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Datei: Poly_Mapping.thy   Sprache: Isabelle

Original von: Isabelle©

(*  Title:      HOL/Library/Set_Idioms.thy
    Author:     Lawrence Paulson (but borrowed from HOL Light)
*)


section \<open>Set Idioms\<close>

theory Set_Idioms
imports Countable_Set

begin


subsection\<open>Idioms for being a suitable union/intersection of something\<close>

definition union_of :: "('a set set \ bool) \ ('a set \ bool) \ 'a set \ bool"
  (infixr "union'_of" 60)
  where "P union_of Q \ \S. \\. P \ \ \ \ Collect Q \ \\ = S"

definition intersection_of :: "('a set set \ bool) \ ('a set \ bool) \ 'a set \ bool"
  (infixr "intersection'_of" 60)
  where "P intersection_of Q \ \S. \\. P \ \ \ \ Collect Q \ \\ = S"

definition arbitrary:: "'a set set \ bool" where "arbitrary \ \ True"

lemma union_of_inc: "\P {S}; Q S\ \ (P union_of Q) S"
  by (auto simp: union_of_def)

lemma intersection_of_inc:
   "\P {S}; Q S\ \ (P intersection_of Q) S"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

lemma union_of_mono:
   "\(P union_of Q) S; \x. Q x \ Q' x\ \ (P union_of Q') S"
  by (auto simp: union_of_def)

lemma intersection_of_mono:
   "\(P intersection_of Q) S; \x. Q x \ Q' x\ \ (P intersection_of Q') S"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

lemma all_union_of:
     "(\S. (P union_of Q) S \ R S) \ (\T. P T \ T \ Collect Q \ R(\T))"
  by (auto simp: union_of_def)

lemma all_intersection_of:
     "(\S. (P intersection_of Q) S \ R S) \ (\T. P T \ T \ Collect Q \ R(\T))"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)
             
lemma intersection_ofE:
     "\(P intersection_of Q) S; \T. \P T; T \ Collect Q\ \ R(\T)\ \ R S"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

lemma union_of_empty:
     "P {} \ (P union_of Q) {}"
  by (auto simp: union_of_def)

lemma intersection_of_empty:
     "P {} \ (P intersection_of Q) UNIV"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

text\<open> The arbitrary and finite cases\<close>

lemma arbitrary_union_of_alt:
   "(arbitrary union_of Q) S \ (\x \ S. \U. Q U \ x \ U \ U \ S)"
 (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
    by (force simp: union_of_def arbitrary_def)
next
  assume ?rhs
  then have "{U. Q U \ U \ S} \ Collect Q" "\{U. Q U \ U \ S} = S"
    by auto
  then show ?lhs
    unfolding union_of_def arbitrary_def by blast
qed

lemma arbitrary_union_of_empty [simp]: "(arbitrary union_of P) {}"
  by (force simp: union_of_def arbitrary_def)

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_empty [simp]:
  "(arbitrary intersection_of P) UNIV"
  by (force simp: intersection_of_def arbitrary_def)

lemma arbitrary_union_of_inc:
  "P S \ (arbitrary union_of P) S"
  by (force simp: union_of_inc arbitrary_def)

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_inc:
  "P S \ (arbitrary intersection_of P) S"
  by (force simp: intersection_of_inc arbitrary_def)

lemma arbitrary_union_of_complement:
   "(arbitrary union_of P) S \ (arbitrary intersection_of (\S. P(- S))) (- S)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then obtain \<U> where "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "S = \<Union>\<U>"
    by (auto simp: union_of_def arbitrary_def)
  then show ?rhs
    unfolding intersection_of_def arbitrary_def
    by (rule_tac x="uminus ` \" in exI) auto
next
  assume ?rhs
  then obtain \<U> where "\<U> \<subseteq> {S. P (- S)}" "\<Inter>\<U> = - S"
    by (auto simp: union_of_def intersection_of_def arbitrary_def)
  then show ?lhs
    unfolding union_of_def arbitrary_def
    by (rule_tac x="uminus ` \" in exI) auto
qed

