(* Title: HOL/ex/PER.thy
Author: Oscar Slotosch and Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
*)
section ‹Partial equivalence relations
›
theory PER
imports Main
begin
text ‹
Higher-order quotients are defined over partial equivalence
relations (PERs) instead of total ones. We provide axiomatic type
classes ‹equiv < partial_equiv
› and a type constructor
‹'a quot\ with basic operations. This development is based
on:
Oscar Slotosch:
\emph{Higher Order Quotients
and their
Implementation
in Isabelle HOL.} Elsa L. Gunter
and Amy Felty,
editors,
Theorem Proving
in Higher Order Logics: TPHOLs
'97,
Springer LNCS 1275, 1997.
›
subsection ‹Partial equivalence
›
text ‹
Type
class ‹partial_equiv
› models partial equivalence
relations (PERs)
using the polymorphic
‹∼ ::
'a \ 'a
==>
bool
› relation, which
is required
to be symmetric
and transitive,
but not necessarily reflexive.
›
class partial_equiv =
fixes eqv ::
"'a \ 'a \ bool" (
infixl ‹∼› 50)
assumes partial_equiv_sym [elim?]:
"x \ y \ y \ x"
assumes partial_equiv_trans [trans]:
"x \ y \ y \ z \ x \ z"
text ‹
\medskip The
domain of a partial equivalence relation
is the set of
reflexive elements. Due
to symmetry
and transitivity this
characterizes exactly those elements that are connected
with
\emph{any} other one.
›
definition
"domain" ::
"'a::partial_equiv set" where
"domain = {x. x \ x}"
lemma domainI [intro]:
"x \ x \ x \ domain"
unfolding domain_def
by blast
lemma domainD [dest]:
"x \ domain \ x \ x"
unfolding domain_def
by blast
theorem domainI
' [elim?]: "x \ y \ x \ domain"
proof
assume xy:
"x \ y"
also from xy
have "y \ x" ..
finally show "x \ x" .
qed
subsection ‹Equivalence on
function spaces
›
text ‹
The
‹∼› relation
is lifted
to function spaces. It
is
important
to note that this
is \emph{not} the direct product, but a
structural one corresponding
to the congruence property.
›
instantiation "fun" :: (partial_equiv, partial_equiv) partial_equiv
begin
definition "f \ g \ (\x \ domain. \y \ domain. x \ y \ f x \ g y)"
lemma partial_equiv_funI [intro?]:
"(\x y. x \ domain \ y \ domain \ x \ y \ f x \ g y) \ f \ g"
unfolding eqv_fun_def
by blast
lemma partial_equiv_funD [dest?]:
"f \ g \ x \ domain \ y \ domain \ x \ y \ f x \ g y"
unfolding eqv_fun_def
by blast
text ‹
The
class of partial equivalence relations
is closed under
function
spaces (
in \emph{both} argument positions).
›
instance proof
fix f g h ::
"'a::partial_equiv \ 'b::partial_equiv"
assume fg:
"f \ g"
show "g \ f"
proof
fix x y ::
'a
assume x:
"x \ domain" and y:
"y \ domain"
assume "x \ y" then have "y \ x" ..
with fg y x
have "f y \ g x" ..
then show "g x \ f y" ..
qed
assume gh:
"g \ h"
show "f \ h"
proof
fix x y ::
'a
assume x:
"x \ domain" and y:
"y \ domain" and "x \ y"
with fg
have "f x \ g y" ..
also from y
have "y \ y" ..
with gh y y
have "g y \ h y" ..
finally show "f x \ h y" .
qed
qed
end
subsection ‹Total equivalence
›
text ‹
The
class of total equivalence relations on top of PERs. It
coincides
with the standard notion of equivalence, i.e.
\ ‹∼
::
'a \ 'a
==> bool
› is required
to be reflexive, transitive
and
symmetric.
›
class equiv =
assumes eqv_refl [intro]:
"x \ x"
text ‹
On total equivalences all elements are reflexive,
and congruence
holds unconditionally.
