(* Title: HOL/Hahn_Banach/Subspace.thy
Author: Gertrud Bauer, TU Munich
*)
section ‹Subspaces
›
theory Subspace
imports Vector_Space
"HOL-Library.Set_Algebras"
begin
subsection ‹Definition›
text ‹
A non-empty subset
‹U
› of a vector space
‹V
› is a
🚫‹subspace
› of
‹V
›, iff
‹U
› is closed under addition
and scalar multiplication.
›
locale subspace =
fixes U ::
"'a::{minus, plus, zero, uminus} set" and V
assumes non_empty [iff, intro]:
"U \ {}"
and subset [iff]:
"U \ V"
and add_closed [iff]:
"x \ U \ y \ U \ x + y \ U"
and mult_closed [iff]:
"x \ U \ a \ x \ U"
notation (symbols)
subspace (
infix ‹⊴› 50)
declare vectorspace.intro [intro?] subspace.intro [intro?]
lemma subspace_subset [elim]:
"U \ V \ U \ V"
by (rule subspace.subset)
lemma (
in subspace) subsetD [iff]:
"x \ U \ x \ V"
using subset
by blast
lemma subspaceD [elim]:
"U \ V \ x \ U \ x \ V"
by (rule subspace.subsetD)
lemma rev_subspaceD [elim?]:
"x \ U \ U \ V \ x \ V"
by (rule subspace.subsetD)
lemma (
in subspace) diff_closed [iff]:
assumes "vectorspace V"
assumes x:
"x \ U" and y:
"y \ U"
shows "x - y \ U"
proof -
interpret vectorspace V
by fact
from x y
show ?thesis
by (simp add: diff_eq1 negate_eq1)
qed
text ‹
🚫
Similar as
for linear spaces, the existence of the zero element
in every
subspace follows
from the non-emptiness of the carrier set
and by vector
space laws.
›
lemma (
in subspace) zero [intro]:
assumes "vectorspace V"
shows "0 \ U"
proof -
interpret V: vectorspace V
by fact
have "U \ {}" by (rule non_empty)
then obtain x
where x:
"x \ U" by blast
then have "x \ V" ..
then have "0 = x - x" by simp
also from ‹vectorspace V
› x x
have "\ \ U" by (rule diff_closed)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (
in subspace) neg_closed [iff]:
assumes "vectorspace V"
assumes x:
"x \ U"
shows "- x \ U"
proof -
interpret vectorspace V
by fact
from x
show ?thesis
by (simp add: negate_eq1)
qed
text ‹🚫 Further derived laws: every subspace
is a vector space.
›
lemma (
in subspace) vectorspace [iff]:
assumes "vectorspace V"
shows "vectorspace U"
proof -
interpret vectorspace V
by fact
show ?thesis
proof
show "U \ {}" ..
fix x y z
assume x:
"x \ U" and y:
"y \ U" and z:
"z \ U"
fix a b :: real
from x y
show "x + y \ U" by simp
from x
show "a \ x \ U" by simp
from x y z
show "(x + y) + z = x + (y + z)" by (simp add: add_ac)
from x y
show "x + y = y + x" by (simp add: add_ac)
from x
show "x - x = 0" by simp
from x
show "0 + x = x" by simp
from x y
show "a \ (x + y) = a \ x + a \ y" by (simp add: distrib)
from x
show "(a + b) \ x = a \ x + b \ x" by (simp add: distrib)
from x
show "(a * b) \ x = a \ b \ x" by (simp add: mult_assoc)
from x
show "1 \ x = x" by simp
from x
show "- x = - 1 \ x" by (simp add: negate_eq1)
from x y
show "x - y = x + - y" by (simp add: diff_eq1)
qed
qed
text ‹The subspace relation
is reflexive.
›
lemma (
in vectorspace) subspace_refl [intro]:
"V \ V"
proof
show "V \ {}" ..
show "V \ V" ..
fix a :: real
and x y
assume x:
"x \ V" and y:
"y \ V"
from x y
show "x + y \ V" by simp
from x
show "a \ x \ V" by simp
qed
text ‹The subspace relation
is transitive.
›
lemma (
in vectorspace) subspace_trans [trans]:
"U \ V \ V \ W \ U \ W"
proof
assume uv:
"U \ V" and vw:
"V \ W"
from uv
show "U \ {}" by (rule subspace.non_empty)
show "U \ W"
proof -
from uv
have "U \ V" by (rule subspace.subset)
also from vw
have "V \ W" by (rule subspace.subset)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
fix x y
assume x:
"x \ U" and y:
"y \ U"
from uv
and x y
show "x + y \ U" by (rule subspace.add_closed)
from uv
and x
show "a \ x \ U" for a
by (rule subspace.mult_closed)
qed
subsection ‹Linear closure
›
text ‹
The
🚫‹linear closure
› of a vector
‹x
› is the set of all scalar multiples of
‹x
›.
