# Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Common functionality shared by several modules."""
import typing
class NotRelativePrimeError(ValueError):
def __init__(self, a: int, b: int, d: int, msg: str =
"") ->
None:
super().__init__(msg
or "%d and %d are not relatively prime, divider=%i" % (a, b, d))
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.d = d
def bit_size(num: int) -> int:
"""
Number of bits needed to represent a integer excluding any prefix
0 bits.
Usage::
>>> bit_size(1023)
10
>>> bit_size(1024)
11
>>> bit_size(1025)
11
:param num:
Integer value.
If num
is 0, returns 0. Only the absolute value of the
number
is considered. Therefore, signed integers will be abs(num)
before the number
's bit length is determined.
:returns:
Returns the number of bits
in the integer.
"""
try:
return num.bit_length()
except AttributeError
as ex:
raise TypeError(
"bit_size(num) only supports integers, not %r" % type(num))
from ex
def byte_size(number: int) -> int:
"""
Returns the number of bytes required to hold a specific long number.
The number of bytes
is rounded up.
Usage::
>>> byte_size(1 << 1023)
128
>>> byte_size((1 << 1024) - 1)
128
>>> byte_size(1 << 1024)
129
:param number:
An unsigned integer
:returns:
The number of bytes required to hold a specific long number.
"""
if number == 0:
return 1
return ceil_div(bit_size(number), 8)
def ceil_div(num: int, div: int) -> int:
"""
Returns the ceiling function of a division between `num`
and `div`.
Usage::
>>> ceil_div(100, 7)
15
>>> ceil_div(100, 10)
10
>>> ceil_div(1, 4)
1
:param num: Division
's numerator, a number
:param div: Division
's divisor, a number
:
return: Rounded up result of the division between the parameters.
"""
quanta, mod = divmod(num, div)
if mod:
quanta += 1
return quanta
def extended_gcd(a: int, b: int) -> typing.Tuple[int, int, int]:
"""Returns a tuple (r, i, j) such that r = gcd(a, b) = ia + jb"""
# r = gcd(a,b) i = multiplicitive inverse of a mod b
# or j = multiplicitive inverse of b mod a
# Neg return values for i or j are made positive mod b or a respectively
# Iterateive Version is faster and uses much less stack space
x = 0
y = 1
lx = 1
ly = 0
oa = a
# Remember original a/b to remove
ob = b
# negative values from return results
while b != 0:
q = a // b
(a, b) = (b, a % b)
(x, lx) = ((lx - (q * x)), x)
(y, ly) = ((ly - (q * y)), y)
if lx < 0:
lx += ob
# If neg wrap modulo original b
if ly < 0:
ly += oa
# If neg wrap modulo original a
return a, lx, ly
# Return only positive values
def inverse(x: int, n: int) -> int:
"""Returns the inverse of x % n under multiplication, a.k.a x^-1 (mod n)
>>> inverse(7, 4)
3
>>> (inverse(143, 4) * 143) % 4
1
"""
(divider, inv, _) = extended_gcd(x, n)
if divider != 1:
raise NotRelativePrimeError(x, n, divider)
return inv
def crt(a_values: typing.Iterable[int], modulo_values: typing.Iterable[int]) -> int:
"""Chinese Remainder Theorem.
Calculates x such that x = a[i] (mod m[i])
for each i.
:param a_values: the a-values of the above equation
:param modulo_values: the m-values of the above equation
:returns: x such that x = a[i] (mod m[i])
for each i
>>> crt([2, 3], [3, 5])
8
>>> crt([2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7])
23
>>> crt([2, 3, 0], [7, 11, 15])
135
"""
m = 1
x = 0
for modulo
in modulo_values:
m *= modulo
for (m_i, a_i)
in zip(modulo_values, a_values):
M_i = m // m_i
inv = inverse(M_i, m_i)
x = (x + a_i * M_i * inv) % m
return x
if __name__ ==
"__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()