(* Title: ZF/Constructible/Formula.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
*)
section ‹ First-Order Formulas
and the
Definition of the
Class L
›
theory Formula
imports ZF
begin
subsection ‹ Internalized formulas of FOL
›
text ‹ De Bruijn representation.
Unbound variables get their denotations
from an environment.
›
consts formula :: i
datatype
"formula" = Member (
"x \ nat" ,
"y \ nat" )
| Equal (
"x \ nat" ,
"y \ nat" )
| Nand (
"p \ formula" ,
"q \ formula" )
| Forall (
"p \ formula" )
declare formula.
intros [TC]
definition
Neg ::
"i\i" where
"Neg(p) \ Nand(p,p)"
definition
And ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"And(p,q) \ Neg(Nand(p,q))"
definition
Or ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"Or(p,q) \ Nand(Neg(p),Neg(q))"
definition
Implies ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"Implies(p,q) \ Nand(p,Neg(q))"
definition
Iff ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"Iff(p,q) \ And(Implies(p,q), Implies(q,p))"
definition
Exists ::
"i\i" where
"Exists(p) \ Neg(Forall(Neg(p)))"
lemma Neg_type [TC]:
"p \ formula \ Neg(p) \ formula"
by (simp add: Neg_def)
lemma And_type [TC]:
"\p \ formula; q \ formula\ \ And(p,q) \ formula"
by (simp add: And_def)
lemma Or_type [TC]:
"\p \ formula; q \ formula\ \ Or(p,q) \ formula"
by (simp add: Or_def)
lemma Implies_type [TC]:
"\p \ formula; q \ formula\ \ Implies(p,q) \ formula"
by (simp add: Implies_def)
lemma Iff_type [TC]:
"\p \ formula; q \ formula\ \ Iff(p,q) \ formula"
by (simp add: Iff_def)
lemma Exists_type [TC]:
"p \ formula \ Exists(p) \ formula"
by (simp add: Exists_def)
consts satisfies ::
"[i,i]\i"
primrec (*explicit lambda is required because the environment varies*)
"satisfies(A,Member(x,y)) =
(λenv
∈ list(A). bool_of_o (nth(x,env)
∈ nth(y,env)))
"
"satisfies(A,Equal(x,y)) =
(λenv
∈ list(A). bool_of_o (nth(x,env) = nth(y,env)))
"
"satisfies(A,Nand(p,q)) =
(λenv
∈ list(A). not ((satisfies(A,p)`env)
and (satisfies(A,q)`env)))
"
"satisfies(A,Forall(p)) =
(λenv
∈ list(A). bool_of_o (
∀ x
∈ A. satisfies(A,p) ` (Cons(x,env)) = 1))
"
lemma satisfies_type:
"p \ formula \ satisfies(A,p) \ list(A) -> bool"
by (induct set: formula) simp_all
abbreviation
sats ::
"[i,i,i] \ o" where
"sats(A,p,env) \ satisfies(A,p)`env = 1"
lemma sats_Member_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A) \ sats(A, Member(x,y), env) \ nth(x,env) \ nth(y,env)"
by simp
lemma sats_Equal_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A) \ sats(A, Equal(x,y), env) \ nth(x,env) = nth(y,env)"
by simp
lemma sats_Nand_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> (sats(A, Nand(p,q), env))
⟷ ¬ (sats(A,p,env)
∧ sats(A,q,env))
"
by (simp add: Bool.and_def Bool.not_def cond_def)
lemma sats_Forall_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> sats(A, Forall(p), env)
⟷ (
∀ x
∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env)))
"
by simp
declare satisfies.simps [simp del]
subsection ‹ Dividing line between primitive
and derived connectives
›
lemma sats_Neg_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> sats(A, Neg(p), env)
⟷ ¬ sats(A,p,env)
"
by (simp add: Neg_def)
lemma sats_And_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> (sats(A,
And (p,q), env))
⟷ sats(A,p,env)
∧ sats(A,q,env)
"
by (simp add: And_def)
lemma sats_Or_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> (sats(A, Or(p,q), env))
⟷ sats(A,p,env) | sats(A,q,env)
"
by (simp add: Or_def)
lemma sats_Implies_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> (sats(A, Implies(p,q), env))
⟷ (sats(A,p,env)
⟶ sats(A,q,env))
"
by (simp add: Implies_def, blast)
lemma sats_Iff_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> (sats(A, Iff(p,q), env))
⟷ (sats(A,p,env)
⟷ sats(A,q,env))
"
by (simp add: Iff_def, blast)
lemma sats_Exists_iff [simp]:
"env \ list(A)
==> sats(A, Exists(p), env)
⟷ (
∃ x
∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env)))
