(* Title: ZF/ex/Group.thy *)
section ‹Groups
›
theory Group
imports ZF
begin
text‹Based on work
by Clemens Ballarin, Florian Kammueller, L C Paulson
and
Markus Wenzel.
›
subsection ‹Monoids
›
(*First, we must simulate a record declaration:
record monoid =
carrier :: i
mult :: "[i,i] \<Rightarrow> i" (infixl "\<cdot>\<index>" 70)
one :: i ("\<one>\<index>")
*)
definition
carrier ::
"i \ i" where
"carrier(M) \ fst(M)"
definition
mmult ::
"[i, i, i] \ i" (
infixl ‹⋅🍋› 70)
where
"mmult(M,x,y) \ fst(snd(M)) ` \x,y\"
definition
one ::
"i \ i" (
‹1🍋›)
where
"one(M) \ fst(snd(snd(M)))"
definition
update_carrier ::
"[i,i] \ i" where
"update_carrier(M,A) \ "
definition
m_inv ::
"i \ i \ i" (
‹inv
🍋 _
› [81] 80)
where
"inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x \ (THE y. y \ carrier(G) \ y \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x = \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> \ x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y = \\<^bsub>G\<^esub>)"
locale monoid =
fixes G (
structure)
assumes m_closed [intro, simp]:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ x \ y \ carrier(G)"
and m_assoc:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G); z \ carrier(G)\
==> (x
⋅ y)
⋅ z = x
⋅ (y
⋅ z)
"
and one_closed [intro, simp]:
"\ \ carrier(G)"
and l_one [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ \ \ x = x"
and r_one [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ x \ \ = x"
text‹Simulating the
record›
lemma carrier_eq [simp]:
"carrier(\A,Z\) = A"
by (simp add: carrier_def)
lemma mult_eq [simp]:
"mmult(, x, y) = M ` \x,y\"
by (simp add: mmult_def)
lemma one_eq [simp]:
"one() = I"
by (simp add: one_def)
lemma update_carrier_eq [simp]:
"update_carrier(\A,Z\,B) = \B,Z\"
by (simp add: update_carrier_def)
lemma carrier_update_carrier [simp]:
"carrier(update_carrier(M,B)) = B"
by (simp add: update_carrier_def)
lemma mult_update_carrier [simp]:
"mmult(update_carrier(M,B),x,y) = mmult(M,x,y)"
by (simp add: update_carrier_def mmult_def)
lemma one_update_carrier [simp]:
"one(update_carrier(M,B)) = one(M)"
by (simp add: update_carrier_def one_def)
lemma (
in monoid) inv_unique:
assumes eq:
"y \ x = \" "x \ y' = \"
and G:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "y' \ carrier(G)"
shows "y = y'"
proof -
from G eq
have "y = y \ (x \ y')" by simp
also from G
have "... = (y \ x) \ y'" by (simp add: m_assoc)
also from G eq
have "... = y'" by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text ‹
A group
is a monoid all of whose elements are invertible.
›
locale group = monoid +
assumes inv_ex:
"\x. x \ carrier(G) \ \y \ carrier(G). y \ x = \ \ x \ y = \"
lemma (
in group) is_group [simp]:
"group(G)" by (rule group_axioms)
theorem groupI:
fixes G (
structure)
assumes m_closed [simp]:
"\x y. \x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ x \ y \ carrier(G)"
and one_closed [simp]:
"\ \ carrier(G)"
and m_assoc:
"\x y z. \x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G); z \ carrier(G)\ \
(x
⋅ y)
⋅ z = x
⋅ (y
⋅ z)
"
and l_one [simp]:
"\x. x \ carrier(G) \ \ \ x = x"
and l_inv_ex:
"\x. x \ carrier(G) \ \y \ carrier(G). y \ x = \"
shows "group(G)"
proof -
have l_cancel [simp]:
"\x y z. \x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G); z \ carrier(G)\ \
(x
⋅ y = x
⋅ z)
⟷ (y = z)
"
proof
fix x y z
assume G:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "z \ carrier(G)"
{
assume eq:
"x \ y = x \ z"
with G l_inv_ex
obtain x_inv
where xG:
"x_inv \ carrier(G)"
and l_inv:
"x_inv \ x = \" by fast
from G eq xG
have "(x_inv \ x) \ y = (x_inv \ x) \ z"
by (simp add: m_assoc)
with G
show "y = z" by (simp add: l_inv)
next
assume eq:
"y = z"
with G
show "x \ y = x \ z" by simp
}
qed
have r_one:
"\x. x \ carrier(G) \ x \ \ = x"
proof -
fix x
assume x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
with l_inv_ex
obtain x_inv
where xG:
"x_inv \ carrier(G)"
and l_inv:
"x_inv \ x = \" by fast
from x xG
have "x_inv \ (x \ \) = x_inv \ x"
by (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric] l_inv)
with x xG
show "x \ \ = x" by simp
qed
have inv_ex:
"\x. x \ carrier(G) \ \y \ carrier(G). y \ x = \ \ x \ y = \"
proof -
fix x
assume x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
with l_inv_ex
obtain y
where y:
"y \ carrier(G)"
and l_inv:
"y \ x = \" by fast
from x y
have "y \ (x \ y) = y \ \"
by (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric] l_inv r_one)
with x y
have r_inv:
"x \ y = \"
by simp
from x y
show "\y \ carrier(G). y \ x = \ \ x \ y = \"
by (fast intro: l_inv r_inv)
qed
show ?thesis
by (blast intro: group.intro monoid.intro group_axioms.intro
assms r_one inv_ex)
qed
lemma (
in group) inv [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ inv x \ carrier(G) \ inv x \ x = \ \ x \ inv x = \"
apply (frule inv_ex)
unfolding Bex_def m_inv_def
apply (erule exE)
apply (rule theI)
apply (rule ex1I, assumption)
apply (blast intro: inv_unique)
done
lemma (
in group) inv_closed [intro!]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ inv x \ carrier(G)"
by simp
lemma (
in group) l_inv:
"x \ carrier(G) \ inv x \ x = \"
by simp
lemma (