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_complement:
   "(arbitrary intersection_of P) S \ (arbitrary union_of (\S. P(- S))) (- S)"
  by (simp add: arbitrary_union_of_complement)

lemma arbitrary_union_of_idempot [simp]:
  "arbitrary union_of arbitrary union_of P = arbitrary union_of P"
proof -
  have 1: "\\'\Collect P. \\' = \\" if "\ \ {S. \\\Collect P. \\ = S}" for \
  proof -
    let ?\<W> = "{V. \<exists>\<V>. \<V>\<subseteq>Collect P \<and> V \<in> \<V> \<and> (\<exists>S \<in> \<U>. \<Union>\<V> = S)}"
    have *: "\x U. \x \ U; U \ \\ \ x \ \?\"
      using that
      apply simp
      apply (drule subsetD, assumption, auto)
      done
    show ?thesis
    apply (rule_tac x="{V. \\. \\Collect P \ V \ \ \ (\S \ \. \\ = S)}" in exI)
      using that by (blast intro: *)
  qed
  have 2: "\\'\{S. \\\Collect P. \\ = S}. \\' = \\" if "\ \ Collect P" for \
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) union_of_def arbitrary_union_of_inc that)
  show ?thesis
    unfolding union_of_def arbitrary_def by (force simp: 1 2)
qed

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_idempot:
   "arbitrary intersection_of arbitrary intersection_of P = arbitrary intersection_of P" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "- ?lhs = - ?rhs"
    unfolding arbitrary_intersection_of_complement by simp
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma arbitrary_union_of_Union:
   "(\S. S \ \ \ (arbitrary union_of P) S) \ (arbitrary union_of P) (\\)"
  by (metis union_of_def arbitrary_def arbitrary_union_of_idempot mem_Collect_eq subsetI)

lemma arbitrary_union_of_Un:
   "\(arbitrary union_of P) S; (arbitrary union_of P) T\
           \<Longrightarrow> (arbitrary union_of P) (S \<union> T)"
  using arbitrary_union_of_Union [of "{S,T}"by auto

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_Inter:
   "(\S. S \ \ \ (arbitrary intersection_of P) S) \ (arbitrary intersection_of P) (\\)"
  by (metis intersection_of_def arbitrary_def arbitrary_intersection_of_idempot mem_Collect_eq subsetI)

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_Int:
   "\(arbitrary intersection_of P) S; (arbitrary intersection_of P) T\
           \<Longrightarrow> (arbitrary intersection_of P) (S \<inter> T)"
  using arbitrary_intersection_of_Inter [of "{S,T}"by auto

lemma arbitrary_union_of_Int_eq:
  "(\S T. (arbitrary union_of P) S \ (arbitrary union_of P) T
               \<longrightarrow> (arbitrary union_of P) (S \<inter> T))
   \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>S T. P S \<and> P T \<longrightarrow> (arbitrary union_of P) (S \<inter> T))"  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
    by (simp add: arbitrary_union_of_inc)
next
  assume R: ?rhs
  show ?lhs
  proof clarify
    fix S :: "'a set" and T :: "'a set"
    assume "(arbitrary union_of P) S" and "(arbitrary union_of P) T"
    then obtain \<U> \<V> where *: "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "\<Union>\<U> = S" "\<V> \<subseteq> Collect P" "\<Union>\<V> = T"
      by (auto simp: union_of_def)
    then have "(arbitrary union_of P) (\C\\. \D\\. C \ D)"
     using R by (blast intro: arbitrary_union_of_Union)
   then show "(arbitrary union_of P) (S \ T)"
     by (simp add: Int_UN_distrib2 *)
 qed
qed

lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_Un_eq:
   "(\S T. (arbitrary intersection_of P) S \ (arbitrary intersection_of P) T
               \<longrightarrow> (arbitrary intersection_of P) (S \<union> T)) \<longleftrightarrow>
        (\<forall>S T. P S \<and> P T \<longrightarrow> (arbitrary intersection_of P) (S \<union> T))"
  apply (simp add: arbitrary_intersection_of_complement)
  using arbitrary_union_of_Int_eq [of "\S. P (- S)"]
  by (metis (no_types, lifting) arbitrary_def double_compl union_of_inc)

