/* * Include queued spinlock definitions and statistics code
*/ #ifdef CONFIG_QUEUED_SPINLOCKS #include"../locking/qspinlock.h" #include"../locking/lock_events.h" #include"rqspinlock.h" #include"../locking/mcs_spinlock.h" #endif
/* * The basic principle of a queue-based spinlock can best be understood * by studying a classic queue-based spinlock implementation called the * MCS lock. A copy of the original MCS lock paper ("Algorithms for Scalable * Synchronization on Shared-Memory Multiprocessors by Mellor-Crummey and * Scott") is available at * * https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=206115 * * This queued spinlock implementation is based on the MCS lock, however to * make it fit the 4 bytes we assume spinlock_t to be, and preserve its * existing API, we must modify it somehow. * * In particular; where the traditional MCS lock consists of a tail pointer * (8 bytes) and needs the next pointer (another 8 bytes) of its own node to * unlock the next pending (next->locked), we compress both these: {tail, * next->locked} into a single u32 value. * * Since a spinlock disables recursion of its own context and there is a limit * to the contexts that can nest; namely: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi. As there * are at most 4 nesting levels, it can be encoded by a 2-bit number. Now * we can encode the tail by combining the 2-bit nesting level with the cpu * number. With one byte for the lock value and 3 bytes for the tail, only a * 32-bit word is now needed. Even though we only need 1 bit for the lock, * we extend it to a full byte to achieve better performance for architectures * that support atomic byte write. * * We also change the first spinner to spin on the lock bit instead of its * node; whereby avoiding the need to carry a node from lock to unlock, and * preserving existing lock API. This also makes the unlock code simpler and * faster. * * N.B. The current implementation only supports architectures that allow * atomic operations on smaller 8-bit and 16-bit data types. *
*/
/* * Return an error if we hold the lock we are attempting to acquire. * We'll iterate over max 32 locks; no need to do is_lock_released.
*/ for (int i = 0; i < cnt - 1; i++) { if (rqh->locks[i] == lock) return -EDEADLK;
} return 0;
}
/* * This focuses on the most common case of ABBA deadlocks (or ABBA involving * more locks, which reduce to ABBA). This is not exhaustive, and we rely on * timeouts as the final line of defense.
*/ static noinline int check_deadlock_ABBA(rqspinlock_t *lock, u32 mask, struct rqspinlock_timeout *ts)
{ struct rqspinlock_held *rqh = this_cpu_ptr(&rqspinlock_held_locks); int rqh_cnt = min(RES_NR_HELD, rqh->cnt); void *remote_lock; int cpu;
/* * Find the CPU holding the lock that we want to acquire. If there is a * deadlock scenario, we will read a stable set on the remote CPU and * find the target. This would be a constant time operation instead of * O(NR_CPUS) if we could determine the owning CPU from a lock value, but * that requires increasing the size of the lock word.
*/
for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) { struct rqspinlock_held *rqh_cpu = per_cpu_ptr(&rqspinlock_held_locks, cpu); int real_cnt = READ_ONCE(rqh_cpu->cnt); int cnt = min(RES_NR_HELD, real_cnt);
/* * Let's ensure to break out of this loop if the lock is available for * us to potentially acquire.
*/ if (is_lock_released(lock, mask, ts)) return 0;
/* * Skip ourselves, and CPUs whose count is less than 2, as they need at * least one held lock and one acquisition attempt (reflected as top * most entry) to participate in an ABBA deadlock. * * If cnt is more than RES_NR_HELD, it means the current lock being * acquired won't appear in the table, and other locks in the table are * already held, so we can't determine ABBA.
*/ if (cpu == smp_processor_id() || real_cnt < 2 || real_cnt > RES_NR_HELD) continue;
/* * Obtain the entry at the top, this corresponds to the lock the * remote CPU is attempting to acquire in a deadlock situation, * and would be one of the locks we hold on the current CPU.
*/
remote_lock = READ_ONCE(rqh_cpu->locks[cnt - 1]); /* * If it is NULL, we've raced and cannot determine a deadlock * conclusively, skip this CPU.