in group) r_inv:
"x \ carrier(G) \ x \ inv x = \"
by simp
subsection ‹Cancellation Laws
and Basic Properties
›
lemma (
in group) l_cancel [simp]:
assumes "x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "z \ carrier(G)"
shows "(x \ y = x \ z) \ (y = z)"
proof
assume eq:
"x \ y = x \ z"
hence "(inv x \ x) \ y = (inv x \ x) \ z"
by (simp only: m_assoc inv_closed assms)
thus "y = z" by (simp add: assms)
next
assume eq:
"y = z"
then show "x \ y = x \ z" by simp
qed
lemma (
in group) r_cancel [simp]:
assumes "x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "z \ carrier(G)"
shows "(y \ x = z \ x) \ (y = z)"
proof
assume eq:
"y \ x = z \ x"
then have "y \ (x \ inv x) = z \ (x \ inv x)"
by (simp only: m_assoc [symmetric] inv_closed assms)
thus "y = z" by (simp add: assms)
next
assume eq:
"y = z"
thus "y \ x = z \ x" by simp
qed
lemma (
in group) inv_comm:
assumes "x \ y = \"
and G:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)"
shows "y \ x = \"
proof -
from G
have "x \ y \ x = x \ \" by (auto simp add: assms)
with G
show ?thesis
by (simp del: r_one add: m_assoc)
qed
lemma (
in group) inv_equality:
"\y \ x = \; x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ inv x = y"
apply (simp add: m_inv_def)
apply (rule the_equality)
apply (simp add: inv_comm [of y x])
apply (rule r_cancel [
THEN iffD1], auto)
done
lemma (
in group) inv_one [simp]:
"inv \ = \"
by (auto intro: inv_equality)
lemma (
in group) inv_inv [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ inv (inv x) = x"
by (auto intro: inv_equality)
text‹This
proof is by cancellation
›
lemma (
in group) inv_mult_group:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ inv (x \ y) = inv y \ inv x"
proof -
assume G:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)"
then have "inv (x \ y) \ (x \ y) = (inv y \ inv x) \ (x \ y)"
by (simp add: m_assoc l_inv) (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric] l_inv)
with G
show ?thesis
by (simp_all del: inv add: inv_closed)
qed
subsection ‹Substructures
›
locale subgroup =
fixes H
and G (
structure)
assumes subset:
"H \ carrier(G)"
and m_closed [intro, simp]:
"\x \ H; y \ H\ \ x \ y \ H"
and one_closed [simp]:
"\ \ H"
and m_inv_closed [intro,simp]:
"x \ H \ inv x \ H"
lemma (
in subgroup) mem_carrier [simp]:
"x \ H \ x \ carrier(G)"
using subset
by blast
lemma subgroup_imp_subset:
"subgroup(H,G) \ H \ carrier(G)"
by (rule subgroup.subset)
lemma (
in subgroup) group_axiomsI [intro]:
assumes "group(G)"
shows "group_axioms (update_carrier(G,H))"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
show ?thesis
by (force intro: group_axioms.intro l_inv r_inv)
qed
lemma (
in subgroup) is_group [intro]:
assumes "group(G)"
shows "group (update_carrier(G,H))"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
show ?thesis
by (rule groupI) (auto intro: m_assoc l_inv mem_carrier)
qed
text ‹
Since
🍋‹H
› is nonempty, it
contains some element
🍋‹x
›. Since
it
is closed under inverse, it
contains ‹inv x
›. Since
it
is closed under product, it
contains ‹x
⋅ inv x =
1›.
›
text ‹
Since
🍋‹H
› is nonempty, it
contains some element
🍋‹x
›. Since
it
is closed under inverse, it
contains ‹inv x
›. Since
it
is closed under product, it
contains ‹x
⋅ inv x =
1›.
›
lemma (
in group) one_in_subset:
"\H \ carrier(G); H \ 0; \a \ H. inv a \ H; \a\H. \b\H. a \ b \ H\
==> 1 ∈ H
"
by (force simp add: l_inv)
text ‹A characterization of subgroups: closed, non-empty subset.
›
declare monoid.one_closed [simp] group.inv_closed [simp]
monoid.l_one [simp] monoid.r_one [simp] group.inv_inv [simp]
lemma subgroup_nonempty:
"\ subgroup(0,G)"
by (blast dest: subgroup.one_closed)
subsection ‹Direct Products
›
definition
DirProdGroup ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
infixr ‹⨂› 80)
where
"G \ H \ carrier(H),
(λ<
⟨g,h
⟩, <g
', h'>>
∈ (carrier(G)
× carrier(H))
× (carrier(G)
× carrier(H)).
<g
⋅🚫G
🚫 g
', h \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h'>),
<
1🚫G
🚫,
1🚫H
🚫>, 0>
"
lemma DirProdGroup_group:
assumes "group(G)" and "group(H)"
shows "group (G \ H)"
proof -
interpret G: group G
by fact
interpret H: group H
by fact
show ?thesis
by (force intro!: groupI G.m_assoc H.m_assoc G.l_inv H.l_inv
simp add: DirProdGroup_def)
qed
lemma carrier_DirProdGroup [simp]:
"carrier (G \ H) = carrier(G) \ carrier(H)"
by (simp add: DirProdGroup_def)
lemma one_DirProdGroup [simp]:
"\\<^bsub>G \ H\<^esub> = <\\<^bsub>G\<^esub>, \\<^bsub>H\<^esub>>"
by (simp add: DirProdGroup_def)
lemma mult_DirProdGroup [simp]:
"\g \ carrier(G); h \ carrier(H); g' \ carrier(G); h' \ carrier(H)\
==> ⟨g, h
⟩ ⋅🚫G
⨂ H
🚫 <g
', h'> = <g
⋅🚫G
🚫 g
', h \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h'>
"
by (simp add: DirProdGroup_def)
lemma inv_DirProdGroup [simp]:
assumes "group(G)" and "group(H)"
assumes g:
"g \ carrier(G)"
and h:
"h \ carrier(H)"
shows "inv \<^bsub>G \ H\<^esub> \g, h\ = G\<^esub> g, inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h>"
apply (rule group.inv_equality [OF DirProdGroup_group])
apply (simp_all add: assms group.l_inv)
done
subsection ‹Isomorphisms
›
definition
hom ::
"[i,i] \ i" where
"hom(G,H) \
{h
∈ carrier(G) -> carrier(H).