lemma finite_union_of_empty [simp]: "(finite union_of P) {}"
  by (simp add: union_of_empty)

lemma finite_intersection_of_empty [simp]: "(finite intersection_of P) UNIV"
  by (simp add: intersection_of_empty)

lemma finite_union_of_inc:
   "P S \ (finite union_of P) S"
  by (simp add: union_of_inc)

lemma finite_intersection_of_inc:
   "P S \ (finite intersection_of P) S"
  by (simp add: intersection_of_inc)

lemma finite_union_of_complement:
  "(finite union_of P) S \ (finite intersection_of (\S. P(- S))) (- S)"
  unfolding union_of_def intersection_of_def
  apply safe
   apply (rule_tac x="uminus ` \" in exI, fastforce)+
  done

lemma finite_intersection_of_complement:
   "(finite intersection_of P) S \ (finite union_of (\S. P(- S))) (- S)"
  by (simp add: finite_union_of_complement)

lemma finite_union_of_idempot [simp]:
  "finite union_of finite union_of P = finite union_of P"
proof -
  have "(finite union_of P) S" if S: "(finite union_of finite union_of P) S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "finite \<U>" "S = \<Union>\<U>" and \<U>: "\<forall>U\<in>\<U>. \<exists>\<U>. finite \<U> \<and> (\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P) \<and> \<Union>\<U> = U"
      using S unfolding union_of_def by (auto simp: subset_eq)
    then obtain f where "\U\\. finite (f U) \ (f U \ Collect P) \ \(f U) = U"
      by metis
    then show ?thesis
      unfolding union_of_def \<open>S = \<Union>\<U>\<close>
      by (rule_tac x = "snd ` Sigma \ f" in exI) (fastforce simp: \finite \\)
  qed
  moreover
  have "(finite union_of finite union_of P) S" if "(finite union_of P) S" for S
    by (simp add: finite_union_of_inc that)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by force
qed

lemma finite_intersection_of_idempot [simp]:
   "finite intersection_of finite intersection_of P = finite intersection_of P"
  by (force simp: finite_intersection_of_complement)

lemma finite_union_of_Union:
   "\finite \; \S. S \ \ \ (finite union_of P) S\ \ (finite union_of P) (\\)"
  using finite_union_of_idempot [of P]
  by (metis mem_Collect_eq subsetI union_of_def)

lemma finite_union_of_Un:
   "\(finite union_of P) S; (finite union_of P) T\ \ (finite union_of P) (S \ T)"
  by (auto simp: union_of_def)

lemma finite_intersection_of_Inter:
   "\finite \; \S. S \ \ \ (finite intersection_of P) S\ \ (finite intersection_of P) (\\)"
  using finite_intersection_of_idempot [of P]
  by (metis intersection_of_def mem_Collect_eq subsetI)

lemma finite_intersection_of_Int:
   "\(finite intersection_of P) S; (finite intersection_of P) T\
           \<Longrightarrow> (finite intersection_of P) (S \<inter> T)"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

lemma finite_union_of_Int_eq:
   "(\S T. (finite union_of P) S \ (finite union_of P) T \ (finite union_of P) (S \ T))
    \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>S T. P S \<and> P T \<longrightarrow> (finite union_of P) (S \<inter> T))"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
    by (simp add: finite_union_of_inc)
next
  assume R: ?rhs
  show ?lhs
  proof clarify
    fix S :: "'a set" and T :: "'a set"
    assume "(finite union_of P) S" and "(finite union_of P) T"
    then obtain \<U> \<V> where *: "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "\<Union>\<U> = S" "finite \<U>" "\<V> \<subseteq> Collect P" "\<Union>\<V> = T" "finite \<V>"
      by (auto simp: union_of_def)
    then have "(finite union_of P) (\C\\. \D\\. C \ D)"
      using R
      by (blast intro: finite_union_of_Union)
   then show "(finite union_of P) (S \ T)"
     by (simp add: Int_UN_distrib2 *)
 qed
qed