›
theorem equiv_domain [intro]:
"(x::'a::equiv) \ domain"
proof
show "x \ x" ..
qed
theorem equiv_cong [dest?]:
"f \ g \ x \ y \ f x \ g (y::'a::equiv)"
proof -
assume "f \ g"
moreover have "x \ domain" ..
moreover have "y \ domain" ..
moreover assume "x \ y"
ultimately show ?thesis ..
qed
subsection ‹Quotient
types›
text ‹
The quotient type
‹'a quot\ consists of all
\emph{equivalence
classes} over elements of the base type
🍋‹'a\.
›
definition "quot = {{x. a \ x}| a::'a::partial_equiv. True}"
typedef (
overloaded)
'a quot = "quot :: 'a::partial_equiv set set
"
unfolding quot_def
by blast
lemma quotI [intro]:
"{x. a \ x} \ quot"
unfolding quot_def
by blast
lemma quotE [elim]:
"R \ quot \ (\a. R = {x. a \ x} \ C) \ C"
unfolding quot_def
by blast
text ‹
\medskip Abstracted equivalence
classes are the canonical
representation of elements of a quotient type.
›
definition eqv_class ::
"('a::partial_equiv) \ 'a quot" (
‹⌊_
⌋›)
where "\a\ = Abs_quot {x. a \ x}"
theorem quot_rep:
"\a. A = \a\"
proof (cases A)
fix R
assume R:
"A = Abs_quot R"
assume "R \ quot" then have "\a. R = {x. a \ x}" by blast
with R
have "\a. A = Abs_quot {x. a \ x}" by blast
then show ?thesis
by (unfold eqv_class_def)
qed
lemma quot_cases [cases type: quot]:
obtains (rep) a
where "A = \a\"
using quot_rep
by blast
subsection ‹Equality on quotients
›
text ‹
Equality of canonical quotient elements corresponds
to the original
relation as follows.
›
theorem eqv_class_eqI [intro]:
"a \ b \ \a\ = \b\"
proof -
assume ab:
"a \ b"
have "{x. a \ x} = {x. b \ x}"
proof (rule Collect_cong)
fix x
show "a \ x \ b \ x"
proof
from ab
have "b \ a" ..
also assume "a \ x"
finally show "b \ x" .
next
note ab
also assume "b \ x"
finally show "a \ x" .
qed
qed
then show ?thesis
by (simp only: eqv_class_def)
qed
theorem eqv_class_eqD
' [dest?]: "\a\ = \b\ \ a \ domain \ a \ b"
proof (unfold eqv_class_def)
assume "Abs_quot {x. a \ x} = Abs_quot {x. b \ x}"
then have "{x. a \ x} = {x. b \ x}" by (simp only: Abs_quot_inject quotI)
moreover assume "a \ domain" then have "a \ a" ..
ultimately have "a \ {x. b \ x}" by blast
then have "b \ a" by blast
then show "a \ b" ..
qed
theorem eqv_class_eqD [dest?]:
"\a\ = \b\ \ a \ (b::'a::equiv)"
proof (rule eqv_class_eqD
')
show "a \ domain" ..
qed
lemma eqv_class_eq
' [simp]: "a \ domain \ \a\ = \b\ \ a \ b"
using eqv_class_eqI eqv_class_eqD
' by (blast del: eqv_refl)
lemma eqv_class_eq [simp]:
"\a\ = \b\ \ a \ (b::'a::equiv)"
using eqv_class_eqI eqv_class_eqD
by blast
subsection ‹Picking representing elements
›
definition pick ::
"'a::partial_equiv quot \ 'a"
where "pick A = (SOME a. A = \a\)"
theorem pick_eqv
' [intro?, simp]: "a \ domain \ pick \a\ \ a"
proof (unfold pick_def)
assume a:
"a \ domain"
show "(SOME x. \a\ = \x\) \ a"
proof (rule someI2)
show "\a\ = \a\" ..
fix x
assume "\a\ = \x\"
from this
and a
have "a \ x" ..
then show "x \ a" ..
qed
qed
theorem pick_eqv [intro, simp]:
"pick \a\ \ (a::'a::equiv)"
proof (rule pick_eqv
')
show "a \ domain" ..
qed
theorem pick_inverse:
"\pick A\ = (A::'a::equiv quot)"
proof (cases A)
fix a
assume a:
"A = \a\"
then have "pick A \ a" by simp
then have "\pick A\ = \a\" by simp
with a
show ?thesis
by simp
qed
end