"
by (simp add: Exists_def)
subsubsection
‹ Derived rules
to help build up formulas
›
lemma mem_iff_sats:
"\nth(i,env) = x; nth(j,env) = y; env \ list(A)\
==> (x
∈ y)
⟷ sats(A, Member(i,j), env)
"
by (simp add: satisfies.simps)
lemma equal_iff_sats:
"\nth(i,env) = x; nth(j,env) = y; env \ list(A)\
==> (x=y)
⟷ sats(A, Equal(i,j), env)
"
by (simp add: satisfies.simps)
lemma not_iff_sats:
"\P \ sats(A,p,env); env \ list(A)\
==> (
¬ P)
⟷ sats(A, Neg(p), env)
"
by simp
lemma conj_iff_sats:
"\P \ sats(A,p,env); Q \ sats(A,q,env); env \ list(A)\
==> (P
∧ Q)
⟷ sats(A,
And (p,q), env)
"
by (simp)
lemma disj_iff_sats:
"\P \ sats(A,p,env); Q \ sats(A,q,env); env \ list(A)\
==> (P | Q)
⟷ sats(A, Or(p,q), env)
"
by (simp)
lemma iff_iff_sats:
"\P \ sats(A,p,env); Q \ sats(A,q,env); env \ list(A)\
==> (P
⟷ Q)
⟷ sats(A, Iff(p,q), env)
"
by (simp)
lemma imp_iff_sats:
"\P \ sats(A,p,env); Q \ sats(A,q,env); env \ list(A)\
==> (P
⟶ Q)
⟷ sats(A, Implies(p,q), env)
"
by (simp)
lemma ball_iff_sats:
"\\x. x\A \ P(x) \ sats(A, p, Cons(x, env)); env \ list(A)\
==> (
∀ x
∈ A. P(x))
⟷ sats(A, Forall(p), env)
"
by (simp)
lemma bex_iff_sats:
"\\x. x\A \ P(x) \ sats(A, p, Cons(x, env)); env \ list(A)\
==> (
∃ x
∈ A. P(x))
⟷ sats(A, Exists(p), env)
"
by (simp)
lemmas FOL_iff_sats =
mem_iff_sats equal_iff_sats not_iff_sats conj_iff_sats
disj_iff_sats imp_iff_sats iff_iff_sats imp_iff_sats ball_iff_sats
bex_iff_sats
subsection ‹ Arity of a Formula: Maximum Free de Bruijn Index
›
consts arity ::
"i\i"
primrec
"arity(Member(x,y)) = succ(x) \ succ(y)"
"arity(Equal(x,y)) = succ(x) \ succ(y)"
"arity(Nand(p,q)) = arity(p) \ arity(q)"
"arity(Forall(p)) = Arith.pred(arity(p))"
lemma arity_type [TC]:
"p \ formula \ arity(p) \ nat"
by (induct_tac p, simp_all)
lemma arity_Neg [simp]:
"arity(Neg(p)) = arity(p)"
by (simp add: Neg_def)
lemma arity_And [simp]:
"arity(And(p,q)) = arity(p) \ arity(q)"
by (simp add: And_def)
lemma arity_Or [simp]:
"arity(Or(p,q)) = arity(p) \ arity(q)"
by (simp add: Or_def)
lemma arity_Implies [simp]:
"arity(Implies(p,q)) = arity(p) \ arity(q)"
by (simp add: Implies_def)
lemma arity_Iff [simp]:
"arity(Iff(p,q)) = arity(p) \ arity(q)"
by (simp add: Iff_def, blast)
lemma arity_Exists [simp]:
"arity(Exists(p)) = Arith.pred(arity(p))"
by (simp add: Exists_def)
lemma arity_sats_iff [rule_format]:
"\p \ formula; extra \ list(A)\
==> ∀ env
∈ list(A).
arity(p)
≤ length(env)
⟶
sats(A, p, env @ extra)
⟷ sats(A, p, env)
"
apply (induct_tac p)
apply (simp_all add: Arith.pred_def nth_append Un_least_lt_iff nat_imp_quasinat
split: split_nat_case, auto)
done
lemma arity_sats1_iff:
"\arity(p) \ succ(length(env)); p \ formula; x \ A; env \ list(A);
extra
∈ list(A)
]
==> sats(A, p, Cons(x, env @ extra))
⟷ sats(A, p, Cons(x, env))
"
apply (insert arity_sats_iff [of p extra A
"Cons(x,env)" ])
apply simp
done
subsection ‹ Renaming Some de Bruijn Variables
›
definition
incr_var ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"incr_var(x,nq) \ if x
lemma incr_var_lt: "x incr_var(x,nq) = x"
by (simp add: incr_var_def)
lemma incr_var_le: "nq\x \ incr_var(x,nq) = succ(x)"
apply (simp add: incr_var_def)
apply (blast dest: lt_trans1)
done
consts incr_bv :: "i\i"
primrec
"incr_bv(Member(x,y)) =
(λnq ∈ nat. Member (incr_var(x,nq), incr_var(y,nq)))"
"incr_bv(Equal(x,y)) =
(λnq ∈ nat. Equal (incr_var(x,nq), incr_var(y,nq)))"
"incr_bv(Nand(p,q)) =
(λnq ∈ nat. Nand (incr_bv(p)`nq, incr_bv(q)`nq))"
"incr_bv(Forall(p)) =
(λnq ∈ nat. Forall (incr_bv(p) ` succ(nq)))"
lemma [TC]: "x \ nat \ incr_var(x,nq) \ nat"
by (simp add: incr_var_def)
lemma incr_bv_type [TC]: "p \ formula \ incr_bv(p) \ nat -> formula"
by (induct_tac p, simp_all)
text ‹ Obviously, 🍋 ‹ DPow› is closed under complements and finite
intersections and unions. Needs an inductive lemma to allow two lists of
parameters to be combined.›
lemma sats_incr_bv_iff [rule_format]:
"\p \ formula; env \ list(A); x \ A\
==> ∀ bvs ∈ list(A).
