(* Title : NSPrimes.thy
Author : Jacques D. Fleuriot
Copyright : 2002 University of Edinburgh
Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2004
*)
section ‹The Nonstandard Primes as an Extension of the Prime Numbers
›
theory NSPrimes
imports "HOL-Computational_Algebra.Primes" "HOL-Nonstandard_Analysis.Hyperreal"
begin
text ‹These can be used
to derive an alternative
proof of the infinitude of
primes
by considering a property of nonstandard sets.
›
definition starprime ::
"hypnat set"
where [transfer_unfold]:
"starprime = *s* {p. prime p}"
definition choicefun ::
"'a set \ 'a"
where "choicefun E = (SOME x. \X \ Pow E - {{}}. x \ X)"
primrec injf_max ::
"nat \ 'a::order set \ 'a"
where
injf_max_zero:
"injf_max 0 E = choicefun E"
| injf_max_Suc:
"injf_max (Suc n) E = choicefun ({e. e \ E \ injf_max n E < e})"
lemma dvd_by_all2:
"\N>0. \m. 0 < m \ m \ M \ m dvd N"
for M :: nat
proof (induct M)
case 0
then show ?
case
by auto
next
case (Suc M)
then obtain N
where "N>0" and "\m. 0 < m \ m \ M \ m dvd N"
by metis
then show ?
case
by (metis nat_0_less_mult_iff zero_less_Suc dvd_mult dvd_mult2 dvd_refl le_Suc_eq)
qed
lemma dvd_by_all:
"\M::nat. \N>0. \m. 0 < m \ m \ M \ m dvd N"
using dvd_by_all2
by blast
lemma hypnat_of_nat_le_zero_iff [simp]:
"hypnat_of_nat n \ 0 \ n = 0"
by transfer simp
text ‹Goldblatt: Exercise 5.11(2) -- p. 57.
›
lemma hdvd_by_all [rule_format]:
"\M. \N. 0 < N \ (\m::hypnat. 0 < m \ m \ M \ m dvd N)"
by transfer (rule dvd_by_all)
text ‹Goldblatt: Exercise 5.11(2) -- p. 57.
›
lemma hypnat_dvd_all_hypnat_of_nat:
"\N::hypnat. 0 < N \ (\n \ - {0::nat}. hypnat_of_nat n dvd N)"
by (metis Compl_iff gr0I hdvd_by_all hypnat_of_nat_le_whn singletonI star_of_0_less)
text ‹The nonstandard extension of the set prime numbers consists of precisely
those hypernaturals exceeding 1 that
have no nontrivial factors.
›
text ‹Goldblatt: Exercise 5.11(3a) -- p 57.
›
lemma starprime:
"starprime = {p. 1 < p \ (\m. m dvd p \ m = 1 \ m = p)}"
by transfer (auto simp add: prime_nat_iff)
text ‹Goldblatt Exercise 5.11(3b) -- p 57.
›
lemma hyperprime_factor_exists:
"\n. 1 < n \ \k \ starprime. k dvd n"
by transfer (simp add: prime_factor_nat)
text ‹Goldblatt Exercise 3.10(1) -- p. 29.
›
lemma NatStar_hypnat_of_nat:
"finite A \ *s* A = hypnat_of_nat ` A"
by (rule starset_finite)
subsection ‹An injective
function cannot define an embedded natural number
›
lemma lemma_infinite_set_singleton:
"\m n. m \ n \ f n \ f m \ {n. f n = N} = {} \ (\m. {n. f n = N} = {m})"
by (metis (mono_tags) is_singletonI
' is_singleton_the_elem mem_Collect_eq)
lemma inj_fun_not_hypnat_in_SHNat:
fixes f ::
"nat \ nat"
assumes inj_f:
"inj f"
shows "starfun f whn \ Nats"
proof
from inj_f
have inj_f
': "inj (starfun f)"
by (transfer inj_on_def Ball_def UNIV_def)
assume "starfun f whn \ Nats"
then obtain N
where N:
"starfun f whn = hypnat_of_nat N"
by (auto simp: Nats_def)
then have "\n. starfun f n = hypnat_of_nat N" ..
then have "\n. f n = N" by transfer
then obtain n
where "f n = N" ..
then have "starfun f (hypnat_of_nat n) = hypnat_of_nat N"
by transfer
with N
have "starfun f whn = starfun f (hypnat_of_nat n)"
by simp
with inj_f
' have "whn = hypnat_of_nat n"
by (rule injD)
then show False
by (simp add: whn_neq_hypnat_of_nat)
qed
lemma range_subset_mem_starsetNat:
"range f \ A \ starfun f whn \ *s* A"
by (metis STAR_subset_closed UNIV_I image_eqI starset_UNIV starset_image)
text ‹
Gleason Proposition 11-5.5. pg 149, pg 155 (ex. 3)
and pg. 360.
Let ‹E
› be a nonvoid ordered set
with no maximal elements (
note: effectively an
infinite set
if we take
‹E = N
› (Nats)).
Then there exists an order-preserving
injection
from ‹N
› to ‹E
›. Of course, (as some doofus will undoubtedly point out!
