed MCU, so update state */
cinfo->dest->next_output_byte = state.next_output_byte;
cinfo->dest->free_in_buffer = state.free_in_buffer;
entropy->saved = state.cur;
/* Update restart-interval state too */ if (cinfo->restart_interval) { if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0) {
entropy->restarts_to_go = cinfo->restart_interval;
entropy->next_restart_num++;
entropy->next_restart_num &= 7;
}
entropy->restarts_to_go--;
}
returnTRUE;
}
/* * Finish up at the end of a Huffman-compressed scan.
*/
/* * Huffman coding optimization. * * We first scan the supplied data and count the number of uses of each symbol * that is to be Huffman-coded. (This process MUST agree with the code above.) * Then we build a Huffman coding tree for the observed counts. * Symbols which are not needed at all for the particular image are not * assigned any code, which saves space in the DHT marker as well as in * the compressed data.
*/
#ifdef ENTROPY_OPT_SUPPORTED
/* Process a single block's worth of coefficients */
LOCAL(void)
htest_one_block(j_compress_ptr cinfo, JCOEFPTR block, int last_dc_val, long dc_counts[], long ac_counts[])
{ registerint temp; registerint nbits; registerint k, r; int max_coef_bits = cinfo->data_precision + 2;
/* Encode the DC coefficient difference per section F.1.2.1 */
/* Find the number of bits needed for the magnitude of the coefficient */
nbits = 0; while (temp) {
nbits++;
temp >>= 1;
} /* Check for out-of-range coefficient values. * Since we're encoding a difference, the range limit is twice as much.
*/ if (nbits > max_coef_bits + 1)
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCT_COEF);
/* Count the Huffman symbol for the number of bits */
dc_counts[nbits]++;
/* Encode the AC coefficients per section F.1.2.2 */
r = 0; /* r = run length of zeros */
for (k = 1; k < DCTSIZE2; k++) { if ((temp = block[jpeg_natural_order[k]]) == 0) {
r++;
} else { /* if run length > 15, must emit special run-length-16 codes (0xF0) */ while (r > 15) {
ac_counts[0xF0]++;
r -= 16;
}
/* Find the number of bits needed for the magnitude of the coefficient */ if (temp < 0)
temp = -temp;
/* Find the number of bits needed for the magnitude of the coefficient */
nbits = 1; /* there must be at least one 1 bit */ while ((temp >>= 1))
nbits++; /* Check for out-of-range coefficient values */ if (nbits > max_coef_bits)
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCT_COEF);
/* Count Huffman symbol for run length / number of bits */
ac_counts[(r << 4) + nbits]++;
r = 0;
}
}
/* If the last coef(s) were zero, emit an end-of-block code */ if (r > 0)
ac_counts[0]++;
}
/* * Trial-encode one MCU's worth of Huffman-compressed coefficients. * No data is actually output, so no suspension return is possible.
*/
/* Take care of restart intervals if needed */ if (cinfo->restart_interval) { if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0) { /* Re-initialize DC predictions to 0 */ for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->comps_in_scan; ci++)
entropy->saved.last_dc_val[ci] = 0; /* Update restart state */
entropy->restarts_to_go = cinfo->restart_interval;
}
entropy->restarts_to_go--;
}
/* * Generate the best Huffman code table for the given counts, fill htbl. * Note this is also used by jcphuff.c and jclhuff.c. * * The JPEG standard requires that no symbol be assigned a codeword of all * one bits (so that padding bits added at the end of a compressed segment * can't look like a valid code). Because of the canonical ordering of * codewords, this just means that there must be an unused slot in the * longest codeword length category. Annex K (Clause K.2) of * Rec. ITU-T T.81 (1992) | ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994 suggests reserving such a slot * by pretending that symbol 256 is a valid symbol with count 1. In theory * that's not optimal; giving it count zero but including it in the symbol set * anyway should give a better Huffman code. But the theoretically better code * actually seems to come out worse in practice, because it produces more * all-ones bytes (which incur stuffed zero bytes in the final file). In any * case the difference is tiny. * * The JPEG standard requires Huffman codes to be no more than 16 bits long. * If some symbols have a very small but nonzero probability, the Huffman tree * must be adjusted to meet the code length restriction. We currently use * the adjustment method suggested in JPEG section K.2. This method is *not* * optimal; it may not choose the best possible limited-length code. But * typically only very-low-frequency symbols will be given less-than-optimal * lengths, so the code is almost optimal. Experimental comparisons against * an optimal limited-length-code algorithm indicate that the difference is * microscopic --- usually less than a hundredth of a percent of total size. * So the extra complexity of an optimal algorithm doesn't seem worthwhile.
*/
GLOBAL(void)
jpeg_gen_optimal_table(j_compress_ptr cinfo, JHUFF_TBL *htbl, long freq[])
{ #define MAX_CLEN 32 /* assumed maximum initial code length */
UINT8 bits[MAX_CLEN + 1]; /* bits[k] = # of symbols with code length k */ int bit_pos[MAX_CLEN + 1]; /* # of symbols with smaller code length */ int codesize[257]; /* codesize[k] = code length of symbol k */ int nz_index[257]; /* index of nonzero symbol in the original freq
array */ int others[257]; /* next symbol in current branch of tree */ int c1, c2; int p, i, j; int num_nz_symbols; long v, v2;
/* This algorithm is explained in section K.2 of the JPEG standard */
memset(bits, 0, sizeof(bits));
memset(codesize, 0, sizeof(codesize)); for (i = 0; i < 257; i++)
others[i] = -1; /* init links to empty */
freq[256] = 1; /* make sure 256 has a nonzero count */ /* Including the pseudo-symbol 256 in the Huffman procedure guarantees * that no real symbol is given code-value of all ones, because 256 * will be placed last in the largest codeword category.