sats(A, incr_bv(p) ` length(bvs), bvs @ Cons(x,env)) ⟷
sats(A, p, bvs@env)"
apply (induct_tac p)
apply (simp_all add: incr_var_def nth_append succ_lt_iff length_type)
apply (auto simp add: diff_succ not_lt_iff_le)
done
(*the following two lemmas prevent huge case splits in arity_incr_bv_lemma*)
lemma incr_var_lemma:
"\x \ nat; y \ nat; nq \ x\
==> succ(x) ∪ incr_var(y,nq) = succ(x ∪ y)"
apply (simp add: incr_var_def Ord_Un_if, auto)
apply (blast intro: leI)
apply (simp add: not_lt_iff_le)
apply (blast intro: le_anti_sym)
apply (blast dest: lt_trans2)
done
lemma incr_And_lemma:
"y < x \ y \ succ(x) = succ(x \ y)"
apply (simp add: Ord_Un_if lt_Ord lt_Ord2 succ_lt_iff)
apply (blast dest: lt_asym)
done
lemma arity_incr_bv_lemma [rule_format]:
"p \ formula
==> ∀ n ∈ nat. arity (incr_bv(p) ` n) =
(if n < arity(p) then succ(arity(p)) else arity(p))"
apply (induct_tac p)
apply (simp_all add: imp_disj not_lt_iff_le Un_least_lt_iff lt_Un_iff le_Un_iff
succ_Un_distrib [symmetric] incr_var_lt incr_var_le
Un_commute incr_var_lemma Arith.pred_def nat_imp_quasinat
split: split_nat_case)
txt ‹ the Forall case reduces to linear arithmetic›
prefer 2
apply clarify
apply (blast dest: lt_trans1)
txt ‹ left with the And case ›
apply safe
apply (blast intro: incr_And_lemma lt_trans1)
apply (subst incr_And_lemma)
apply (blast intro: lt_trans1)
apply (simp add: Un_commute)
done
subsection ‹ Renaming all but the First de Bruijn Variable›
definition
incr_bv1 :: "i \ i" where
"incr_bv1(p) \ incr_bv(p)`1"
lemma incr_bv1_type [TC]: "p \ formula \ incr_bv1(p) \ formula"
by (simp add: incr_bv1_def)
(*For renaming all but the bound variable at level 0*)
lemma sats_incr_bv1_iff:
"\p \ formula; env \ list(A); x \ A; y \ A\
==> sats(A, incr_bv1(p), Cons(x, Cons(y, env))) ⟷
sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))"
apply (insert sats_incr_bv_iff [of p env A y "Cons(x,Nil)" ])
apply (simp add: incr_bv1_def)
done
lemma formula_add_params1 [rule_format]:
"\p \ formula; n \ nat; x \ A\
==> ∀ bvs ∈ list(A). ∀ env ∈ list(A).
length(bvs) = n ⟶
sats(A, iterates(incr_bv1, n, p), Cons(x, bvs@env)) ⟷
sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))"
apply (induct_tac n, simp, clarify)
apply (erule list.cases)
apply (simp_all add: sats_incr_bv1_iff)
done
lemma arity_incr_bv1_eq:
"p \ formula
==> arity(incr_bv1(p)) =
(if 1 < arity(p) then succ(arity(p)) else arity(p))"
apply (insert arity_incr_bv_lemma [of p 1])
apply (simp add: incr_bv1_def)
done
lemma arity_iterates_incr_bv1_eq:
"\p \ formula; n \ nat\
==> arity(incr_bv1^n(p)) =
(if 1 < arity(p) then n #+ arity(p) else arity(p))"
apply (induct_tac n)
apply (simp_all add: arity_incr_bv1_eq)
apply (simp add: not_lt_iff_le)
apply (blast intro: le_trans add_le_self2 arity_type)
done
subsection ‹ Definable Powerset›
text ‹ The definable powerset operation: Kunen's definition VI 1.1, page 165.\
definition
DPow :: "i \ i" where
"DPow(A) \ {X \ Pow(A).
∃ env ∈ list(A). ∃ p ∈ formula.
arity(p) ≤ succ(length(env)) ∧
X = {x∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))}}"
lemma DPowI:
"\env \ list(A); p \ formula; arity(p) \ succ(length(env))\
==> {x∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))} ∈ DPow(A)"
by (simp add: DPow_def, blast)
text ‹ With this rule we can specify 🍋 ‹ p› later.›
lemma DPowI2 [rule_format]:
"\\x\A. P(x) \ sats(A, p, Cons(x,env));
env ∈ list(A); p ∈ formula; arity(p) ≤ succ(length(env))]
==> {x∈ A. P(x)} ∈ DPow(A)"
by (simp add: DPow_def, blast)
lemma DPowD:
"X \ DPow(A)
==> X ⊆ A ∧
(∃ env ∈ list(A).