:-)) can
use notion of least element
in proof (i.e. no need
for choice)
if
dealing
with nats as we
have well-ordering property.
›
lemma lemmaPow3:
"E \ {} \ \x. \X \ Pow E - {{}}. x \ X"
by auto
lemma choicefun_mem_set [simp]:
"E \ {} \ choicefun E \ E"
unfolding choicefun_def
by (force intro: lemmaPow3 [
THEN someI2_ex])
lemma injf_max_mem_set:
"E \{} \ \x. \y \ E. x < y \ injf_max n E \ E"
proof (induct n)
case 0
then show ?
case by force
next
case (Suc n)
then show ?
case
apply (simp add: choicefun_def)
apply (rule lemmaPow3 [
THEN someI2_ex], auto)
done
qed
lemma injf_max_order_preserving:
"\x. \y \ E. x < y \ injf_max n E < injf_max (Suc n) E"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) choicefun_mem_set empty_iff injf_max.simps(2) mem_Collect
_eq)
lemma injf_max_order_preserving2:
assumes "m < n" and E: "\x. \y \ E. x < y"
shows "injf_max m E < injf_max n E"
using ‹m < n›
proof (induction n arbitrary: m)
case 0 then show ?case by auto
next
case (Suc n)
then show ?case
by (metis E injf_max_order_preserving less_Suc_eq order_less_trans)
qed
lemma inj_injf_max: "\x. \y \ E. x < y \ inj (\n. injf_max n E)"
by (metis injf_max_order_preserving2 linorder_injI order_less_irrefl)
lemma infinite_set_has_order_preserving_inj:
"E \ {} \ \x. \y \ E. x < y \ \f. range f \ E \ inj f \ (\m. f m < f (Suc m))"
for E :: "'a::order set" and f :: "nat \ 'a"
by (metis image_subsetI inj_injf_max injf_max_mem_set injf_max_order_preserving)
text ‹Only need the existence of an injective function from ‹N› to ‹A› for proof.›
lemma hypnat_infinite_has_nonstandard:
assumes "infinite A"
shows "hypnat_of_nat ` A < ( *s* A)"
by (metis assms IntE NatStar_hypreal_of_real_Int STAR_star_of_image_subset psubsetI
infinite_iff_countable_subset inj_fun_not_hypnat_in_SHNat range_subset_mem_starsetNat)
lemma starsetNat_eq_hypnat_of_nat_image_finite: "*s* A = hypnat_of_nat ` A \ finite A"
by (metis hypnat_infinite_has_nonstandard less_irrefl)
lemma finite_starsetNat_iff: "*s* A = hypnat_of_nat ` A \ finite A"
by (blast intro!: starsetNat_eq_hypnat_of_nat_image_finite NatStar_hypnat_of_nat)
lemma hypnat_infinite_has_nonstandard_iff: "infinite A \ hypnat_of_nat ` A < *s* A"
by (metis finite_starsetNat_iff hypnat_infinite_has_nonstandard nless_le)
subsection ‹Existence of Infinitely Many Primes: a Nonstandard Proof›
lemma lemma_not_dvd_hypnat_one [simp]: "\n \ - {0}. \ hypnat_of_nat n dvd 1"
proof -
have "\ hypnat_of_nat 2 dvd 1"
by transfer auto
then show ?thesis
by (metis ComplI singletonD zero_neq_numeral)
qed
lemma hypnat_add_one_gt_one: "\N::hypnat. 0 < N \ 1 < N + 1"
by transfer simp
lemma hypnat_of_nat_zero_not_prime [simp]: "hypnat_of_nat 0 \ starprime"
by transfer simp
lemma hypnat_zero_not_prime [simp]: "0 \ starprime"
using hypnat_of_nat_zero_not_prime by simp
lemma hypnat_of_nat_one_not_prime [simp]: "hypnat_of_nat 1 \ starprime"
by transfer simp
lemma hypnat_one_not_prime [simp]: "1 \ starprime"
using hypnat_of_nat_one_not_prime by simp
lemma hdvd_diff: "\k m n :: hypnat. k dvd m \ k dvd n \ k dvd (m - n)"
by transfer (rule dvd_diff_nat)
lemma hdvd_one_eq_one: "\x::hypnat. is_unit x \ x = 1"
by transfer simp
text ‹Already proved as ‹primes_infinite›, but now using non-standard naturals.›
theorem not_finite_prime: "infinite {p::nat. prime p}"
proof -
obtain N k where N: "\n\- {0}. hypnat_of_nat n dvd N" "k\starprime" "k dvd N + 1"
by (meson hyperprime_factor_exists hypnat_add_one_gt_one hypnat_dvd_all_hypnat_of_nat)
then have "k \ 1"
using ‹k ∈ starprime› by force
then have "k \ hypnat_of_nat ` {p. prime p}"
using N dvd_add_right_iff hdvd_one_eq_one not_prime_0 by blast
then show ?thesis
by (metis ‹k ∈ starprime› finite_starsetNat_iff starprime_def)
qed
end