(
∀x
∈ carrier(G).
∀y
∈ carrier(G). h ` (x
⋅🚫G
🚫 y) = (h ` x)
⋅🚫H
🚫 (h ` y))}
"
lemma hom_mult:
"\h \ hom(G,H); x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\
==> h ` (x
⋅🚫G
🚫 y) = h ` x
⋅🚫H
🚫 h ` y
"
by (simp add: hom_def)
lemma hom_closed:
"\h \ hom(G,H); x \ carrier(G)\ \ h ` x \ carrier(H)"
by (auto simp add: hom_def)
lemma (
in group) hom_compose:
"\h \ hom(G,H); i \ hom(H,I)\ \ i O h \ hom(G,I)"
by (force simp add: hom_def comp_fun)
lemma hom_is_fun:
"h \ hom(G,H) \ h \ carrier(G) -> carrier(H)"
by (simp add: hom_def)
subsection ‹Isomorphisms
›
definition
iso ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
infixr ‹≅› 60)
where
"G \ H \ hom(G,H) \ bij(carrier(G), carrier(H))"
lemma (
in group) iso_refl:
"id(carrier(G)) \ G \ G"
by (simp add: iso_def hom_def id_type id_bij)
lemma (
in group) iso_sym:
"h \ G \ H \ converse(h) \ H \ G"
apply (simp add: iso_def bij_converse_bij, clarify)
apply (subgoal_tac
"converse(h) \ carrier(H) \ carrier(G)")
prefer 2
apply (simp add: bij_converse_bij bij_is_fun)
apply (auto intro: left_inverse_eq [of _
"carrier(G)" "carrier(H)"]
simp add: hom_def bij_is_inj right_inverse_bij)
done
lemma (
in group) iso_trans:
"\h \ G \ H; i \ H \ I\ \ i O h \ G \ I"
by (auto simp add: iso_def hom_compose comp_bij)
lemma DirProdGroup_commute_iso:
assumes "group(G)" and "group(H)"
shows "(\\x,y\ \ carrier(G \ H). \y,x\) \ (G \ H) \ (H \ G)"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
interpret group H
by fact
show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_def surj_def bij_def)
qed
lemma DirProdGroup_assoc_iso:
assumes "group(G)" and "group(H)" and "group(I)"
shows "(\<\x,y\,z> \ carrier((G \ H) \ I). y,z\>)
∈ ((G
⨂ H)
⨂ I)
≅ (G
⨂ (H
⨂ I))
"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
interpret group H
by fact
interpret group I
by fact
show ?thesis
by (auto intro: lam_type simp add: iso_def hom_def inj_def surj_def bij_def)
qed
text‹Basis
for homomorphism proofs: we
assume two groups
🍋‹G
› and
🍋‹H
›,
with a homomorphism
🍋‹h
› between them
›
locale group_hom = G: group G + H: group H
for G (
structure)
and H (
structure)
and h +
assumes homh:
"h \ hom(G,H)"
notes hom_mult [simp] = hom_mult [OF homh]
and hom_closed [simp] = hom_closed [OF homh]
and hom_is_fun [simp] = hom_is_fun [OF homh]
lemma (
in group_hom) one_closed [simp]:
"h ` \ \ carrier(H)"
by simp
lemma (
in group_hom) hom_one [simp]:
"h ` \ = \\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
proof -
have "h ` \ \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> = (h ` \) \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h ` \)"
by (simp add: hom_mult [symmetric] del: hom_mult)
then show ?thesis
by (simp del: H.r_one)
qed
lemma (
in group_hom) inv_closed [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ h ` (inv x) \ carrier(H)"
by simp
lemma (
in group_hom) hom_inv [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G) \ h ` (inv x) = inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h ` x)"
proof -
assume x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
then have "h ` x \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h ` (inv x) = \\<^bsub>H\<^esub>"
by (simp add: hom_mult [symmetric] G.r_inv del: hom_mult)
also from x
have "... = h ` x \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h ` x)"
by (simp add: hom_mult [symmetric] H.r_inv del: hom_mult)
finally have "h ` x \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h ` (inv x) = h ` x \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>H\<^esub> (h ` x)" .
with x
show ?thesis
by (simp del: H.inv)
qed
subsection ‹Commutative Structures
›
text ‹
Naming convention: multiplicative structures that are commutative
are called
\emph{commutative}, additive structures are called
\emph{Abelian}.