›
definition lin ::
"('a::{minus,plus,zero}) \ 'a set"
where "lin x = {a \ x | a. True}"
lemma linI [intro]:
"y = a \ x \ y \ lin x"
unfolding lin_def
by blast
lemma linI
' [iff]: "a \ x \ lin x"
unfolding lin_def
by blast
lemma linE [elim]:
assumes "x \ lin v"
obtains a :: real
where "x = a \ v"
using assms
unfolding lin_def
by blast
text ‹Every vector
is contained
in its linear closure.
›
lemma (
in vectorspace) x_lin_x [iff]:
"x \ V \ x \ lin x"
proof -
assume "x \ V"
then have "x = 1 \ x" by simp
also have "\ \ lin x" ..
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (
in vectorspace)
"0_lin_x" [iff]:
"x \ V \ 0 \ lin x"
proof
assume "x \ V"
then show "0 = 0 \ x" by simp
qed
text ‹Any linear closure
is a subspace.
›
lemma (
in vectorspace) lin_subspace [intro]:
assumes x:
"x \ V"
shows "lin x \ V"
proof
from x
show "lin x \ {}" by auto
show "lin x \ V"
proof
fix x
' assume "x' ∈ lin x
"
then obtain a
where "x' = a \ x" ..
with x
show "x' \ V" by simp
qed
fix x
' x'' assume x':
"x' \ lin x" and x
'':
"x'' \ lin x"
show "x' + x'' \ lin x"
proof -
from x
' obtain a' where "x' = a' \ x" ..
moreover from x
'' obtain a
'' where "x'' = a'' \ x" ..
ultimately have "x' + x'' = (a' + a'') \ x"
using x
by (simp add: distrib)
also have "\ \ lin x" ..
finally show ?thesis .
qed
show "a \ x' \ lin x" for a :: real
proof -
from x
' obtain a' where "x' = a' \ x" ..
with x
have "a \ x' = (a * a') \ x" by (simp add: mult_assoc)
also have "\ \ lin x" ..
finally show ?thesis .
qed
qed
text ‹Any linear closure
is a vector space.
›
lemma (
in vectorspace) lin_vectorspace [intro]:
assumes "x \ V"
shows "vectorspace (lin x)"
proof -
from ‹x
∈ V
› have "subspace (lin x) V"
by (rule lin_subspace)
from this
and vectorspace_axioms
show ?thesis
by (rule subspace.vectorspace)
qed
subsection ‹Sum of two vectorspaces
›
text ‹
The
🚫‹sum
› of two vectorspaces
‹U
› and ‹V
› is the set of all sums of
elements
from ‹U
› and ‹V
›.
›
lemma sum_def:
"U + V = {u + v | u v. u \ U \ v \ V}"
unfolding set_plus_def
by auto
lemma sumE [elim]:
"x \ U + V \ (\u v. x = u + v \ u \ U \ v \ V \ C) \ C"
unfolding sum_def
by blast
lemma sumI [intro]:
"u \ U \ v \ V \ x = u + v \ x \ U + V"
unfolding sum_def
by blast
lemma sumI
' [intro]:
"u \ U \ v \ V \ u + v \ U + V"
unfolding sum_def
by blast
text ‹‹U
› is a subspace of
‹U + V
›.
›
lemma subspace_sum1 [iff]:
assumes "vectorspace U" "vectorspace V"
shows "U \ U + V"
proof -
interpret vectorspace U
by fact
interpret vectorspace V
by fact
show ?thesis
proof
show "U \ {}" ..
show "U \ U + V"
proof
fix x
assume x:
"x \ U"
moreover have "0 \ V" ..
ultimately have "x + 0 \ U + V" ..
with x
show "x \ U + V" by simp
qed
fix x y
assume x:
"x \ U" and "y \ U"
then show "x + y \ U" by simp
from x
show "a \ x \ U" for a
by simp
qed
qed
text ‹The sum of two subspaces
is again a subspace.