*/ if (!remote_lock) continue; /* * Find if the lock we're attempting to acquire is held by this CPU. * Don't consider the topmost entry, as that must be the latest lock * being held or acquired. For a deadlock, the target CPU must also * attempt to acquire a lock we hold, so for this search only 'cnt - 1' * entries are important.
*/ for (int i = 0; i < cnt - 1; i++) { if (READ_ONCE(rqh_cpu->locks[i]) != lock) continue; /* * We found our lock as held on the remote CPU. Is the * acquisition attempt on the remote CPU for a lock held * by us? If so, we have a deadlock situation, and need * to recover.
*/ for (int i = 0; i < rqh_cnt - 1; i++) { if (rqh->locks[i] == remote_lock) return -EDEADLK;
} /* * Inconclusive; retry again later.
*/ return 0;
}
} return 0;
}
static noinline int check_deadlock(rqspinlock_t *lock, u32 mask, struct rqspinlock_timeout *ts)
{ int ret;
ret = check_deadlock_AA(lock, mask, ts); if (ret) return ret;
ret = check_deadlock_ABBA(lock, mask, ts); if (ret) return ret;
return 0;
}
static noinline int check_timeout(rqspinlock_t *lock, u32 mask, struct rqspinlock_timeout *ts)
{
u64 time = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
u64 prev = ts->cur;
if (!ts->timeout_end) {
ts->cur = time;
ts->timeout_end = time + ts->duration; return 0;
}
if (time > ts->timeout_end) return -ETIMEDOUT;
/* * A millisecond interval passed from last time? Trigger deadlock * checks.
*/ if (prev + NSEC_PER_MSEC < time) {
ts->cur = time; return check_deadlock(lock, mask, ts);
}
return 0;
}
/* * Do not amortize with spins when res_smp_cond_load_acquire is defined, * as the macro does internal amortization for us.
*/ #ifndef res_smp_cond_load_acquire #define RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, mask) \
({ \ if (!(ts).spin++) \
(ret) = check_timeout((lock), (mask), &(ts)); \
(ret); \
}) #else #define RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, mask) \
({ (ret) = check_timeout((lock), (mask), &(ts)); }) #endif
/* * Initialize the 'spin' member. * Set spin member to 0 to trigger AA/ABBA checks immediately.
*/ #define RES_INIT_TIMEOUT(ts) ({ (ts).spin = 0; })
/* * We only need to reset 'timeout_end', 'spin' will just wrap around as necessary. * Duration is defined for each spin attempt, so set it here.
*/ #define RES_RESET_TIMEOUT(ts, _duration) ({ (ts).timeout_end = 0; (ts).duration = _duration; })
/* * Provide a test-and-set fallback for cases when queued spin lock support is * absent from the architecture.
*/ int __lockfunc resilient_tas_spin_lock(rqspinlock_t *lock)
{ struct rqspinlock_timeout ts; int val, ret = 0;
RES_INIT_TIMEOUT(ts);
grab_held_lock_entry(lock);
/* * Since the waiting loop's time is dependent on the amount of * contention, a short timeout unlike rqspinlock waiting loops * isn't enough. Choose a second as the timeout value.
*/
RES_RESET_TIMEOUT(ts, NSEC_PER_SEC);
retry:
val = atomic_read(&lock->val);
if (val || !atomic_try_cmpxchg(&lock->val, &val, 1)) { if (RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, ~0u)) goto out;
cpu_relax(); goto retry;
}
/* * Per-CPU queue node structures; we can never have more than 4 nested * contexts: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi. * * Exactly fits one 64-byte cacheline on a 64-bit architecture.
