definition
LEAST_FP :: "('a, 'b) gorder_scheme \ ('a \ 'a) \ 'a" (‹LFP🍋›) where "LEAST_FP L f = \\<^bsub>L\<^esub> {u \ carrier L. f u \\<^bsub>L\<^esub> u}"🍋‹least fixed point›
definition
GREATEST_FP:: "('a, 'b) gorder_scheme \ ('a \ 'a) \ 'a" (‹GFP🍋›) where "GREATEST_FP L f = \\<^bsub>L\<^esub> {u \ carrier L. u \\<^bsub>L\<^esub> f u}"🍋‹greatest fixed point›
lemma LFP_dual [simp]: "LEAST_FP (inv_gorder L) f = GREATEST_FP L f" by (simp add:LEAST_FP_def GREATEST_FP_def)
lemma GFP_dual [simp]: "GREATEST_FP (inv_gorder L) f = LEAST_FP L f" by (simp add:LEAST_FP_def GREATEST_FP_def)
subsection‹Lattices›
locale weak_upper_semilattice = weak_partial_order + assumes sup_of_two_exists: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> \s. least L s (Upper L {x, y})"
locale weak_lower_semilattice = weak_partial_order + assumes inf_of_two_exists: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> \s. greatest L s (Lower L {x, y})"
lemma (in weak_lattice) dual_weak_lattice: "weak_lattice (inv_gorder L)" proof - interpret dual: weak_partial_order "inv_gorder L" by (metis dual_weak_order) show ?thesis proofqed (simp_all add: inf_of_two_exists sup_of_two_exists) qed
subsubsection ‹Supremum›
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) joinI: "[| !!l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}) ==> P l; x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |]
==> P (x ⊔ y)" proof (unfold join_def sup_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}) ==> P l" with sup_of_two_exists obtain s where"least L s (Upper L {x, y})"by fast with L show"P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L {x, y}))" by (fast intro: someI2 P) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_closed [simp]: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> x \ y \ carrier L" by (rule joinI) (rule least_closed)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_cong_l: assumes carr: "x \ carrier L""x' \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" and xx': "x .= x'" shows"x \ y .= x' \ y" proof (rule joinI, rule joinI) fix a b from xx' carr have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x', y}"by (rule set_eq_pairI)
assume leasta: "least L a (Upper L {x, y})" assume"least L b (Upper L {x', y})" with carr have leastb: "least L b (Upper L {x, y})" by (simp add: least_Upper_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from leasta leastb show"a .= b"by (rule weak_least_unique) qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_cong_r: assumes carr: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""y' \ carrier L" and yy': "y .= y'" shows"x \ y .= x \ y'" proof (rule joinI, rule joinI) fix a b have"{x, y} = {y, x}"by fast alsofrom carr yy' have"{y, x} {.=} {y', x}"by (intro set_eq_pairI) alsohave"{y', x} = {x, y'}"by fast finally have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x, y'}" .
assume leasta: "least L a (Upper L {x, y})" assume"least L b (Upper L {x, y'})" with carr have leastb: "least L b (Upper L {x, y})" by (simp add: least_Upper_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from leasta leastb show"a .= b"by (rule weak_least_unique) qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) sup_of_singletonI: (* only reflexivity needed ? *) "x \ carrier L ==> least L x (Upper L {x})" by (rule least_UpperI) auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_sup_of_singleton [simp]: "x \ carrier L ==> \{x} .= x" unfolding sup_def by (rule someI2) (auto intro: weak_least_unique sup_of_singletonI)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) sup_of_singleton_closed [simp]: "x \ carrier L \ \{x} \ carrier L" unfolding sup_def by (rule someI2) (auto intro: sup_of_singletonI)
text‹Condition on ‹A›: supremum exists.›
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) sup_insertI: "[| !!s. least L s (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P s;
least L a (Upper L A); x ∈ carrier L; A ⊆ carrier L |]
==> P (⊔(insert x A))" proof (unfold sup_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""A \ carrier L" and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P l" and least_a: "least L a (Upper L A)" from L least_a have La: "a \ carrier L"by simp from L sup_of_two_exists least_a obtain s where least_s: "least L s (Upper L {a, x})"by blast show"P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)))" proof (rule someI2) show"least L s (Upper L (insert x A))" proof (rule least_UpperI) fix z assume"z \ insert x A" thenshow"z \ s" proof assume"z = x"thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: least_Upper_above [OF least_s] L La) next assume"z \ A" with L least_s least_a show ?thesis by (rule_tac le_trans [where y = a]) (auto dest: least_Upper_above) qed next fix y assume y: "y \ Upper L (insert x A)" show"s \ y" proof (rule least_le [OF least_s], rule Upper_memI) fix z assume z: "z \ {a, x}" thenshow"z \ y" proof have y': "y \ Upper L A" by (meson Upper_antimono in_mono subset_insertI y) assume"z = a" with y' least_a show ?thesis by (fast dest: least_le) next assume"z \ {x}" with y L show ?thesis by blast qed qed (rule Upper_closed [THEN subsetD, OF y]) next from L show"insert x A \ carrier L"by simp from least_s show"s \ carrier L"by simp qed qed (rule P) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_least: "[| finite A; A \ carrier L; A \ {} |] ==> least L (\A) (Upper L A)" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x A) show ?case proof (cases "A = {}") case True with insert show ?thesis by simp (simp add: least_cong [OF weak_sup_of_singleton] sup_of_singletonI) (* The above step is hairy; least_cong can make simp loop.