∃ p ∈ formula. arity(p) ≤ succ(length(env)) ∧
X = {x∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))})"
by (simp add: DPow_def)
lemmas DPow_imp_subset = DPowD [THEN conjunct1]
(*Kunen's Lemma VI 1.2*)
lemma "\p \ formula; env \ list(A); arity(p) \ succ(length(env))\
==> {x∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))} ∈ DPow(A)"
by (blast intro: DPowI)
lemma DPow_subset_Pow: "DPow(A) \ Pow(A)"
by (simp add: DPow_def, blast)
lemma empty_in_DPow: "0 \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: DPow_def)
apply (rule_tac x=Nil in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Neg(Equal(0,0))" in bexI)
apply (auto simp add: Un_least_lt_iff)
done
lemma Compl_in_DPow: "X \ DPow(A) \ (A-X) \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: DPow_def, clarify, auto)
apply (rule bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Neg(p)" in bexI)
apply auto
done
lemma Int_in_DPow: "\X \ DPow(A); Y \ DPow(A)\ \ X \ Y \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: DPow_def, auto)
apply (rename_tac envp p envq q)
apply (rule_tac x="envp@envq" in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="And(p, iterates(incr_bv1,length(envp),q))" in bexI)
apply typecheck
apply (rule conjI)
(*finally check the arity!*)
apply (simp add: arity_iterates_incr_bv1_eq Un_least_lt_iff)
apply (force intro: add_le_self le_trans)
apply (simp add: arity_sats1_iff formula_add_params1, blast)
done
lemma Un_in_DPow: "\X \ DPow(A); Y \ DPow(A)\ \ X \ Y \ DPow(A)"
apply (subgoal_tac "X \ Y = A - ((A-X) \ (A-Y))" )
apply (simp add: Int_in_DPow Compl_in_DPow)
apply (simp add: DPow_def, blast)
done
lemma singleton_in_DPow: "a \ A \ {a} \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: DPow_def)
apply (rule_tac x="Cons(a,Nil)" in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Equal(0,1)" in bexI)
apply typecheck
apply (force simp add: succ_Un_distrib [symmetric])
done
lemma cons_in_DPow: "\a \ A; X \ DPow(A)\ \ cons(a,X) \ DPow(A)"
apply (rule cons_eq [THEN subst])
apply (blast intro: singleton_in_DPow Un_in_DPow)
done
(*Part of Lemma 1.3*)
lemma Fin_into_DPow: "X \ Fin(A) \ X \ DPow(A)"
apply (erule Fin.induct)
apply (rule empty_in_DPow)
apply (blast intro: cons_in_DPow)
done
text ‹ 🍋 ‹ DPow› is not monotonic. For example, let 🍋 ‹ A› be some
non-constructible set of natural numbers, and let 🍋 ‹ B› be 🍋 ‹ nat› .
Then 🍋 ‹ A<=B› and obviously 🍋 ‹ A ∈ DPow(A)› but 🍋 ‹ A ∉
DPow(B)› .›
(*This may be true but the proof looks difficult, requiring relativization
lemma DPow_insert: "DPow (cons(a,A)) = DPow(A) \<union> {cons(a,X) . X \<in> DPow(A)}"
apply (rule equalityI, safe)
oops
*)
lemma Finite_Pow_subset_Pow: "Finite(A) \ Pow(A) \ DPow(A)"
by (blast intro: Fin_into_DPow Finite_into_Fin Fin_subset)
lemma Finite_DPow_eq_Pow: "Finite(A) \ DPow(A) = Pow(A)"
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (rule DPow_subset_Pow)
apply (erule Finite_Pow_subset_Pow)
done
subsection ‹ Internalized Formulas for the Ordinals›
text ‹ The ‹ sats› theorems below differ from the usual form in that they
include an element of absoluteness. That is , they relate internalized
formulas to real concepts such as the subset relation, rather than to the
relativized concepts defined in theory ‹ Relative› . This lets us prove
the theorem as ‹ Ords_in_DPow› without first having to instantiate the
locale ‹ M_trivial› . Note that the present theory does not even take
‹ Relative› as a parent.›
subsubsection‹ The subset relation›
definition
subset_fm :: "[i,i]\i" where
"subset_fm(x,y) \ Forall(Implies(Member(0,succ(x)), Member(0,succ(y))))"
lemma subset_type [TC]: "\x \ nat; y \ nat\ \ subset_fm(x,y) \ formula"
by (simp add: subset_fm_def)
lemma arity_subset_fm [simp]:
"\x \ nat; y \ nat\ \ arity(subset_fm(x,y)) = succ(x) \ succ(y)"
by (simp add: subset_fm_def succ_Un_distrib [symmetric])
