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Datei: Account.vdmpp Sprache: VDM

Original von: VDM^©

\section{The Class Account}

This class models an account. A number of cards held by individual cardholders
are associated with an account. An account has a balance and records transactions.

\begin{vdm_al}
class Account

instance variables
  cards : map Card`CardId to Cardholder;
  balance : nat;
  transactions : seq of Transaction := [];

  inv TransactionsInvariant(transactions);
\end{vdm_al}

The invariant ensures that transactions performed on the same day do not
exceed the daily limit, which is a constant value defined below. Note that
we have chosen to not allow a negative balance.

\begin{vdm_al}
values
  dailyLimit : nat = 2000;

types
  public AccountId = nat;
  public Transaction :: date : Clock`Date
                 cardId : Card`CardId
                 amount : nat;
\end{vdm_al}

In this specification we have chosen to model transaction as a type.
Alternatively it could have been modeled as a class, but it has no obvious
functionality except trivial read/write operations. Moreover, transaction
objects/values do not need to be shared among many objects. Our choice also
illustrates the power of the VDM++ type system.

\begin{vdm_al}
operations
  public Account : map Card`CardId to Cardholder * nat ==> Account
  Account(cs,b) ==
    (cards := cs;
     balance := b);

  pure public GetBalance : () ==> nat
  GetBalance() ==
    return balance;
\end{vdm_al}

The Withdrawal operation checks that an account and the daily limit are not overdrawn.

\begin{vdm_al}
  public Withdrawal : Card`CardId * nat * Clock`Date ==> bool
  Withdrawal(cardId,amount,date) ==
    let transaction = mk_Transaction(date,cardId,amount)
    in
      if balance - amount >= 0 and
         DateTotal(date,transactions^[transaction]) <= dailyLimit
      then
       (balance := balance - amount;
        transactions := transactions ^ [transaction];
        return true)
      else
        return false
  pre cardId in set dom cards;

  pure public MakeStatement : Card`CardId * Clock`Date ==> Letter
  MakeStatement(cardId,date) ==
    let nm = cards(cardId).GetName(),
        addr = cards(cardId).GetAddress()
    in
      return new Letter(nm,addr,date,transactions,balance)
  pre cardId in set dom cards;
\end{vdm_al}

The GetCardIds operation is used to obtain all cards associated with the account.

\begin{vdm_al}
  pure public GetCardIds: () ==> set of Card`CardId
  GetCardIds() ==
    return dom cards;
\end{vdm_al}

The following operations and functions provide auxiliary functionality of various sorts.

\begin{vdm_al}
  AddCard : Card`CardId * Cardholder ==> ()
  AddCard(cId,ch) ==
    cards := cards munion {cId |-> ch}
  pre cId not in set dom cards;

functions
  TransactionsInvariant: seq of Transaction +> bool
  TransactionsInvariant(ts) ==
    forall date in set {ts(i).date | i in set inds ts} &
      DateTotal(date,ts) <= dailyLimit;
\end{vdm_al}

The transactions invariant first computes all dates in the sequence of transactions and then compares the sum of the drawn amounts for each day with the daily limit.

\begin{vdm_al}
  DateTotal : Clock`Date * seq of Transaction +> nat
  DateTotal(date,ts) ==
    Sum([ts(i).amount | i in set inds ts & ts(i).date = date]);

  Sum: seq of real +> real
  Sum(rs) ==
    if rs = [] then 0
    else
      hd rs + Sum(tl rs)
  measure Len;

Len: seq of real -> nat
Len(list) == len list

end Account
\end{vdm_al}

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