lemma finite_intersection_of_Un_eq:
   "(\S T. (finite intersection_of P) S \
               (finite intersection_of P) T
               \<longrightarrow> (finite intersection_of P) (S \<union> T)) \<longleftrightarrow>
        (\<forall>S T. P S \<and> P T \<longrightarrow> (finite intersection_of P) (S \<union> T))"
  apply (simp add: finite_intersection_of_complement)
  using finite_union_of_Int_eq [of "\S. P (- S)"]
  by (metis (no_types, lifting) double_compl)


abbreviation finite' :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> bool"
  where "finite' A \ finite A \ A \ {}"

lemma finite'_intersection_of_Int:
   "\(finite' intersection_of P) S; (finite' intersection_of P) T\
           \<Longrightarrow> (finite' intersection_of P) (S \<inter> T)"
  by (auto simp: intersection_of_def)

lemma finite'_intersection_of_inc:
   "P S \ (finite' intersection_of P) S"
  by (simp add: intersection_of_inc)


subsection \<open>The ``Relative to'' operator\<close>

text\<open>A somewhat cheap but handy way of getting localized forms of various topological concepts
(open, closed, borel, fsigma, gdelta etc.)\<close>

definition relative_to :: "['a set \ bool, 'a set, 'a set] \ bool" (infixl "relative'_to" 55)
  where "P relative_to S \ \T. \U. P U \ S \ U = T"

lemma relative_to_UNIV [simp]: "(P relative_to UNIV) S \ P S"
  by (simp add: relative_to_def)

lemma relative_to_imp_subset:
   "(P relative_to S) T \ T \ S"
  by (auto simp: relative_to_def)

lemma all_relative_to: "(\S. (P relative_to U) S \ Q S) \ (\S. P S \ Q(U \ S))"
  by (auto simp: relative_to_def)

lemma relative_toE: "\(P relative_to U) S; \S. P S \ Q(U \ S)\ \ Q S"
  by (auto simp: relative_to_def)

lemma relative_to_inc:
   "P S \ (P relative_to U) (U \ S)"
  by (auto simp: relative_to_def)

lemma relative_to_relative_to [simp]:
   "P relative_to S relative_to T = P relative_to (S \ T)"
  unfolding relative_to_def
  by auto

lemma relative_to_compl:
   "S \ U \ ((P relative_to U) (U - S) \ ((\c. P(- c)) relative_to U) S)"
  unfolding relative_to_def
  by (metis Diff_Diff_Int Diff_eq double_compl inf.absorb_iff2)

lemma relative_to_subset:
   "S \ T \ P S \ (P relative_to T) S"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma relative_to_subset_trans:
   "(P relative_to U) S \ S \ T \ T \ U \ (P relative_to T) S"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma relative_to_mono:
   "\(P relative_to U) S; \S. P S \ Q S\ \ (Q relative_to U) S"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma relative_to_subset_inc: "\S \ U; P S\ \ (P relative_to U) S"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma relative_to_Int:
   "\(P relative_to S) C; (P relative_to S) D; \X Y. \P X; P Y\ \ P(X \ Y)\
         \<Longrightarrow>  (P relative_to S) (C \<inter> D)"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma relative_to_Un:
   "\(P relative_to S) C; (P relative_to S) D; \X Y. \P X; P Y\ \ P(X \ Y)\
         \<Longrightarrow>  (P relative_to S) (C \<union> D)"
  unfolding relative_to_def by auto