›
subsection ‹Definition›
locale comm_monoid = monoid +
assumes m_comm:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ x \ y = y \ x"
lemma (
in comm_monoid) m_lcomm:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G); z \ carrier(G)\ \
x
⋅ (y
⋅ z) = y
⋅ (x
⋅ z)
"
proof -
assume xyz:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "z \ carrier(G)"
from xyz
have "x \ (y \ z) = (x \ y) \ z" by (simp add: m_assoc)
also from xyz
have "... = (y \ x) \ z" by (simp add: m_comm)
also from xyz
have "... = y \ (x \ z)" by (simp add: m_assoc)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemmas (
in comm_monoid) m_ac = m_assoc m_comm m_lcomm
locale comm_group = comm_monoid + group
lemma (
in comm_group) inv_mult:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\ \ inv (x \ y) = inv x \ inv y"
by (simp add: m_ac inv_mult_group)
lemma (
in group) subgroup_self:
"subgroup (carrier(G),G)"
by (simp add: subgroup_def)
lemma (
in group) subgroup_imp_group:
"subgroup(H,G) \ group (update_carrier(G,H))"
by (simp add: subgroup.is_group)
lemma (
in group) subgroupI:
assumes subset:
"H \ carrier(G)" and non_empty:
"H \ 0"
and "\a. a \ H \ inv a \ H"
and "\a b. \a \ H; b \ H\ \ a \ b \ H"
shows "subgroup(H,G)"
proof (simp add: subgroup_def assms)
show "\ \ H"
by (rule one_in_subset) (auto simp only: assms)
qed
subsection ‹Bijections of a Set, Permutation Groups, Automorphism Groups
›
definition
BijGroup ::
"i\i" where
"BijGroup(S) \
<bij(S,S),
λ
⟨g,f
⟩ ∈ bij(S,S)
× bij(S,S). g O f,
id(S), 0>
"
subsection ‹Bijections Form a Group
›
theorem group_BijGroup:
"group(BijGroup(S))"
apply (simp add: BijGroup_def)
apply (rule groupI)
apply (simp_all add: id_bij comp_bij comp_assoc)
apply (simp add: id_bij bij_is_fun left_comp_id [of _ S S] fun_is_rel)
apply (blast intro: left_comp_inverse bij_is_inj bij_converse_bij)
done
subsection‹Automorphisms Form a Group
›
lemma Bij_Inv_mem:
"\f \ bij(S,S); x \ S\ \ converse(f) ` x \ S"
by (blast intro: apply_funtype bij_is_fun bij_converse_bij)
lemma inv_BijGroup:
"f \ bij(S,S) \ m_inv (BijGroup(S), f) = converse(f)"
apply (rule group.inv_equality)
apply (rule group_BijGroup)
apply (simp_all add: BijGroup_def bij_converse_bij
left_comp_inverse [OF bij_is_inj])
done
lemma iso_is_bij:
"h \ G \ H \ h \ bij(carrier(G), carrier(H))"
by (simp add: iso_def)
definition
auto ::
"i\i" where
"auto(G) \ iso(G,G)"
definition
AutoGroup ::
"i\i" where
"AutoGroup(G) \ update_carrier(BijGroup(carrier(G)), auto(G))"
lemma (
in group) id_in_auto:
"id(carrier(G)) \ auto(G)"
by (simp add: iso_refl auto_def)
lemma (
in group) subgroup_auto:
"subgroup (auto(G)) (BijGroup (carrier(G)))"
proof (rule subgroup.intro)
show "auto(G) \ carrier (BijGroup (carrier(G)))"
by (auto simp add: auto_def BijGroup_def iso_def)
next
fix x y
assume "x \ auto(G)" "y \ auto(G)"
thus "x \\<^bsub>BijGroup (carrier(G))\<^esub> y \ auto(G)"
by (auto simp add: BijGroup_def auto_def iso_def bij_is_fun
group.hom_compose comp_bij)
next
show "\\<^bsub>BijGroup (carrier(G))\<^esub> \ auto(G)" by (simp add: BijGroup_def id_in_auto)
next
fix x
assume "x \ auto(G)"
thus "inv\<^bsub>BijGroup (carrier(G))\<^esub> x \ auto(G)"
by (simp add: auto_def inv_BijGroup iso_is_bij iso_sym)
qed
theorem (
in group) AutoGroup:
"group (AutoGroup(G))"
by (simp add: AutoGroup_def subgroup.is_group subgroup_auto group_BijGroup)
subsection‹Cosets
and Quotient Groups
›
definition
r_coset ::
"[i,i,i] \ i" (
infixl ‹#>
🍋› 60)
where
"H #>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> a \ \h\H. {h \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> a}"
definition
l_coset ::
"[i,i,i] \ i" (
infixl ‹<#
🍋› 60)
where
"a <#\<^bsub>G\<^esub> H \ \h\H. {a \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> h}"
definition
RCOSETS ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
‹rcosets
🍋 _
› [81] 80)
where
"rcosets\<^bsub>G\<^esub> H \ \a\carrier(G). {H #>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> a}"
definition
set_mult ::
"[i,i,i] \ i" (
infixl ‹<#>
🍋› 60)
where
"H <#>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> K \ \h\H. \k\K. {h \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> k}"
definition
SET_INV ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
‹set
'_inv\ _\ [81] 80) where
"set_inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> H \ \h\H. {inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> h}"
locale normal = subgroup + group +
assumes coset_eq:
"(\x \ carrier(G). H #> x = x <# H)"
notation
normal (
infixl ‹⊲› 60)
subsection ‹Basic Properties of Cosets
›
lemma (
in group) coset_mult_assoc:
"\M \ carrier(G); g \ carrier(G); h \ carrier(G)\
==> (M #> g) #> h = M #> (g
⋅ h)
"
by (force simp add: r_coset_def m_assoc)
lemma (
in group) coset_mult_one [simp]:
"M \ carrier(G) \ M #> \ = M"
by (force simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (
in group) solve_equation:
"\subgroup(H,G); x \ H; y \ H\ \ \h\H. y = h \ x"
apply (rule bexI [of _
"y \ (inv x)"])
apply (auto simp add: subgroup.m_closed subgroup.m_inv_closed m_assoc
subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD])
done
lemma (
in group) repr_independence:
"\y \ H #> x; x \ carrier(G); subgroup(H,G)\ \ H #> x = H #> y"
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def m_assoc [symmetric]
subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD]
subgroup.m_closed solve_equation)
lemma (
in group) coset_join2:
"\x \ carrier(G); subgroup(H,G); x\H\ \ H #> x = H"
🍋 ‹Alternative
proof is to put
🍋‹x=
1› in ‹repr_independence
›.