*/ static DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct qnode, rqnodes[_Q_MAX_NODES]);
#ifndef res_smp_cond_load_acquire #define res_smp_cond_load_acquire(v, c) smp_cond_load_acquire(v, c) #endif
#define res_atomic_cond_read_acquire(v, c) res_smp_cond_load_acquire(&(v)->counter, (c))
/** * resilient_queued_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queued spinlock * @lock: Pointer to queued spinlock structure * @val: Current value of the queued spinlock 32-bit word * * Return: * * 0 - Lock was acquired successfully. * * -EDEADLK - Lock acquisition failed because of AA/ABBA deadlock. * * -ETIMEDOUT - Lock acquisition failed because of timeout. * * (queue tail, pending bit, lock value) * * fast : slow : unlock * : : * uncontended (0,0,0) -:--> (0,0,1) ------------------------------:--> (*,*,0) * : | ^--------.------. / : * : v \ \ | : * pending : (0,1,1) +--> (0,1,0) \ | : * : | ^--' | | : * : v | | : * uncontended : (n,x,y) +--> (n,0,0) --' | : * queue : | ^--' | : * : v | : * contended : (*,x,y) +--> (*,0,0) ---> (*,0,1) -' : * queue : ^--' :
*/ int __lockfunc resilient_queued_spin_lock_slowpath(rqspinlock_t *lock, u32 val)
{ struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next, *node; struct rqspinlock_timeout ts; int idx, ret = 0;
u32 old, tail;
if (resilient_virt_spin_lock_enabled()) return resilient_virt_spin_lock(lock);
RES_INIT_TIMEOUT(ts);
/* * Wait for in-progress pending->locked hand-overs with a bounded * number of spins so that we guarantee forward progress. * * 0,1,0 -> 0,0,1
*/ if (val == _Q_PENDING_VAL) { int cnt = _Q_PENDING_LOOPS;
val = atomic_cond_read_relaxed(&lock->val,
(VAL != _Q_PENDING_VAL) || !cnt--);
}
/* * If we observe any contention; queue.
*/ if (val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK) goto queue;
/* * If we observe contention, there is a concurrent locker. * * Undo and queue; our setting of PENDING might have made the * n,0,0 -> 0,0,0 transition fail and it will now be waiting * on @next to become !NULL.
*/ if (unlikely(val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK)) {
/* Undo PENDING if we set it. */ if (!(val & _Q_PENDING_MASK))
clear_pending(lock);
goto queue;
}
/* * Grab an entry in the held locks array, to enable deadlock detection.
*/
grab_held_lock_entry(lock);
/* * We're pending, wait for the owner to go away. * * 0,1,1 -> *,1,0 * * this wait loop must be a load-acquire such that we match the * store-release that clears the locked bit and create lock * sequentiality; this is because not all * clear_pending_set_locked() implementations imply full * barriers.
*/ if (val & _Q_LOCKED_MASK) {
RES_RESET_TIMEOUT(ts, RES_DEF_TIMEOUT);
res_smp_cond_load_acquire(&lock->locked, !VAL || RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, _Q_LOCKED_MASK));
}
if (ret) { /* * We waited for the locked bit to go back to 0, as the pending * waiter, but timed out. We need to clear the pending bit since * we own it. Once a stuck owner has been recovered, the lock * must be restored to a valid state, hence removing the pending * bit is necessary. * * *,1,* -> *,0,*
*/
clear_pending(lock);
lockevent_inc(rqspinlock_lock_timeout); goto err_release_entry;
}
/* * take ownership and clear the pending bit. * * 0,1,0 -> 0,0,1
*/
clear_pending_set_locked(lock);
lockevent_inc(lock_pending); return 0;
/* * End of pending bit optimistic spinning and beginning of MCS * queuing.
*/
queue:
lockevent_inc(lock_slowpath); /* * Grab deadlock detection entry for the queue path.
*/
grab_held_lock_entry(lock);
/* * 4 nodes are allocated based on the assumption that there will * not be nested NMIs taking spinlocks. That may not be true in * some architectures even though the chance of needing more than * 4 nodes will still be extremely unlikely. When that happens, * we fall back to spinning on the lock directly without using * any MCS node. This is not the most elegant solution, but is * simple enough.
*/ if (unlikely(idx >= _Q_MAX_NODES || in_nmi())) {
lockevent_inc(lock_no_node);
RES_RESET_TIMEOUT(ts, RES_DEF_TIMEOUT); while (!queued_spin_trylock(lock)) { if (RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, ~0u)) {
lockevent_inc(rqspinlock_lock_timeout); goto err_release_node;
}
cpu_relax();
} goto release;
}
node = grab_mcs_node(node, idx);
/* * Keep counts of non-zero index values:
*/
lockevent_cond_inc(lock_use_node2 + idx - 1, idx);
/* * Ensure that we increment the head node->count before initialising * the actual node. If the compiler is kind enough to reorder these * stores, then an IRQ could overwrite our assignments.
