text‹
We consider Peirce's Law: \((A \ B) \ A) \ A\. This is an inherently
non-intuitionistic statement, so its proof will certainly involve some form
of classical contradiction.
The first proofis again a well-balanced combination of plain backward and
forward reasoning. The actual classical step iswhere the negated goal may
be introduced as additional assumption. This eventually leads to a
contradiction.🚫‹The rule involved there is negation elimination; it holds in
intuitionistic logic as well.››
theorem"((A \ B) \ A) \ A" proof assume"(A \ B) \ A" show A proof (rule classical) assume"\ A" have"A \ B" proof assume A with‹¬ A›show B by contradiction qed with‹(A ⟶ B) ⟶ A›show A .. qed qed
text‹ In the subsequent version the reasoning is rearranged by means of ``weak
assumptions'' (as introduced by🚫‹presume›). Before assuming the negated
goal ‹¬ A›, its intended consequence ‹A ⟶ B›is put into place in order to
solve the main problem. Nevertheless, we do not get anything for free, but haveto establish ‹A ⟶ B› later on. The overall effect is that of a logical 🚫‹cut›.
Technically speaking, whenever some goal is solved by🚫‹show›in the context
of weak assumptions then the latter give rise to new subgoals, which may be
established separately. In contrast, strong assumptions (as introduced by 🚫‹assume›) are solved immediately. ›
theorem"((A \ B) \ A) \ A" proof assume"(A \ B) \ A" show A proof (rule classical) presume"A \ B" with‹(A ⟶ B) ⟶ A›show A .. next assume"\ A" show"A \ B" proof assume A with‹¬ A›show B by contradiction qed qed qed
text‹ Note that the goals stemming from weak assumptions may be even left until qed time, where they get eventually solved ``by assumption'' as well. In
that case there is really no fundamental difference between the two kinds of
assumptions, apart from the order of reducing the individual parts of the proof configuration.
Nevertheless, the ``strong'' mode of plain assumptions is quite important in
practice to achieve robustness of prooftextinterpretation. By forcing both
the conclusion 🚫‹and› the assumptions to unify with the pending goal to be
solved, goal selection becomes quite deterministic. For example,
decomposition with rules of the ``case-analysis'' type usually gives rise to
several goals that only differ in there local contexts. With strong
assumptions these may be still solved in any order in a predictable way,
while weak ones would quickly lead to great confusion, eventually demanding
even some backtracking. ›
end
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