lemma arbitrary_union_of_relative_to:
  "((arbitrary union_of P) relative_to U) = (arbitrary union_of (P relative_to U))" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Union>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def arbitrary_def
      by (rule_tac x="(\X. U \ X) ` \" in exI) auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = \<Union>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "\\'\Collect P. \\' = \ (f ` \)"
      by (metis image_subset_iff mem_Collect_eq)
    moreover have eq: "U \ \ (f ` \) = \\"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def arbitrary_def \<open>S = \<Union>\<U>\<close>
      by metis
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma finite_union_of_relative_to:
  "((finite union_of P) relative_to U) = (finite union_of (P relative_to U))" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Union>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "finite \<U>"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def
      by (rule_tac x="(\X. U \ X) ` \" in exI) auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = \<Union>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T" "finite \<U>"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "\\'\Collect P. \\' = \ (f ` \)"
      by (metis image_subset_iff mem_Collect_eq)
    moreover have eq: "U \ \ (f ` \) = \\"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      using \<open>finite \<U>\<close> f
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def \<open>S = \<Union>\<U>\<close>
      by (rule_tac x="\ (f ` \)" in exI) (metis finite_imageI image_subsetI mem_Collect_eq)
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma countable_union_of_relative_to:
  "((countable union_of P) relative_to U) = (countable union_of (P relative_to U))" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Union>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "countable \<U>"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def
      by (rule_tac x="(\X. U \ X) ` \" in exI) auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = \<Union>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T" "countable \<U>"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "\\'\Collect P. \\' = \ (f ` \)"
      by (metis image_subset_iff mem_Collect_eq)
    moreover have eq: "U \ \ (f ` \) = \\"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      using \<open>countable \<U>\<close> f
      unfolding relative_to_def union_of_def \<open>S = \<Union>\<U>\<close>
      by (rule_tac x="\ (f ` \)" in exI) (metis countable_image image_subsetI mem_Collect_eq)
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed


lemma arbitrary_intersection_of_relative_to:
  "((arbitrary intersection_of P) relative_to U) = ((arbitrary intersection_of (P relative_to U)) relative_to U)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where \<U>: "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def by auto
    show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def arbitrary_def
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      show "U \ (\X\\. U \ X) = S" "(\) U ` \ \ {T. \Ua. P Ua \ U \ Ua = T}"
        using \<U> by blast+
    qed auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def  by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "f ` \ \ Collect P"
      by auto
    moreover have eq: "U \ \(f ` \) = U \ \\"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def arbitrary_def \<open>S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>\<close>
      by auto
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma finite_intersection_of_relative_to:
  "((finite intersection_of P) relative_to U) = ((finite intersection_of (P relative_to U)) relative_to U)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where \<U>: "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "finite \<U>"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def by auto
    show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      show "U \ (\X\\. U \ X) = S" "(\) U ` \ \ {T. \Ua. P Ua \ U \ Ua = T}"
        using \<U> by blast+
      show "finite ((\) U ` \)"
        by (simp add: \<open>finite \<U>\<close>)
    qed auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T" "finite \<U>"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def  by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "f ` \ \ Collect P"
      by auto
    moreover have eq: "U \ \ (f ` \) = U \ \ \"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def \<open>S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>\<close>
      using \<open>finite \<U>\<close>
      by auto
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma countable_intersection_of_relative_to:
  "((countable intersection_of P) relative_to U) = ((countable intersection_of (P relative_to U)) relative_to U)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
  have "?rhs S" if L: "?lhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where \<U>: "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<U> \<subseteq> Collect P" "countable \<U>"
      using L unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def by auto
    show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def
    proof (intro exI conjI)
      show "U \ (\X\\. U \ X) = S" "(\) U ` \ \ {T. \Ua. P Ua \ U \ Ua = T}"
        using \<U> by blast+
      show "countable ((\) U ` \)"
        by (simp add: \<open>countable \<U>\<close>)
    qed auto
  qed
  moreover have "?lhs S" if R: "?rhs S" for S
  proof -
    obtain \<U> where "S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>" "\<forall>T\<in>\<U>. \<exists>V. P V \<and> U \<inter> V = T" "countable \<U>"
      using R unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def  by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\T. T \ \ \ P (f T)" "\T. T \ \ \ U \ (f T) = T"
      by metis
    then have "f ` \ \ Collect P"
      by auto
    moreover have eq: "U \ \ (f ` \) = U \ \ \"
      using f by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis
      unfolding relative_to_def intersection_of_def \<open>S = U \<inter> \<Inter>\<U>\<close>
      using \<open>countable \<U>\<close> countable_image
      by auto
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

end

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