lemma sats_subset_fm [simp]:
"\x < length(env); y \ nat; env \ list(A); Transset(A)\
==> sats(A, subset_fm(x,y), env) ⟷ nth(x,env) ⊆ nth(y,env)"
apply (frule lt_length_in_nat, assumption)
apply (simp add: subset_fm_def Transset_def)
apply (blast intro: nth_type)
done
subsubsection‹ Transitive sets›
definition
transset_fm :: "i\i" where
"transset_fm(x) \ Forall(Implies(Member(0,succ(x)), subset_fm(0,succ(x))))"
lemma transset_type [TC]: "x \ nat \ transset_fm(x) \ formula"
by (simp add: transset_fm_def)
lemma arity_transset_fm [simp]:
"x \ nat \ arity(transset_fm(x)) = succ(x)"
by (simp add: transset_fm_def succ_Un_distrib [symmetric])
lemma sats_transset_fm [simp]:
"\x < length(env); env \ list(A); Transset(A)\
==> sats(A, transset_fm(x), env) ⟷ Transset(nth(x,env))"
apply (frule lt_nat_in_nat, erule length_type)
apply (simp add: transset_fm_def Transset_def)
apply (blast intro: nth_type)
done
subsubsection‹ Ordinals›
definition
ordinal_fm :: "i\i" where
"ordinal_fm(x) \
And (transset_fm(x), Forall(Implies(Member(0,succ(x)), transset_fm(0))))"
lemma ordinal_type [TC]: "x \ nat \ ordinal_fm(x) \ formula"
by (simp add: ordinal_fm_def)
lemma arity_ordinal_fm [simp]:
"x \ nat \ arity(ordinal_fm(x)) = succ(x)"
by (simp add: ordinal_fm_def succ_Un_distrib [symmetric])
lemma sats_ordinal_fm:
"\x < length(env); env \ list(A); Transset(A)\
==> sats(A, ordinal_fm(x), env) ⟷ Ord(nth(x,env))"
apply (frule lt_nat_in_nat, erule length_type)
apply (simp add: ordinal_fm_def Ord_def Transset_def)
apply (blast intro: nth_type)
done
text ‹ The subset consisting of the ordinals is definable. Essential lemma for
‹ Ord_in_Lset› . This result is the objective of the present subsection .›
theorem Ords_in_DPow: "Transset(A) \ {x \ A. Ord(x)} \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: DPow_def Collect_subset)
apply (rule_tac x=Nil in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="ordinal_fm(0)" in bexI)
apply (simp_all add: sats_ordinal_fm)
done
subsection ‹ Constant Lset: Levels of the Constructible Universe›
definition
Lset :: "i\i" where
"Lset(i) \ transrec(i, \x f. \y\x. DPow(f`y))"
definition
L :: "i\o" where 🍋 ‹ Kunen's definition VI 1.5, page 167\
"L(x) \ \i. Ord(i) \ x \ Lset(i)"
text ‹ NOT SUITABLE FOR REWRITING -- RECURSIVE!›
lemma Lset: "Lset(i) = (\j\i. DPow(Lset(j)))"
by (subst Lset_def [THEN def_transrec], simp)
lemma LsetI: "\y\x; A \ DPow(Lset(y))\ \ A \ Lset(x)"
by (subst Lset, blast)
lemma LsetD: "A \ Lset(x) \ \y\x. A \ DPow(Lset(y))"
apply (insert Lset [of x])
apply (blast intro: elim: equalityE)
done
subsubsection‹ Transitivity›
lemma elem_subset_in_DPow: "\X \ A; X \ A\ \ X \ DPow(A)"
apply (simp add: Transset_def DPow_def)
apply (rule_tac x="[X]" in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Member(0,1)" in bexI)
apply (auto simp add: Un_least_lt_iff)
done
lemma Transset_subset_DPow: "Transset(A) \ A \ DPow(A)"
apply clarify
apply (simp add: Transset_def)
apply (blast intro: elem_subset_in_DPow)
done
lemma Transset_DPow: "Transset(A) \ Transset(DPow(A))"
apply (simp add: Transset_def)
apply (blast intro: elem_subset_in_DPow dest: DPowD)
done
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.6 (a)\
lemma Transset_Lset: "Transset(Lset(i))"
apply (rule_tac a=i in eps_induct)
apply (subst Lset)
apply (blast intro!: Transset_Union_family Transset_Un Transset_DPow)
done
lemma mem_Lset_imp_subset_Lset: "a \ Lset(i) \ a \ Lset(i)"
apply (insert Transset_Lset)
apply (simp add: Transset_def)
done
subsubsection‹ Monotonicity›
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.6 (b)\
lemma Lset_mono [rule_format]:
"\j. i<=j \ Lset(i) \ Lset(j)"
proof (induct i rule: eps_induct, intro allI impI)
fix x j
assume "\y\x. \j. y \ j \ Lset(y) \ Lset(j)"
and "x \ j"
thus "Lset(x) \ Lset(j)"
by (force simp add: Lset [of x] Lset [of j])
qed
text ‹ This version lets us remove the premise 🍋 ‹ Ord(i)› sometimes.›