*/
barrier();
node->locked = 0;
node->next = NULL;
/* * We touched a (possibly) cold cacheline in the per-cpu queue node; * attempt the trylock once more in the hope someone let go while we * weren't watching.
*/ if (queued_spin_trylock(lock)) goto release;
/* * Ensure that the initialisation of @node is complete before we * publish the updated tail via xchg_tail() and potentially link * @node into the waitqueue via WRITE_ONCE(prev->next, node) below.
*/
smp_wmb();
/* * Publish the updated tail. * We have already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with * pending stuff. * * p,*,* -> n,*,*
*/
old = xchg_tail(lock, tail);
next = NULL;
/* * if there was a previous node; link it and wait until reaching the * head of the waitqueue.
*/ if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) { int val;
prev = decode_tail(old, rqnodes);
/* Link @node into the waitqueue. */
WRITE_ONCE(prev->next, node);
val = arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked); if (val == RES_TIMEOUT_VAL) {
ret = -EDEADLK; goto waitq_timeout;
}
/* * While waiting for the MCS lock, the next pointer may have * been set by another lock waiter. We optimistically load * the next pointer & prefetch the cacheline for writing * to reduce latency in the upcoming MCS unlock operation.
*/
next = READ_ONCE(node->next); if (next)
prefetchw(next);
}
/* * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to * go away. * * *,x,y -> *,0,0 * * this wait loop must use a load-acquire such that we match the * store-release that clears the locked bit and create lock * sequentiality; this is because the set_locked() function below * does not imply a full barrier. * * We use RES_DEF_TIMEOUT * 2 as the duration, as RES_DEF_TIMEOUT is * meant to span maximum allowed time per critical section, and we may * have both the owner of the lock and the pending bit waiter ahead of * us.
*/
RES_RESET_TIMEOUT(ts, RES_DEF_TIMEOUT * 2);
val = res_atomic_cond_read_acquire(&lock->val, !(VAL & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) ||
RES_CHECK_TIMEOUT(ts, ret, _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK));
waitq_timeout: if (ret) { /* * If the tail is still pointing to us, then we are the final waiter, * and are responsible for resetting the tail back to 0. Otherwise, if * the cmpxchg operation fails, we signal the next waiter to take exit * and try the same. For a waiter with tail node 'n': * * n,*,* -> 0,*,* * * When performing cmpxchg for the whole word (NR_CPUS > 16k), it is * possible locked/pending bits keep changing and we see failures even * when we remain the head of wait queue. However, eventually, * pending bit owner will unset the pending bit, and new waiters * will queue behind us. This will leave the lock owner in * charge, and it will eventually either set locked bit to 0, or * leave it as 1, allowing us to make progress. * * We terminate the whole wait queue for two reasons. Firstly, * we eschew per-waiter timeouts with one applied at the head of * the wait queue. This allows everyone to break out faster * once we've seen the owner / pending waiter not responding for * the timeout duration from the head. Secondly, it avoids * complicated synchronization, because when not leaving in FIFO * order, prev's next pointer needs to be fixed up etc.
*/ if (!try_cmpxchg_tail(lock, tail, 0)) {
next = smp_cond_load_relaxed(&node->next, VAL);
WRITE_ONCE(next->locked, RES_TIMEOUT_VAL);
}
lockevent_inc(rqspinlock_lock_timeout); goto err_release_node;
}
/* * claim the lock: * * n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended * *,*,0 -> *,*,1 : lock, contended * * If the queue head is the only one in the queue (lock value == tail) * and nobody is pending, clear the tail code and grab the lock. * Otherwise, we only need to grab the lock.
*/
/* * Note: at this point: (val & _Q_PENDING_MASK) == 0, because of the * above wait condition, therefore any concurrent setting of * PENDING will make the uncontended transition fail.
*/ if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) == tail) { if (atomic_try_cmpxchg_relaxed(&lock->val, &val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL)) goto release; /* No contention */
}
/* * Either somebody is queued behind us or _Q_PENDING_VAL got set * which will then detect the remaining tail and queue behind us * ensuring we'll see a @next.
*/
set_locked(lock);
/* * contended path; wait for next if not observed yet, release.
*/ if (!next)
next = smp_cond_load_relaxed(&node->next, (VAL));
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