›
lemma sum_subspace [intro?]:
assumes "subspace U E" "vectorspace E" "subspace V E"
shows "U + V \ E"
proof -
interpret subspace U E
by fact
interpret vectorspace E
by fact
interpret subspace V E
by fact
show ?thesis
proof
have "0 \ U + V"
proof
show "0 \ U" using ‹vectorspace E
› ..
show "0 \ V" using ‹vectorspace E
› ..
show "(0::'a) = 0 + 0" by simp
qed
then show "U + V \ {}" by blast
show "U + V \ E"
proof
fix x
assume "x \ U + V"
then obtain u v
where "x = u + v" and
"u \ U" and "v \ V" ..
then show "x \ E" by simp
qed
fix x y
assume x:
"x \ U + V" and y:
"y \ U + V"
show "x + y \ U + V"
proof -
from x
obtain ux vx
where "x = ux + vx" and "ux \ U" and "vx \ V" ..
moreover
from y
obtain uy vy
where "y = uy + vy" and "uy \ U" and "vy \ V" ..
ultimately
have "ux + uy \ U"
and "vx + vy \ V"
and "x + y = (ux + uy) + (vx + vy)"
using x y
by (simp_all add: add_ac)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
show "a \ x \ U + V" for a
proof -
from x
obtain u v
where "x = u + v" and "u \ U" and "v \ V" ..
then have "a \ u \ U" and "a \ v \ V"
and "a \ x = (a \ u) + (a \ v)" by (simp_all add: distrib)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
qed
qed
text ‹The sum of two subspaces
is a vectorspace.
›
lemma sum_vs [intro?]:
"U \ E \ V \ E \ vectorspace E \ vectorspace (U + V)"
by (rule subspace.vectorspace) (rule sum_subspace)
subsection ‹Direct sums
›
text ‹
The sum of
‹U
› and ‹V
› is called
🚫‹direct
›, iff the zero element
is the only
common element of
‹U
› and ‹V
›.
For every element
‹x
› of the direct sum of
‹U
› and ‹V
› the decomposition
in ‹x = u + v
› with ‹u
∈ U
› and ‹v
∈ V
› is
unique.
›
lemma decomp:
assumes "vectorspace E" "subspace U E" "subspace V E"
assumes direct:
"U \ V = {0}"
and u1:
"u1 \ U" and u2:
"u2 \ U"
and v1:
"v1 \ V" and v2:
"v2 \ V"
and sum:
"u1 + v1 = u2 + v2"
shows "u1 = u2 \ v1 = v2"
proof -
interpret vectorspace E
by fact
interpret subspace U E
by fact
interpret subspace V E
by fact
show ?thesis
proof
have U:
"vectorspace U" (* FIXME: use interpret *)
using ‹subspace U E
› ‹vectorspace E
› by (rule subspace.vectorspace)
have V:
"vectorspace V"
using ‹subspace V E
› ‹vectorspace E
› by (rule subspace.vectorspace)
from u1 u2 v1 v2
and sum
have eq:
"u1 - u2 = v2 - v1"
by (simp add: add_diff_swap)
from u1 u2
have u:
"u1 - u2 \ U"
by (rule vectorspace.diff_closed [OF U])
with eq
have v
': "v2 - v1 \ U" by (simp only:)
from v2 v1
have v:
"v2 - v1 \ V"
by (rule vectorspace.diff_closed [OF V])
with eq
have u
': " u1 - u2 \ V" by (simp only:)
show "u1 = u2"
proof (rule add_minus_eq)
from u1
show "u1 \ E" ..
from u2
show "u2 \ E" ..
from u u
' and direct show "u1 - u2 = 0" by blast
qed
show "v1 = v2"
proof (rule add_minus_eq [symmetric])
from v1
show "v1 \ E" ..
from v2
show "v2 \ E" ..
from v v
' and direct show "v2 - v1 = 0" by blast
qed
qed
qed
text ‹
An application of the previous
lemma will be used
in the
proof of the
Hahn-Banach
Theorem (see page
\pageref{decomp-H-use}):
for any element
‹y + a
⋅ x
🚫0
› of the direct sum of a vectorspace
‹H
› and the linear closure
of
‹x
🚫0
› the components
‹y
∈ H
› and ‹a
› are uniquely determined.