Would want special version of simp to apply least_cong. *) next case False with insert have"least L (\A) (Upper L A)"by simp with _ show ?thesis by (rule sup_insertI) (simp_all add: insert [simplified]) qed qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_insertI: assumes P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L (insert x A)) ==> P l" and xA: "finite A""x \ carrier L""A \ carrier L" shows"P (\ (insert x A))" proof (cases "A = {}") case True with P and xA show ?thesis by (simp add: finite_sup_least) next case False with P and xA show ?thesis by (simp add: sup_insertI finite_sup_least) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) finite_sup_closed [simp]: "[| finite A; A \ carrier L; A \ {} |] ==> \A \ carrier L" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?case by - (rule finite_sup_insertI, simp_all) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_left: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> x \ x \ y" by (rule joinI [folded join_def]) (blast dest: least_mem)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_right: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> y \ x \ y" by (rule joinI [folded join_def]) (blast dest: least_mem)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) sup_of_two_least: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> least L (\{x, y}) (Upper L {x, y})" proof (unfold sup_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" with sup_of_two_exists obtain s where"least L s (Upper L {x, y})"by fast with L show"least L (SOME z. least L z (Upper L {x, y})) (Upper L {x, y})" by (fast intro: someI2 weak_least_unique) (* blast fails *) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) join_le: assumes sub: "x \ z""y \ z" and x: "x \ carrier L"and y: "y \ carrier L"and z: "z \ carrier L" shows"x \ y \ z" proof (rule joinI [OF _ x y]) fix s assume"least L s (Upper L {x, y})" with sub z show"s \ z"by (fast elim: least_le intro: Upper_memI) qed
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) weak_join_assoc_lemma: assumes L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""z \ carrier L" shows"x \ (y \ z) .= \{x, y, z}" proof (rule finite_sup_insertI) 🍋‹The textbook argument in Jacobson I, p 457› fix s assume sup: "least L s (Upper L {x, y, z})" show"x \ (y \ z) .= s" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) from sup L show"x \ (y \ z) \ s" by (fastforce intro!: join_le elim: least_Upper_above) next from sup L show"s \ x \ (y \ z)" by (erule_tac least_le)
(blast intro!: Upper_memI intro: le_trans join_left join_right join_closed) qed (simp_all add: L least_closed [OF sup]) qed (simp_all add: L)
text‹Commutativity holds for‹=›.›
lemma join_comm: fixes L (structure) shows"x \ y = y \ x" by (unfold join_def) (simp add: insert_commute)
lemma (in weak_upper_semilattice) weak_join_assoc: assumes L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""z \ carrier L" shows"(x \ y) \ z .= x \ (y \ z)" proof - (* FIXME: could be simplified by improved simp: uniform use of .=,
omit [symmetric] in last step. *) have"(x \ y) \ z = z \ (x \ y)"by (simp only: join_comm) alsofrom L have"... .= \{z, x, y}"by (simp add: weak_join_assoc_lemma) alsofrom L have"... = \{x, y, z}"by (simp add: insert_commute) alsofrom L have"... .= x \ (y \ z)"by (simp add: weak_join_assoc_lemma [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: L) qed
subsubsection ‹Infimum›
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meetI: "[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L {x, y}) ==> P i;
x ∈ carrier L; y ∈ carrier L |]