›
by (force simp add: subgroup.m_closed r_coset_def solve_equation)
lemma (
in group) r_coset_subset_G:
"\H \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\ \ H #> x \ carrier(G)"
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (
in group) rcosI:
"\h \ H; H \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\ \ h \ x \ H #> x"
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (
in group) rcosetsI:
"\H \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\ \ H #> x \ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def)
text‹Really needed?
›
lemma (
in group) transpose_inv:
"\x \ y = z; x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G); z \ carrier(G)\
==> (inv x)
⋅ z = y
"
by (force simp add: m_assoc [symmetric])
subsection ‹Normal subgroups
›
lemma normal_imp_subgroup:
"H \ G \ subgroup(H,G)"
by (simp add: normal_def subgroup_def)
lemma (
in group) normalI:
"subgroup(H,G) \ (\x \ carrier(G). H #> x = x <# H) \ H \ G"
by (simp add: normal_def normal_axioms_def)
lemma (
in normal) inv_op_closed1:
"\x \ carrier(G); h \ H\ \ (inv x) \ h \ x \ H"
apply (insert coset_eq)
apply (auto simp add: l_coset_def r_coset_def)
apply (drule bspec, assumption)
apply (drule equalityD1 [
THEN subsetD], blast, clarify)
apply (simp add: m_assoc)
apply (simp add: m_assoc [symmetric])
done
lemma (
in normal) inv_op_closed2:
"\x \ carrier(G); h \ H\ \ x \ h \ (inv x) \ H"
apply (subgoal_tac
"inv (inv x) \ h \ (inv x) \ H")
apply simp
apply (blast intro: inv_op_closed1)
done
text‹Alternative characterization of normal subgroups
›
lemma (
in group) normal_inv_iff:
"(N \ G) \
(subgroup(N,G)
∧ (
∀x
∈ carrier(G).
∀h
∈ N. x
⋅ h
⋅ (inv x)
∈ N))
"
(
is "_ \ ?rhs")
proof
assume N:
"N \ G"
show ?rhs
by (blast intro: N normal.inv_op_closed2 normal_imp_subgroup)
next
assume ?rhs
hence sg:
"subgroup(N,G)"
and closed:
"\x. x\carrier(G) \ \h\N. x \ h \ inv x \ N" by auto
hence sb:
"N \ carrier(G)" by (simp add: subgroup.subset)
show "N \ G"
proof (intro normalI [OF sg], simp add: l_coset_def r_coset_def, clarify)
fix x
assume x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
show "(\h\N. {h \ x}) = (\h\N. {x \ h})"
proof
show "(\h\N. {h \ x}) \ (\h\N. {x \ h})"
proof clarify
fix n
assume n:
"n \ N"
show "n \ x \ (\h\N. {x \ h})"
proof (rule UN_I)
from closed [of
"inv x"]
show "inv x \ n \ x \ N" by (simp add: x n)
show "n \ x \ {x \ (inv x \ n \ x)}"
by (simp add: x n m_assoc [symmetric] sb [
THEN subsetD])
qed
qed
next
show "(\h\N. {x \ h}) \ (\h\N. {h \ x})"
proof clarify
fix n
assume n:
"n \ N"
show "x \ n \ (\h\N. {h \ x})"
proof (rule UN_I)
show "x \ n \ inv x \ N" by (simp add: x n closed)
show "x \ n \ {x \ n \ inv x \ x}"
by (simp add: x n m_assoc sb [
THEN subsetD])
qed
qed
qed
qed
qed
subsection‹More Properties of Cosets
›
lemma (
in group) l_coset_subset_G:
"\H \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\ \ x <# H \ carrier(G)"
by (auto simp add: l_coset_def subsetD)
lemma (
in group) l_coset_swap:
"\y \ x <# H; x \ carrier(G); subgroup(H,G)\ \ x \ y <# H"
proof (simp add: l_coset_def)
assume "\h\H. y = x \ h"
and x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
and sb:
"subgroup(H,G)"
then obtain h
' where h':
"h' \ H \ x \ h' = y" by blast
show "\h\H. x = y \ h"
proof
show "x = y \ inv h'" using h
' x sb
by (auto simp add: m_assoc subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD])
show "inv h' \ H" using h
' sb
by (auto simp add: subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD] subgroup.m_inv_closed)
qed
qed
lemma (
in group) l_coset_carrier:
"\y \ x <# H; x \ carrier(G); subgroup(H,G)\ \ y \ carrier(G)"
by (auto simp add: l_coset_def m_assoc
subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD] subgroup.m_closed)
lemma (
in group) l_repr_imp_subset:
assumes y:
"y \ x <# H" and x:
"x \ carrier(G)" and sb:
"subgroup(H,G)"
shows "y <# H \ x <# H"
proof -
from y
obtain h
' where "h' ∈ H
" "x
⋅ h
' = y" by (auto simp add: l_coset_def)
thus ?thesis
using x sb
by (auto simp add: l_coset_def m_assoc
subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD] subgroup.m_closed)
qed
lemma (
in group) l_repr_independence:
assumes y:
"y \ x <# H" and x:
"x \ carrier(G)" and sb:
"subgroup(H,G)"
shows "x <# H = y <# H"
proof
show "x <# H \ y <# H"
by (rule l_repr_imp_subset,
(blast intro: l_coset_swap l_coset_carrier y x sb)+)
show "y <# H \ x <# H" by (rule l_repr_imp_subset [OF y x sb])
qed
lemma (
in group) setmult_subset_G:
"\H \ carrier(G); K \ carrier(G)\ \ H <#> K \ carrier(G)"
by (auto simp add: set_mult_def subsetD)
lemma (
in group) subgroup_mult_id:
"subgroup(H,G) \ H <#> H = H"
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (auto simp add: subgroup.m_closed set_mult_def Sigma_def image_def)
apply (rule_tac x = x
in bexI)
apply (rule bexI [of _
"\"])
apply (auto simp add: subgroup.one_closed subgroup.subset [
THEN subsetD])
done
subsubsection
‹Set of inverses of an
‹r_coset
›.