›
lemma decomp_H
':
assumes "vectorspace E" "subspace H E"
assumes y1:
"y1 \ H" and y2:
"y2 \ H"
and x
': "x' ∉ H
" "x
' \ E" "x' ≠ 0
"
and eq:
"y1 + a1 \ x' = y2 + a2 \ x'"
shows "y1 = y2 \ a1 = a2"
proof -
interpret vectorspace E
by fact
interpret subspace H E
by fact
show ?thesis
proof
have c:
"y1 = y2 \ a1 \ x' = a2 \ x'"
proof (rule decomp)
show "a1 \ x' \ lin x'" ..
show "a2 \ x' \ lin x'" ..
show "H \ lin x' = {0}"
proof
show "H \ lin x' \ {0}"
proof
fix x
assume x:
"x \ H \ lin x'"
then obtain a
where xx
': "x = a \ x'"
by blast
have "x = 0"
proof (cases
"a = 0")
case True
with xx
' and x' show ?thesis
by simp
next
case False
from x
have "x \ H" ..
with xx
' have "inverse a \ a \ x' ∈ H
" by simp
with False
and x
' have "x' ∈ H
" by (simp add: mult_assoc2)
with ‹x
' \ H\ show ?thesis by contradiction
qed
then show "x \ {0}" ..
qed
show "{0} \ H \ lin x'"
proof -
have "0 \ H" using ‹vectorspace E
› ..
moreover have "0 \ lin x'" using ‹x
' \ E\ ..
ultimately show ?thesis
by blast
qed
qed
show "lin x' \ E" using ‹x
' \ E\ ..
qed (rule
‹vectorspace E
›, rule
‹subspace H E
›, rule y1, rule y2, rule eq)
then show "y1 = y2" ..
from c
have "a1 \ x' = a2 \ x'" ..
with x
' show "a1 = a2" by (simp add: mult_right_cancel)
qed
qed
text ‹
Since
for any element
‹y + a
⋅ x
'\ of the direct sum of a vectorspace \H\
and the linear closure of
‹x
'\ the components \y \ H\ and \a\ are unique, it
follows
from ‹y
∈ H
› that
‹a = 0
›.
›
lemma decomp_H
'_H:
assumes "vectorspace E" "subspace H E"
assumes t:
"t \ H"
and x
': "x' ∉ H
" "x
' \ E" "x' ≠ 0
"
shows "(SOME (y, a). t = y + a \ x' \ y \ H) = (t, 0)"
proof -
interpret vectorspace E
by fact
interpret subspace H E
by fact
show ?thesis
proof (rule, simp_all only: split_paired_all split_conv)
from t x
' show "t = t + 0 \ x' ∧ t
∈ H
" by simp
fix y
and a
assume ya:
"t = y + a \ x' \ y \ H"
have "y = t \ a = 0"
proof (rule decomp_H
')
from ya x
' show "y + a \ x' = t + 0
⋅ x
'" by simp
from ya
show "y \ H" ..
qed (rule
‹vectorspace E
›, rule
‹subspace H E
›, rule t, (rule x
')+)
with t x
' show "(y, a) = (y + a \ x', 0)
" by simp
qed
qed
text ‹
The components
‹y
∈ H
› and ‹a
› in ‹y + a
⋅ x
'\ are unique, so the function
‹h
'\ defined by \h' (y + a
⋅ x
') = h y + a \ \\ is definite.
›
lemma h
'_definite:
fixes H
assumes h
'_def:
"\x. h' x =
(
let (y, a) = SOME (y, a). (x = y + a
⋅ x
' \ y \ H)
in (h y) + a * xi)
"
and x:
"x = y + a \ x'"
assumes "vectorspace E" "subspace H E"
assumes y:
"y \ H"
and x
': "x' ∉ H
" "x
' \ E" "x' ≠ 0
"
shows "h' x = h y + a * xi"
proof -
interpret vectorspace E
by fact
interpret subspace H E
by fact
from x y x
' have "x \ H + lin x'" by auto
have "\!(y, a). x = y + a \ x' \ y \ H" (
is "\!p. ?P p")
proof (rule ex_ex1I)
from x y
show "\p. ?P p" by blast
fix p q
assume p:
"?P p" and q:
"?P q"
show "p = q"
proof -
from p
have xp:
"x = fst p + snd p \ x' \ fst p \ H"
by (cases p) simp
from q
have xq:
"x = fst q + snd q \ x' \ fst q \ H"
by (cases q) simp
have "fst p = fst q \ snd p = snd q"
proof (rule decomp_H
')
from xp
show "fst p \ H" ..
from xq
show "fst q \ H" ..
from xp
and xq
show "fst p + snd p \ x' = fst q + snd q \ x'"
by simp
qed (rule
‹vectorspace E
›, rule
‹subspace H E
›, (rule x
')+)
then show ?thesis
by (cases p, cases q) simp
qed
qed
then have eq:
"(SOME (y, a). x = y + a \ x' \ y \ H) = (y, a)"
by (rule some1_equality) (simp add: x y)
with h
'_def show "h' x = h y + a * xi
" by (simp add: Let_def)
qed
end