==> P (x ⊓ y)" proof (unfold meet_def inf_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" and P: "!!g. greatest L g (Lower L {x, y}) ==> P g" with inf_of_two_exists obtain i where"greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})"by fast with L show"P (SOME g. greatest L g (Lower L {x, y}))" by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique P) qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_closed [simp]: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> x \ y \ carrier L" by (rule meetI) (rule greatest_closed)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_cong_l: assumes carr: "x \ carrier L""x' \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" and xx': "x .= x'" shows"x \ y .= x' \ y" proof (rule meetI, rule meetI) fix a b from xx' carr have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x', y}"by (rule set_eq_pairI)
assume greatesta: "greatest L a (Lower L {x, y})" assume"greatest L b (Lower L {x', y})" with carr have greatestb: "greatest L b (Lower L {x, y})" by (simp add: greatest_Lower_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from greatesta greatestb show"a .= b"by (rule weak_greatest_unique) qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_cong_r: assumes carr: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""y' \ carrier L" and yy': "y .= y'" shows"x \ y .= x \ y'" proof (rule meetI, rule meetI) fix a b have"{x, y} = {y, x}"by fast alsofrom carr yy' have"{y, x} {.=} {y', x}"by (intro set_eq_pairI) alsohave"{y', x} = {x, y'}"by fast finally have seq: "{x, y} {.=} {x, y'}" .
assume greatesta: "greatest L a (Lower L {x, y})" assume"greatest L b (Lower L {x, y'})" with carr have greatestb: "greatest L b (Lower L {x, y})" by (simp add: greatest_Lower_cong_r[OF _ _ seq])
from greatesta greatestb show"a .= b"by (rule weak_greatest_unique) qed (rule carr)+
lemma (in weak_partial_order) inf_of_singletonI: (* only reflexivity needed ? *) "x \ carrier L ==> greatest L x (Lower L {x})" by (rule greatest_LowerI) auto
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_inf_of_singleton [simp]: "x \ carrier L ==> \{x} .= x" unfolding inf_def by (rule someI2) (auto intro: weak_greatest_unique inf_of_singletonI)
lemma (in weak_partial_order) inf_of_singleton_closed: "x \ carrier L ==> \{x} \ carrier L" unfolding inf_def by (rule someI2) (auto intro: inf_of_singletonI)
text‹Condition on ‹A›: infimum exists.›
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) inf_insertI: "[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P i;
greatest L a (Lower L A); x ∈ carrier L; A ⊆ carrier L |]
==> P (⊓(insert x A))" proof (unfold inf_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""A \ carrier L" and P: "!!g. greatest L g (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P g" and greatest_a: "greatest L a (Lower L A)" from L greatest_a have La: "a \ carrier L"by simp from L inf_of_two_exists greatest_a obtain i where greatest_i: "greatest L i (Lower L {a, x})"by blast show"P (SOME g. greatest L g (Lower L (insert x A)))" proof (rule someI2) show"greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A))" proof (rule greatest_LowerI) fix z assume"z \ insert x A" thenshow"i \ z" proof assume"z = x"thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: greatest_Lower_below [OF greatest_i] L La) next assume"z \ A" with L greatest_i greatest_a show ?thesis by (rule_tac le_trans [where y = a]) (auto dest: greatest_Lower_below) qed next fix y assume y: "y \ Lower L (insert x A)" show"y \ i" proof (rule greatest_le [OF greatest_i], rule Lower_memI) fix z assume z: "z \ {a, x}" thenshow"y \ z" proof have y': "y \ Lower L A" by (meson Lower_antimono in_mono subset_insertI y) assume"z = a" with y' greatest_a show ?thesis by (fast dest: greatest_le) next assume"z \ {x}" with y L show ?thesis by blast qed qed (rule Lower_closed [THEN subsetD, OF y]) next from L show"insert x A \ carrier L"by simp from greatest_i show"i \ carrier L"by simp qed qed (rule P) qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_greatest: "[| finite A; A \ carrier L; A \ {} |] ==> greatest L (\A) (Lower L A)" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x A) show ?case proof (cases "A = {}") case True with insert show ?thesis by simp (simp add: greatest_cong [OF weak_inf_of_singleton]