lemma Lset_mono_mem [rule_format]:
"\j. i \ j \ Lset(i) \ Lset(j)"
proof (induct i rule: eps_induct, intro allI impI)
fix x j
assume "\y\x. \j. y \ j \ Lset(y) \ Lset(j)"
and "x \ j"
thus "Lset(x) \ Lset(j)"
by (force simp add: Lset [of j]
intro!: bexI intro: elem_subset_in_DPow dest: LsetD DPowD)
qed
text ‹ Useful with Reflection to bump up the ordinal›
lemma subset_Lset_ltD: "\A \ Lset(i); i < j\ \ A \ Lset(j)"
by (blast dest: ltD [THEN Lset_mono_mem])
subsubsection‹ 0, successor and limit equations for Lset›
lemma Lset_0 [simp]: "Lset(0) = 0"
by (subst Lset, blast)
lemma Lset_succ_subset1: "DPow(Lset(i)) \ Lset(succ(i))"
by (subst Lset, rule succI1 [THEN RepFunI, THEN Union_upper])
lemma Lset_succ_subset2: "Lset(succ(i)) \ DPow(Lset(i))"
apply (subst Lset, rule UN_least)
apply (erule succE)
apply blast
apply clarify
apply (rule elem_subset_in_DPow)
apply (subst Lset)
apply blast
apply (blast intro: dest: DPowD Lset_mono_mem)
done
lemma Lset_succ: "Lset(succ(i)) = DPow(Lset(i))"
by (intro equalityI Lset_succ_subset1 Lset_succ_subset2)
lemma Lset_Union [simp]: "Lset(\(X)) = (\y\X. Lset(y))"
apply (subst Lset)
apply (rule equalityI)
txt ‹ first inclusion›
apply (rule UN_least)
apply (erule UnionE)
apply (rule subset_trans)
apply (erule_tac [2] UN_upper, subst Lset, erule UN_upper)
txt ‹ opposite inclusion›
apply (rule UN_least)
apply (subst Lset, blast)
done
subsubsection‹ Lset applied to Limit ordinals›
lemma Limit_Lset_eq:
"Limit(i) \ Lset(i) = (\y\i. Lset(y))"
by (simp add: Lset_Union [symmetric] Limit_Union_eq)
lemma lt_LsetI: "\a \ Lset(j); j \ a \ Lset(i)"
by (blast dest: Lset_mono [OF le_imp_subset [OF leI]])
lemma Limit_LsetE:
"\a \ Lset(i); \R \ Limit(i);
∧ x. [ x<i; a ∈ Lset(x)] ==> R
] ==> R"
apply (rule classical)
apply (rule Limit_Lset_eq [THEN equalityD1, THEN subsetD, THEN UN_E])
prefer 2 apply assumption
apply blast
apply (blast intro: ltI Limit_is_Ord)
done
subsubsection‹ Basic closure properties›
lemma zero_in_Lset: "y \ x \ 0 \ Lset(x)"
by (subst Lset, blast intro: empty_in_DPow)
lemma notin_Lset: "x \ Lset(x)"
apply (rule_tac a=x in eps_induct)
apply (subst Lset)
apply (blast dest: DPowD)
done
subsection ‹ Constructible Ordinals: Kunen's VI 1.9 (b)\
lemma Ords_of_Lset_eq: "Ord(i) \ {x\Lset(i). Ord(x)} = i"
apply (erule trans_induct3)
apply (simp_all add: Lset_succ Limit_Lset_eq Limit_Union_eq)
txt ‹ The successor case remains.›
apply (rule equalityI)
txt ‹ First inclusion›
apply clarify
apply (erule Ord_linear_lt, assumption)
apply (blast dest: DPow_imp_subset ltD notE [OF notin_Lset])
apply blast
apply (blast dest: ltD)
txt ‹ Opposite inclusion, 🍋 ‹ succ(x) ⊆ DPow(Lset(x)) ∩ ON› ›
apply auto
txt ‹ Key case :›
apply (erule subst, rule Ords_in_DPow [OF Transset_Lset])
apply (blast intro: elem_subset_in_DPow dest: OrdmemD elim: equalityE)
apply (blast intro: Ord_in_Ord)
done
lemma Ord_subset_Lset: "Ord(i) \ i \ Lset(i)"
by (subst Ords_of_Lset_eq [symmetric], assumption, fast)
lemma Ord_in_Lset: "Ord(i) \ i \ Lset(succ(i))"
apply (simp add: Lset_succ)
apply (subst Ords_of_Lset_eq [symmetric], assumption,
rule Ords_in_DPow [OF Transset_Lset])
done
lemma Ord_in_L: "Ord(i) \ L(i)"
by (simp add: L_def, blast intro: Ord_in_Lset)
subsubsection‹ Unions›
lemma Union_in_Lset:
"X \ Lset(i) \ \(X) \ Lset(succ(i))"
apply (insert Transset_Lset)
apply (rule LsetI [OF succI1])
apply (simp add: Transset_def DPow_def)
apply (intro conjI, blast)
txt ‹ Now to create the formula 🍋 ‹ ∃ y. y ∈ X ∧ x ∈ y› ›
apply (rule_tac x="Cons(X,Nil)" in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Exists(And(Member(0,2), Member(1,0)))" in bexI)
apply typecheck
apply (simp add: succ_Un_distrib [symmetric], blast)
done
theorem Union_in_L: "L(X) \ L(\(X))"
by (simp add: L_def, blast dest: Union_in_Lset)
subsubsection‹ Finite sets and ordered pairs›