›
lemma (
in normal) rcos_inv:
assumes x:
"x \ carrier(G)"
shows "set_inv (H #> x) = H #> (inv x)"
proof (simp add: r_coset_def SET_INV_def x inv_mult_group, safe intro!: equalityI)
fix h
assume h:
"h \ H"
{
show "inv x \ inv h \ (\j\H. {j \ inv x})"
proof (rule UN_I)
show "inv x \ inv h \ x \ H"
by (simp add: inv_op_closed1 h x)
show "inv x \ inv h \ {inv x \ inv h \ x \ inv x}"
by (simp add: h x m_assoc)
qed
next
show "h \ inv x \ (\j\H. {inv x \ inv j})"
proof (rule UN_I)
show "x \ inv h \ inv x \ H"
by (simp add: inv_op_closed2 h x)
show "h \ inv x \ {inv x \ inv (x \ inv h \ inv x)}"
by (simp add: h x m_assoc [symmetric] inv_mult_group)
qed
}
qed
subsubsection
‹Theorems for ‹<#>
› with ‹#>
› or
‹<#
›.
›
lemma (
in group) setmult_rcos_assoc:
"\H \ carrier(G); K \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\
==> H <#> (K #> x) = (H <#> K) #> x
"
by (force simp add: r_coset_def set_mult_def m_assoc)
lemma (
in group) rcos_assoc_lcos:
"\H \ carrier(G); K \ carrier(G); x \ carrier(G)\
==> (H #> x) <#> K = H <#> (x <# K)
"
by (force simp add: r_coset_def l_coset_def set_mult_def m_assoc)
lemma (
in normal) rcos_mult_step1:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\
==> (H #> x) <#> (H #> y) = (H <#> (x <# H)) #> y
"
by (simp add: setmult_rcos_assoc subset
r_coset_subset_G l_coset_subset_G rcos_assoc_lcos)
lemma (
in normal) rcos_mult_step2:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\
==> (H <#> (x <# H)) #> y = (H <#> (H #> x)) #> y
"
by (insert coset_eq, simp add: normal_def)
lemma (
in normal) rcos_mult_step3:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\
==> (H <#> (H #> x)) #> y = H #> (x
⋅ y)
"
by (simp add: setmult_rcos_assoc coset_mult_assoc
subgroup_mult_id subset normal_axioms normal.
axioms)
lemma (
in normal) rcos_sum:
"\x \ carrier(G); y \ carrier(G)\
==> (H #> x) <#> (H #> y) = H #> (x
⋅ y)
"
by (simp add: rcos_mult_step1 rcos_mult_step2 rcos_mult_step3)
lemma (
in normal) rcosets_mult_eq:
"M \ rcosets H \ H <#> M = M"
🍋 ‹generalizes
‹subgroup_mult_id
››
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def subset
setmult_rcos_assoc subgroup_mult_id normal_axioms normal.
axioms)
subsubsection
‹Two distinct right cosets are disjoint
›
definition
r_congruent ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
‹rcong
🍋 _
› [60] 60)
where
"rcong\<^bsub>G\<^esub> H \ {\x,y\ \ carrier(G) * carrier(G). inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> y \ H}"
lemma (
in subgroup) equiv_rcong:
assumes "group(G)"
shows "equiv (carrier(G), rcong H)"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
show ?thesis
proof (simp add: equiv_def, intro conjI)
show "rcong H \ carrier(G) \ carrier(G)"
by (auto simp add: r_congruent_def)
next
show "refl (carrier(G), rcong H)"
by (auto simp add: r_congruent_def refl_def)
next
show "sym (rcong H)"
proof (simp add: r_congruent_def sym_def, clarify)
fix x y
assume [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)"
and "inv x \ y \ H"
hence "inv (inv x \ y) \ H" by simp
thus "inv y \ x \ H" by (simp add: inv_mult_group)
qed
next
show "trans (rcong H)"
proof (simp add: r_congruent_def trans_def, clarify)
fix x y z
assume [simp]:
"x \ carrier(G)" "y \ carrier(G)" "z \ carrier(G)"
and "inv x \ y \ H" and "inv y \ z \ H"
hence "(inv x \ y) \ (inv y \ z) \ H" by simp
hence "inv x \ (y \ inv y) \ z \ H" by (simp add: m_assoc del: inv)
thus "inv x \ z \ H" by simp
qed
qed
qed
text‹Equivalence
classes of
‹rcong
› correspond
to left cosets.
Was there a mistake
in the definitions? I
'd have expected them to
correspond
to right cosets.
›
lemma (
in subgroup) l_coset_eq_rcong:
assumes "group(G)"
assumes a:
"a \ carrier(G)"
shows "a <# H = (rcong H) `` {a}"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
show ?thesis
by (force simp add: r_congruent_def l_coset_def m_assoc [symmetric] a
Collect_image_eq)
qed
lemma (
in group) rcos_equation:
assumes "subgroup(H, G)"
shows
"\ha \ a = h \ b; a \ carrier(G); b \ carrier(G);
h
∈ H; ha
∈ H; hb
∈ H
]
==> hb
⋅ a
∈ (
∪h
∈H. {h
⋅ b})
" (is "PROP ?P
")
proof -
interpret subgroup H G
by fact
show "PROP ?P"
apply (rule UN_I [of
"hb \ ((inv ha) \ h)"], simp)
apply (simp add: m_assoc transpose_inv)
done
qed
lemma (
in group) rcos_disjoint:
assumes "subgroup(H, G)"
shows "\a \ rcosets H; b \ rcosets H; a\b\ \ a \ b = 0" (
is "PROP ?P")
proof -
interpret subgroup H G
by fact
show "PROP ?P"
apply (simp add: RCOSETS_def r_coset_def)
apply (blast intro: rcos_equation assms sym)
done
qed
subsection ‹Order of a Group
and Lagrange
's Theorem\
definition
order ::
"i \ i" where
"order(S) \ |carrier(S)|"
lemma (
in group) rcos_self:
assumes "subgroup(H, G)"
shows "x \ carrier(G) \ x \ H #> x" (
is "PROP ?P")
proof -
interpret subgroup H G
by fact
show "PROP ?P"
apply (simp add: r_coset_def)
apply (rule_tac x=
"\" in bexI)
apply (auto)
done
qed
lemma (
in group) rcosets_part_G:
assumes "subgroup(H, G)"
shows "\(rcosets H) = carrier(G)"
proof -
interpret subgroup H G
by fact
show ?thesis
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (force simp add: RCOSETS_def r_coset_def)
apply (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def intro: rcos_self assms)
done
qed
lemma (
in group) cosets_finite:
"\c \ rcosets H; H \ carrier(G); Finite (carrier(G))\ \ Finite(c)"
apply (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def)
apply (simp add: r_coset_subset_G [
THEN subset_Finite])
done
text‹More general than the HOL version, which
also requires
🍋‹G
› to
be finite.