inf_of_singleton_closed inf_of_singletonI) next case False from insert show ?thesis proof (rule_tac inf_insertI) from False insert show"greatest L (\A) (Lower L A)"by simp qed simp_all qed qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_insertI: assumes P: "!!i. greatest L i (Lower L (insert x A)) ==> P i" and xA: "finite A""x \ carrier L""A \ carrier L" shows"P (\ (insert x A))" proof (cases "A = {}") case True with P and xA show ?thesis by (simp add: finite_inf_greatest) next case False with P and xA show ?thesis by (simp add: inf_insertI finite_inf_greatest) qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) finite_inf_closed [simp]: "[| finite A; A \ carrier L; A \ {} |] ==> \A \ carrier L" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?case by (rule_tac finite_inf_insertI) (simp_all) qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_left: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> x \ y \ x" by (rule meetI [folded meet_def]) (blast dest: greatest_mem)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_right: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==> x \ y \ y" by (rule meetI [folded meet_def]) (blast dest: greatest_mem)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) inf_of_two_greatest: "[| x \ carrier L; y \ carrier L |] ==>
greatest L (⊓{x, y}) (Lower L {x, y})" proof (unfold inf_def) assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" with inf_of_two_exists obtain s where"greatest L s (Lower L {x, y})"by fast with L show"greatest L (SOME z. greatest L z (Lower L {x, y})) (Lower L {x, y})" by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique) (* blast fails *) qed
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) meet_le: assumes sub: "z \ x""z \ y" and x: "x \ carrier L"and y: "y \ carrier L"and z: "z \ carrier L" shows"z \ x \ y" proof (rule meetI [OF _ x y]) fix i assume"greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})" with sub z show"z \ i"by (fast elim: greatest_le intro: Lower_memI) qed
lemma (in weak_lattice) weak_le_iff_join: assumes"x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" shows"x \ y \ x .= (x \ y)" by (meson assms(1) assms(2) local.le_refl local.le_trans meet_closed meet_le meet_left meet_right weak_le_antisym weak_refl)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) weak_meet_assoc_lemma: assumes L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""z \ carrier L" shows"x \ (y \ z) .= \{x, y, z}" proof (rule finite_inf_insertI) txt‹The textbook argument in Jacobson I, p 457› fix i assume inf: "greatest L i (Lower L {x, y, z})" show"x \ (y \ z) .= i" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) from inf L show"i \ x \ (y \ z)" by (fastforce intro!: meet_le elim: greatest_Lower_below) next from inf L show"x \ (y \ z) \ i" by (erule_tac greatest_le)
(blast intro!: Lower_memI intro: le_trans meet_left meet_right meet_closed) qed (simp_all add: L greatest_closed [OF inf]) qed (simp_all add: L)
lemma meet_comm: fixes L (structure) shows"x \ y = y \ x" by (unfold meet_def) (simp add: insert_commute)
lemma (in weak_lower_semilattice) weak_meet_assoc: assumes L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L""z \ carrier L" shows"(x \ y) \ z .= x \ (y \ z)" proof - (* FIXME: improved simp, see weak_join_assoc above *) have"(x \ y) \ z = z \ (x \ y)"by (simp only: meet_comm) alsofrom L have"... .= \ {z, x, y}"by (simp add: weak_meet_assoc_lemma) alsofrom L have"... = \ {x, y, z}"by (simp add: insert_commute) alsofrom L have"... .= x \ (y \ z)"by (simp add: weak_meet_assoc_lemma [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: L) qed
text‹Total orders are lattices.›
sublocale weak_total_order ⊆ weak?: weak_lattice proof fix x y assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" show"\s. least L s (Upper L {x, y})" proof - note total L moreover