lemma singleton_in_Lset: "a \ Lset(i) \ {a} \ Lset(succ(i))"
by (simp add: Lset_succ singleton_in_DPow)
lemma doubleton_in_Lset:
"\a \ Lset(i); b \ Lset(i)\ \ {a,b} \ Lset(succ(i))"
by (simp add: Lset_succ empty_in_DPow cons_in_DPow)
lemma Pair_in_Lset:
"\a \ Lset(i); b \ Lset(i); Ord(i)\ \ \a,b\ \ Lset(succ(succ(i)))"
unfolding Pair_def
apply (blast intro: doubleton_in_Lset)
done
lemmas Lset_UnI1 = Un_upper1 [THEN Lset_mono [THEN subsetD]]
lemmas Lset_UnI2 = Un_upper2 [THEN Lset_mono [THEN subsetD]]
text ‹ Hard work is finding a single 🍋 ‹ j ∈ i› such that 🍋 ‹ {a,b} ⊆ Lset(j)› ›
lemma doubleton_in_LLimit:
"\a \ Lset(i); b \ Lset(i); Limit(i)\ \ {a,b} \ Lset(i)"
apply (erule Limit_LsetE, assumption)
apply (erule Limit_LsetE, assumption)
apply (blast intro: lt_LsetI [OF doubleton_in_Lset]
Lset_UnI1 Lset_UnI2 Limit_has_succ Un_least_lt)
done
theorem doubleton_in_L: "\L(a); L(b)\ \ L({a, b})"
apply (simp add: L_def, clarify)
apply (drule Ord2_imp_greater_Limit, assumption)
apply (blast intro: lt_LsetI doubleton_in_LLimit Limit_is_Ord)
done
lemma Pair_in_LLimit:
"\a \ Lset(i); b \ Lset(i); Limit(i)\ \ \a,b\ \ Lset(i)"
txt ‹ Infer that a, b occur at ordinals x,xa < i.›
apply (erule Limit_LsetE, assumption)
apply (erule Limit_LsetE, assumption)
txt ‹ Infer that 🍋 ‹ succ(succ(x ∪ xa)) < i› ›
apply (blast intro: lt_Ord lt_LsetI [OF Pair_in_Lset]
Lset_UnI1 Lset_UnI2 Limit_has_succ Un_least_lt)
done
text ‹ The rank function for the constructible universe›
definition
lrank :: "i\i" where 🍋 ‹ Kunen's definition VI 1.7\
"lrank(x) \ \ i. x \ Lset(succ(i))"
lemma L_I: "\x \ Lset(i); Ord(i)\ \ L(x)"
by (simp add: L_def, blast)
lemma L_D: "L(x) \ \i. Ord(i) \ x \ Lset(i)"
by (simp add: L_def)
lemma Ord_lrank [simp]: "Ord(lrank(a))"
by (simp add: lrank_def)
lemma Lset_lrank_lt [rule_format]: "Ord(i) \ x \ Lset(i) \ lrank(x) < i"
apply (erule trans_induct3)
apply simp
apply (simp only: lrank_def)
apply (blast intro: Least_le)
apply (simp_all add: Limit_Lset_eq)
apply (blast intro: ltI Limit_is_Ord lt_trans)
done
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.8. The proof is much harder than the text would
suggest. For a start, it needs the previous lemma , which is proved by
induction .›
lemma Lset_iff_lrank_lt: "Ord(i) \ x \ Lset(i) \ L(x) \ lrank(x) < i"
apply (simp add: L_def, auto)
apply (blast intro: Lset_lrank_lt)
unfolding lrank_def
apply (drule succI1 [THEN Lset_mono_mem, THEN subsetD])
apply (drule_tac P="\i. x \ Lset(succ(i))" in LeastI, assumption)
apply (blast intro!: le_imp_subset Lset_mono [THEN subsetD])
done
lemma Lset_succ_lrank_iff [simp]: "x \ Lset(succ(lrank(x))) \ L(x)"
by (simp add: Lset_iff_lrank_lt)
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.9 (a)\
lemma lrank_of_Ord: "Ord(i) \ lrank(i) = i"
unfolding lrank_def
apply (rule Least_equality)
apply (erule Ord_in_Lset)
apply assumption
apply (insert notin_Lset [of i])
apply (blast intro!: le_imp_subset Lset_mono [THEN subsetD])
done
text ‹ This is lrank(lrank(a)) = lrank(a)›
declare Ord_lrank [THEN lrank_of_Ord, simp]
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.10\
lemma Lset_in_Lset_succ: "Lset(i) \ Lset(succ(i))"
apply (simp add: Lset_succ DPow_def)
apply (rule_tac x=Nil in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="Equal(0,0)" in bexI)
apply auto
done
lemma lrank_Lset: "Ord(i) \ lrank(Lset(i)) = i"
unfolding lrank_def
apply (rule Least_equality)
apply (rule Lset_in_Lset_succ)
apply assumption
apply clarify
apply (subgoal_tac "Lset(succ(ia)) \ Lset(i)" )
apply (blast dest: mem_irrefl)
apply (blast intro!: le_imp_subset Lset_mono)
done
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.11\
lemma Lset_subset_Vset: "Ord(i) \ Lset(i) \ Vset(i)"
apply (erule trans_induct)
apply (subst Lset)
apply (subst Vset)
apply (rule UN_mono [OF subset_refl])
apply (rule subset_trans [OF DPow_subset_Pow])
apply (rule Pow_mono, blast)