*/
/* Group nonzero frequencies together so we can more easily find the * smallest.
*/
num_nz_symbols = 0; for (i = 0; i < 257; i++) { if (freq[i]) {
nz_index[num_nz_symbols] = i;
freq[num_nz_symbols] = freq[i];
num_nz_symbols++;
}
}
/* Huffman's basic algorithm to assign optimal code lengths to symbols */
for (;;) { /* Find the two smallest nonzero frequencies; set c1, c2 = their symbols */ /* In case of ties, take the larger symbol number. Since we have grouped * the nonzero symbols together, checking for zero symbols is not * necessary.
*/
c1 = -1;
c2 = -1;
v = 1000000000L;
v2 = 1000000000L; for (i = 0; i < num_nz_symbols; i++) { if (freq[i] <= v2) { if (freq[i] <= v) {
c2 = c1;
v2 = v;
v = freq[i];
c1 = i;
} else {
v2 = freq[i];
c2 = i;
}
}
}
/* Done if we've merged everything into one frequency */ if (c2 < 0) break;
/* Else merge the two counts/trees */
freq[c1] += freq[c2]; /* Set the frequency to a very high value instead of zero, so we don't have * to check for zero values.
*/
freq[c2] = 1000000001L;
/* Increment the codesize of everything in c1's tree branch */
codesize[c1]++; while (others[c1] >= 0) {
c1 = others[c1];
codesize[c1]++;
}
/* Increment the codesize of everything in c2's tree branch */
codesize[c2]++; while (others[c2] >= 0) {
c2 = others[c2];
codesize[c2]++;
}
}
/* Now count the number of symbols of each code length */ for (i = 0; i < num_nz_symbols; i++) { /* The JPEG standard seems to think that this can't happen, */ /* but I'm paranoid... */ if (codesize[i] > MAX_CLEN)
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_HUFF_CLEN_OVERFLOW);
bits[codesize[i]]++;
}
/* Count the number of symbols with a length smaller than i bits, so we can * construct the symbol table more efficiently. Note that this includes the * pseudo-symbol 256, but since it is the last symbol, it will not affect the * table.
*/
p = 0; for (i = 1; i <= MAX_CLEN; i++) {
bit_pos[i] = p;
p += bits[i];
}
/* JPEG doesn't allow symbols with code lengths over 16 bits, so if the pure * Huffman procedure assigned any such lengths, we must adjust the coding. * Here is what Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1 says about how this next * bit works: Since symbols are paired for the longest Huffman code, the * symbols are removed from this length category two at a time. The prefix * for the pair (which is one bit shorter) is allocated to one of the pair; * then, skipping the BITS entry for that prefix length, a code word from the * next shortest nonzero BITS entry is converted into a prefix for two code * words one bit longer.
*/
for (i = MAX_CLEN; i > 16; i--) { while (bits[i] > 0) {
j = i - 2; /* find length of new prefix to be used */ while (bits[j] == 0)
j--;
bits[i] -= 2; /* remove two symbols */
bits[i - 1]++; /* one goes in this length */
bits[j + 1] += 2; /* two new symbols in this length */
bits[j]--; /* symbol of this length is now a prefix */
}
}
/* Remove the count for the pseudo-symbol 256 from the largest codelength */ while (bits[i] == 0) /* find largest codelength still in use */
i--;
bits[i]--;
/* Return final symbol counts (only for lengths 0..16) */
memcpy(htbl->bits, bits, sizeof(htbl->bits));
/* Return a list of the symbols sorted by code length */ /* It's not real clear to me why we don't need to consider the codelength * changes made above, but Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1 seems to think * this works.
*/ for (i = 0; i < num_nz_symbols - 1; i++) {
htbl->huffval[bit_pos[codesize[i]]] = (UINT8)nz_index[i];
bit_pos[codesize[i]]++;
}
/* Set sent_table FALSE so updated table will be written to JPEG file. */
htbl->sent_table = FALSE;
}
/* * Finish up a statistics-gathering pass and create the new Huffman tables.
*/
/* It's important not to apply jpeg_gen_optimal_table more than once * per table, because it clobbers the input frequency counts!
*/
memset(did_dc, 0, sizeof(did_dc));
memset(did_ac, 0, sizeof(did_ac));
for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->comps_in_scan; ci++) {
compptr = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci];
dctbl = compptr->dc_tbl_no;
actbl = compptr->ac_tbl_no; if (!did_dc[dctbl]) {
htblptr = &cinfo->dc_huff_tbl_ptrs[dctbl]; if (*htblptr == NULL)
*htblptr = jpeg_alloc_huff_table((j_common_ptr)cinfo);
jpeg_gen_optimal_table(cinfo, *htblptr, entropy->dc_count_ptrs[dctbl]);
did_dc[dctbl] = TRUE;
} if (!did_ac[actbl]) {
htblptr = &cinfo->ac_huff_tbl_ptrs[actbl]; if (*htblptr == NULL)
*htblptr = jpeg_alloc_huff_table((j_common_ptr)cinfo);
jpeg_gen_optimal_table(cinfo, *htblptr, entropy->ac_count_ptrs[actbl]);
did_ac[actbl] = TRUE;
}
}
}
#endif/* ENTROPY_OPT_SUPPORTED */
/* * Module initialization routine for Huffman entropy encoding.
*/
GLOBAL(void)
jinit_huff_encoder(j_compress_ptr cinfo)
{
huff_entropy_ptr entropy; int i;
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