›
lemma (
in group) card_cosets_equal:
assumes H:
"H \ carrier(G)"
shows "c \ rcosets H \ |c| = |H|"
proof (simp add: RCOSETS_def, clarify)
fix a
assume a:
"a \ carrier(G)"
show "|H #> a| = |H|"
proof (rule eqpollI [
THEN cardinal_cong])
show "H #> a \ H"
proof (simp add: lepoll_def, intro exI)
show "(\y \ H#>a. y \ inv a) \ inj(H #> a, H)"
by (auto intro: lam_type
simp add: inj_def r_coset_def m_assoc subsetD [OF H] a)
qed
show "H \ H #> a"
proof (simp add: lepoll_def, intro exI)
show "(\y\ H. y \ a) \ inj(H, H #> a)"
by (auto intro: lam_type
simp add: inj_def r_coset_def subsetD [OF H] a)
qed
qed
qed
lemma (
in group) rcosets_subset_PowG:
"subgroup(H,G) \ rcosets H \ Pow(carrier(G))"
apply (simp add: RCOSETS_def)
apply (blast dest: r_coset_subset_G subgroup.subset)
done
theorem (
in group) lagrange:
"\Finite(carrier(G)); subgroup(H,G)\
==> |rcosets H| #* |H| = order(G)
"
apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: order_def rcosets_part_G [symmetric])
apply (subst mult_commute)
apply (rule card_partition)
apply (simp add: rcosets_subset_PowG [
THEN subset_Finite])
apply (simp add: rcosets_part_G)
apply (simp add: card_cosets_equal [OF subgroup.subset])
apply (simp add: rcos_disjoint)
done
subsection ‹Quotient Groups: Factorization of a Group
›
definition
FactGroup ::
"[i,i] \ i" (
infixl ‹Mod
› 65)
where
🍋 ‹Actually defined
for groups rather than monoids
›
"G Mod H \
<rcosets
🚫G
🚫 H, λ
⟨K1,K2
⟩ ∈ (rcosets
🚫G
🚫 H)
× (rcosets
🚫G
🚫 H). K1 <#>
🚫G
🚫 K2, H, 0>
"
lemma (
in normal) setmult_closed:
"\K1 \ rcosets H; K2 \ rcosets H\ \ K1 <#> K2 \ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: rcos_sum RCOSETS_def)
lemma (
in normal) setinv_closed:
"K \ rcosets H \ set_inv K \ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: rcos_inv RCOSETS_def)
lemma (
in normal) rcosets_assoc:
"\M1 \ rcosets H; M2 \ rcosets H; M3 \ rcosets H\
==> M1 <#> M2 <#> M3 = M1 <#> (M2 <#> M3)
"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def rcos_sum m_assoc)
lemma (
in subgroup) subgroup_in_rcosets:
assumes "group(G)"
shows "H \ rcosets H"
proof -
interpret group G
by fact
have "H #> \ = H"
using _ subgroup_axioms
by (rule coset_join2) simp_all
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def intro: sym)
qed
lemma (
in normal) rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq:
"M \ rcosets H \ set_inv M <#> M = H"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def rcos_inv rcos_sum subgroup.subset normal_axioms normal.
axioms)
theorem (
in normal) factorgroup_is_group:
"group (G Mod H)"
apply (simp add: FactGroup_def)
apply (rule groupI)
apply (simp add: setmult_closed)
apply (simp add: normal_imp_subgroup subgroup_in_rcosets)
apply (simp add: setmult_closed rcosets_assoc)
apply (simp add: normal_imp_subgroup
subgroup_in_rcosets rcosets_mult_eq)
apply (auto dest: rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq simp add: setinv_closed)
done
lemma (
in normal) inv_FactGroup:
"X \ carrier (G Mod H) \ inv\<^bsub>G Mod H\<^esub> X = set_inv X"
apply (rule group.inv_equality [OF factorgroup_is_group])
apply (simp_all add: FactGroup_def setinv_closed rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq)
done
text‹The coset map
is a homomorphism
from 🍋‹G
› to the quotient group
🍋‹G Mod H
››
lemma (
in normal) r_coset_hom_Mod:
"(\a \ carrier(G). H #> a) \ hom(G, G Mod H)"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def hom_def rcos_sum intro: lam_type)
subsection‹The First Isomorphism
Theorem›
text‹The quotient
by the kernel of a homomorphism
is isomorphic
to the
range of that homomorphism.