done
text ‹ Kunen's VI 1.12\
lemma Lset_subset_Vset': "i \ nat \ Lset(i) = Vset(i)"
apply (erule nat_induct)
apply (simp add: Vfrom_0)
apply (simp add: Lset_succ Vset_succ Finite_Vset Finite_DPow_eq_Pow)
done
text ‹ Every set of constructible sets is included in some 🍋 ‹ Lset› ›
lemma subset_Lset:
"(\x\A. L(x)) \ \i. Ord(i) \ A \ Lset(i)"
by (rule_tac x = "\x\A. succ(lrank(x))" in exI, force)
lemma subset_LsetE:
"\\x\A. L(x);
∧ i. [ Ord(i); A ⊆ Lset(i)] ==> P]
==> P"
by (blast dest: subset_Lset)
subsubsection‹ For L to satisfy the Powerset axiom›
lemma LPow_env_typing:
"\y \ Lset(i); Ord(i); y \ X\
==> ∃ z ∈ Pow(X). y ∈ Lset(succ(lrank(z)))"
by (auto intro: L_I iff: Lset_succ_lrank_iff)
lemma LPow_in_Lset:
"\X \ Lset(i); Ord(i)\ \ \j. Ord(j) \ {y \ Pow(X). L(y)} \ Lset(j)"
apply (rule_tac x="succ(\y \ Pow(X). succ(lrank(y)))" in exI)
apply simp
apply (rule LsetI [OF succI1])
apply (simp add: DPow_def)
apply (intro conjI, clarify)
apply (rule_tac a=x in UN_I, simp+)
txt ‹ Now to create the formula 🍋 ‹ y ⊆ X› ›
apply (rule_tac x="Cons(X,Nil)" in bexI)
apply (rule_tac x="subset_fm(0,1)" in bexI)
apply typecheck
apply (rule conjI)
apply (simp add: succ_Un_distrib [symmetric])
apply (rule equality_iffI)
apply (simp add: Transset_UN [OF Transset_Lset] LPow_env_typing)
apply (auto intro: L_I iff: Lset_succ_lrank_iff)
done
theorem LPow_in_L: "L(X) \ L({y \ Pow(X). L(y)})"
by (blast intro: L_I dest: L_D LPow_in_Lset)
subsection ‹ Eliminating 🍋 ‹ arity› from the Definition of 🍋 ‹ Lset› ›
lemma nth_zero_eq_0: "n \ nat \ nth(n,[0]) = 0"
by (induct_tac n, auto)
lemma sats_app_0_iff [rule_format]:
"\p \ formula; 0 \ A\
==> ∀ env ∈ list(A). sats(A,p, env@[0]) ⟷ sats(A,p,env)"
apply (induct_tac p)
apply (simp_all del: app_Cons add: app_Cons [symmetric]
add: nth_zero_eq_0 nth_append not_lt_iff_le nth_eq_0)
done
lemma sats_app_zeroes_iff:
"\p \ formula; 0 \ A; env \ list(A); n \ nat\
==> sats(A,p,env @ repeat(0,n)) ⟷ sats(A,p,env)"
apply (induct_tac n, simp)
apply (simp del: repeat.simps
add: repeat_succ_app sats_app_0_iff app_assoc [symmetric])
done
lemma exists_bigger_env:
"\p \ formula; 0 \ A; env \ list(A)\
==> ∃ env' \ list(A). arity(p) \ succ(length(env' )) ∧
(∀ a∈ A. sats(A,p,Cons(a,env')) \ sats(A,p,Cons(a,env)))"
apply (rule_tac x="env @ repeat(0,arity(p))" in bexI)
apply (simp del: app_Cons add: app_Cons [symmetric]
add: length_repeat sats_app_zeroes_iff, typecheck)
done
text ‹ A simpler version of 🍋 ‹ DPow› : no arity check!›
definition
DPow' :: "i \ i" where
"DPow'(A) \ {X \ Pow(A).
∃ env ∈ list(A). ∃ p ∈ formula.
X = {x∈ A. sats(A, p, Cons(x,env))}}"
lemma DPow_subset_DPow': "DPow(A) \ DPow' (A)"
by (simp add: DPow_def DPow'_def, blast)
lemma DPow'_0: "DPow' (0) = {0}"
by (auto simp add: DPow'_def)
lemma DPow'_subset_DPow: "0 \ A \ DPow' (A) ⊆ DPow(A)"
apply (auto simp add: DPow'_def DPow_def)
apply (frule exists_bigger_env, assumption+, force)
done
lemma DPow_eq_DPow': "Transset(A) \ DPow(A) = DPow' (A)"
apply (drule Transset_0_disj)
apply (erule disjE)
apply (simp add: DPow'_0 Finite_DPow_eq_Pow)
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (rule DPow_subset_DPow')
apply (erule DPow'_subset_DPow)
done
text ‹ And thus we can relativize 🍋 ‹ Lset› without bothering with
🍋 ‹ arity› and 🍋 ‹ length› ›
lemma Lset_eq_transrec_DPow': "Lset(i) = transrec(i, \x f. \y\x. DPow' (f`y))"
apply (rule_tac a=i in eps_induct)
apply (subst Lset)
apply (subst transrec)
apply (simp only: DPow_eq_DPow' [OF Transset_Lset], simp)
done
text ‹ With this rule we can specify 🍋 ‹ p› later and don't worry about
arities at all!›
lemma DPow_LsetI [rule_format]:
"\\x\Lset(i). P(x) \ sats(Lset(i), p, Cons(x,env));
env ∈ list(Lset(i)); p ∈ formula]
==> {x∈ Lset(i). P(x)} ∈ DPow(Lset(i))"
by (simp add: DPow_eq_DPow' [OF Transset_Lset] DPow' _def , blast)
end
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