{ assume"x \ y" with L have"least L y (Upper L {x, y})" by (rule_tac least_UpperI) auto
} moreover
{ assume"y \ x" with L have"least L x (Upper L {x, y})" by (rule_tac least_UpperI) auto
} ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed next fix x y assume L: "x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" show"\i. greatest L i (Lower L {x, y})" proof - note total L moreover
{ assume"y \ x" with L have"greatest L y (Lower L {x, y})" by (rule_tac greatest_LowerI) auto
} moreover
{ assume"x \ y" with L have"greatest L x (Lower L {x, y})" by (rule_tac greatest_LowerI) auto
} ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed qed
subsection‹Weak Bounded Lattices›
locale weak_bounded_lattice =
weak_lattice +
weak_partial_order_bottom +
weak_partial_order_top begin
lemma bottom_meet: "x \ carrier L \ \ \ x .= \" by (metis bottom_least least_def meet_closed meet_left weak_le_antisym)
lemma bottom_join: "x \ carrier L \ \ \ x .= x" by (metis bottom_least join_closed join_le join_right le_refl least_def weak_le_antisym)
lemma bottom_weak_eq: "\ b \ carrier L; \ x. x \ carrier L \ b \ x \ \ b .= \" by (metis bottom_closed bottom_lower weak_le_antisym)
lemma top_join: "x \ carrier L \ \ \ x .= \" by (metis join_closed join_left top_closed top_higher weak_le_antisym)
lemma top_meet: "x \ carrier L \ \ \ x .= x" by (metis le_refl meet_closed meet_le meet_right top_closed top_higher weak_le_antisym)
lemma top_weak_eq: "\ t \ carrier L; \ x. x \ carrier L \ x \ t \ \ t .= \" by (metis top_closed top_higher weak_le_antisym)
lemma (in lattice) dual_lattice: "lattice (inv_gorder L)" proof - interpret dual: weak_lattice "inv_gorder L" by (metis dual_weak_lattice)
show ?thesis apply (unfold_locales) apply (simp_all add: inf_of_two_exists sup_of_two_exists) apply (rule eq_is_equal) done qed
lemma (in lattice) le_iff_join: assumes"x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" shows"x \ y \ x = (x \ y)" by (simp add: assms(1) assms(2) eq_is_equal weak_le_iff_join)
lemma (in lattice) le_iff_meet: assumes"x \ carrier L""y \ carrier L" shows"x \ y \ (x \ y) = y" by (simp add: assms eq_is_equal weak_le_iff_meet)
text‹ Total orders are lattices. ›
sublocale total_order ⊆ weak?: lattice by standard (auto intro: weak.weak.sup_of_two_exists weak.weak.inf_of_two_exists)
text‹Functions that preserve joins and meets›
definition join_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme \ ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme \ ('a \ 'b) \ bool"where "join_pres X Y f \ lattice X \ lattice Y \ (\ x \ carrier X. \ y \ carrier X. f (x \\<^bsub>X\<^esub> y) = f x \\<^bsub>Y\<^esub> f y)"
definition meet_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme \ ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme \ ('a \ 'b) \ bool"where "meet_pres X Y f \ lattice X \ lattice Y \ (\ x \ carrier X. \ y \ carrier X. f (x \\<^bsub>X\<^esub> y) = f x \\<^bsub>Y\<^esub> f y)"
lemma join_pres_isotone: assumes"f \ carrier X \ carrier Y""join_pres X Y f" shows"isotone X Y f" proof (rule isotoneI) show"weak_partial_order X""weak_partial_order Y" using assms unfolding join_pres_def lattice_def upper_semilattice_def lower_semilattice_def by (meson partial_order.axioms(1))+ show"\x y. \x \ carrier X; y \ carrier X; x \\<^bsub>X\<^esub> y\ \ f x \\<^bsub>Y\<^esub> f y" by (metis (no_types, lifting) PiE assms join_pres_def lattice.le_iff_meet) qed
lemma meet_pres_isotone: assumes"f \ carrier X \ carrier Y""meet_pres X Y f" shows"isotone X Y f" proof (rule isotoneI) show"weak_partial_order X""weak_partial_order Y" using assms unfolding meet_pres_def lattice_def upper_semilattice_def lower_semilattice_def by (meson partial_order.axioms(1))+ show"\x y. \x \ carrier X; y \ carrier X; x \\<^bsub>X\<^esub> y\ \ f x \\<^bsub>Y\<^esub> f y" by (metis (no_types, lifting) PiE assms lattice.le_iff_join meet_pres_def) qed
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