›
definition
kernel ::
"[i,i,i] \ i" where
🍋 ‹the kernel of a homomorphism
›
"kernel(G,H,h) \ {x \ carrier(G). h ` x = \\<^bsub>H\<^esub>}"
lemma (
in group_hom) subgroup_kernel:
"subgroup (kernel(G,H,h), G)"
apply (rule subgroup.intro)
apply (auto simp add: kernel_def group.intro)
done
text‹The kernel of a homomorphism
is a normal subgroup
›
lemma (
in group_hom) normal_kernel:
"(kernel(G,H,h)) \ G"
apply (simp add: group.normal_inv_iff subgroup_kernel group.intro)
apply (simp add: kernel_def)
done
lemma (
in group_hom) FactGroup_nonempty:
assumes X:
"X \ carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h))"
shows "X \ 0"
proof -
from X
obtain g
where "g \ carrier(G)"
and "X = kernel(G,H,h) #> g"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def intro: hom_one)
qed
lemma (
in group_hom) FactGroup_contents_mem:
assumes X:
"X \ carrier (G Mod (kernel(G,H,h)))"
shows "contents (h``X) \ carrier(H)"
proof -
from X
obtain g
where g:
"g \ carrier(G)"
and "X = kernel(G,H,h) #> g"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence "h `` X = {h ` g}"
by (auto simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_UN
image_eq_UN [OF hom_is_fun] g)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp add: g)
qed
lemma mult_FactGroup:
"\X \ carrier(G Mod H); X' \ carrier(G Mod H)\
==> X
⋅🚫(G Mod H)
🚫 X
' = X <#>\<^bsub>G\<^esub> X'"
by (simp add: FactGroup_def)
lemma (
in normal) FactGroup_m_closed:
"\X \ carrier(G Mod H); X' \ carrier(G Mod H)\
==> X <#>
🚫G
🚫 X
' \ carrier(G Mod H)"
by (simp add: FactGroup_def setmult_closed)
lemma (
in group_hom) FactGroup_hom:
"(\X \ carrier(G Mod (kernel(G,H,h))). contents (h``X))
∈ hom (G Mod (kernel(G,H,h)), H)
"
proof (simp add: hom_def FactGroup_contents_mem lam_type mult_FactGroup normal.FactGrou
p_m_closed [OF normal_kernel], intro ballI)
fix X and X'
assume X: "X \ carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h))"
and X': "X' ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h))"
then
obtain g and g'
where "g \ carrier(G)" and "g' \ carrier(G)"
and "X = kernel(G,H,h) #> g" and "X' = kernel(G,H,h) #> g'"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence all: "\x\X. h ` x = h ` g" "\x\X'. h ` x = h ` g'"
and Xsub: "X \ carrier(G)" and X'sub: "X' ⊆ carrier(G)"
by (force simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def)+
hence "h `` (X <#> X') = {h ` g \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> h ` g'}" using X X'
by (auto dest!: FactGroup_nonempty
simp add: set_mult_def image_eq_UN [OF hom_is_fun] image_UN
subsetD [OF Xsub] subsetD [OF X'sub])
thus "contents (h `` (X <#> X')) = contents (h `` X) \\<^bsub>H\<^esub> contents (h `` X')"
by (simp add: all image_eq_UN [OF hom_is_fun] FactGroup_nonempty
X X' Xsub X'sub)
qed
text‹Lemma for the following injectivity result›
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_subset:
"\g \ carrier(G); g' \ carrier(G); h ` g = h ` g'\
==> kernel(G,H,h) #> g ⊆ kernel(G,H,h) #> g'"
apply (clarsimp simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def)
apply (rename_tac y)
apply (rule_tac x="y \ g \ inv g'" in bexI)
apply (simp_all add: G.m_assoc)
done
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_inj:
"(\X\carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h)). contents (h `` X))
∈ inj(carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h)), carrier(H))"
proof (simp add: inj_def FactGroup_contents_mem lam_type, clarify)
fix X and X'
assume X: "X \ carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h))"
and X': "X' ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h))"
then
obtain g and g'
where gX: "g \ carrier(G)" "g' \ carrier(G)"
"X = kernel(G,H,h) #> g" "X' = kernel(G,H,h) #> g'"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence all: "\x\X. h ` x = h ` g" "\x\X'. h ` x = h ` g'"
and Xsub: "X \ carrier(G)" and X'sub: "X' ⊆ carrier(G)"
by (force simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def)+
assume "contents (h `` X) = contents (h `` X')"
hence h: "h ` g = h ` g'"
by (simp add: all image_eq_UN [OF hom_is_fun] FactGroup_nonempty
X X' Xsub X'sub)
show "X=X'" by (rule equalityI) (simp_all add: FactGroup_subset h gX)
qed
lemma (in group_hom) kernel_rcoset_subset:
assumes g: "g \ carrier(G)"
shows "kernel(G,H,h) #> g \ carrier (G)"
by (auto simp add: g kernel_def r_coset_def)
text‹If the homomorphism 🍋‹h› is onto 🍋‹H›, then so is the
homomorphism from the quotient group›
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_surj:
assumes h: "h \ surj(carrier(G), carrier(H))"
shows "(\X\carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h)). contents (h `` X))
∈ surj(carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h)), carrier(H))"
proof (simp add: surj_def FactGroup_contents_mem lam_type, clarify)
fix y
assume y: "y \ carrier(H)"
with h obtain g where g: "g \ carrier(G)" "h ` g = y"
by (auto simp add: surj_def)
hence "(\x\kernel(G,H,h) #> g. {h ` x}) = {y}"
by (auto simp add: y kernel_def r_coset_def)
with g show "\x\carrier(G Mod kernel(G, H, h)). contents(h `` x) = y"
🍋 ‹The witness is 🍋‹kernel(G,H,h) #> g››
by (force simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def
image_eq_UN [OF hom_is_fun] kernel_rcoset_subset)
qed
text‹If 🍋‹h› is a homomorphism from 🍋‹G› onto 🍋‹H›, then the
quotient group 🍋‹G Mod (kernel(G,H,h))› is isomorphic to 🍋‹H›.›
theorem (in group_hom) FactGroup_iso:
"h \ surj(carrier(G), carrier(H))
==> (λX∈carrier (G Mod kernel(G,H,h)). contents (h``X)) ∈ (G Mod (kernel(G,H,h))) ≅ H"
by (simp add: iso_def FactGroup_hom FactGroup_inj bij_def FactGroup_surj)
end