/* @(#)s_cbrt.c 5.1 93/09/24 */
/*
* = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
* Copyright ( C ) 1993 by Sun Microsystems , Inc . All rights reserved .
*
* Developed at SunPro , a Sun Microsystems , Inc . business .
* Permission to use , copy , modify , and distribute this
* software is freely granted , provided that this notice
* is preserved .
* = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
*
* Optimized by Bruce D . Evans .
*/
//#include <sys/cdefs.h>
//__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
#include <float .h>
#include "math_private.h"
/* cbrt(x)
* Return cube root of x
*/
static const u_int32_t
B1 = 715094163 , /* B1 = (1023-1023/3-0.03306235651)*2**20 */
B2 = 696219795 ; /* B2 = (1023-1023/3-54/3-0.03306235651)*2**20 */
/* |1/cbrt(x) - p(x)| < 2**-23.5 (~[-7.93e-8, 7.929e-8]). */
static const double
P0 = 1 .87595182427177009643 , /* 0x3ffe03e6, 0x0f61e692 */
P1 = -1 .88497979543377169875 , /* 0xbffe28e0, 0x92f02420 */
P2 = 1 .621429720105354466140 , /* 0x3ff9f160, 0x4a49d6c2 */
P3 = -0 .758397934778766047437 , /* 0xbfe844cb, 0xbee751d9 */
P4 = 0 .145996192886612446982 ; /* 0x3fc2b000, 0xd4e4edd7 */
double
cbrt(double x)
{
int32_t hx;
union {
double value;
uint64_t bits;
} u;
double r,s,t=0 .0 ,w;
u_int32_t sign;
u_int32_t high,low;
EXTRACT_WORDS(hx,low,x);
sign=hx&0 x80000000; /* sign= sign(x) */
hx ^=sign;
if (hx>=0 x7ff00000) return (x+x); /* cbrt(NaN,INF) is itself */
/*
* Rough cbrt to 5 bits :
* cbrt ( 2 * * e * ( 1 + m ) ~ = 2 * * ( e / 3 ) * ( 1 + ( e % 3 + m ) / 3 )
* where e is integral and > = 0 , m is real and in [ 0 , 1 ) , and " / " and
* " % " are integer division and modulus with rounding towards minus
* infinity . The RHS is always > = the LHS and has a maximum relative
* error of about 1 in 16 . Adding a bias of - 0 . 03306235651 to the
* ( e % 3 + m ) / 3 term reduces the error to about 1 in 32 . With the IEEE
* floating point representation , for finite positive normal values ,
* ordinary integer division of the value in bits magically gives
* almost exactly the RHS of the above provided we first subtract the
* exponent bias ( 1023 for doubles ) and later add it back . We do the
* subtraction virtually to keep e > = 0 so that ordinary integer
* division rounds towards minus infinity ; this is also efficient .
*/
if (hx<0 x00100000) { /* zero or subnormal? */
if ((hx|low)==0 )
return (x); /* cbrt(0) is itself */
SET_HIGH_WORD(t,0 x43500000); /* set t= 2**54 */
t*=x;
GET_HIGH_WORD(high,t);
INSERT_WORDS(t,sign|((high&0 x7fffffff)/3 +B2),0 );
} else
INSERT_WORDS(t,sign|(hx/3 +B1),0 );
/*
* New cbrt to 23 bits :
* cbrt ( x ) = t * cbrt ( x / t * * 3 ) ~ = t * P ( t * * 3 / x )
* where P ( r ) is a polynomial of degree 4 that approximates 1 / cbrt ( r )
* to within 2 * * - 23 . 5 when | r - 1 | < 1 / 10 . The rough approximation
* has produced t such than | t / cbrt ( x ) - 1 | ~ < 1 / 32 , and cubing this
* gives us bounds for r = t * * 3 / x .
*
* Try to optimize for parallel evaluation as in k_tanf . c .
*/
r=(t*t)*(t/x);
t=t*((P0+r*(P1+r*P2))+((r*r)*r)*(P3+r*P4));
/*
* Round t away from zero to 23 bits ( sloppily except for ensuring that
* the result is larger in magnitude than cbrt ( x ) but not much more than
* 2 23 - bit ulps larger ) . With rounding towards zero , the error bound
* would be ~ 5 / 6 instead of ~ 4 / 6 . With a maximum error of 2 23 - bit ulps
* in the rounded t , the infinite - precision error in the Newton
* approximation barely affects third digit in the final error
* 0 . 667 ; the error in the rounded t can be up to about 3 23 - bit ulps
* before the final error is larger than 0 . 667 ulps .
*/
u.value=t;
u.bits=(u.bits+0 x80000000)&0 xffffffffc0000000ULL;
t=u.value;
/* one step Newton iteration to 53 bits with error < 0.667 ulps */
s=t*t; /* t*t is exact */
r=x/s; /* error <= 0.5 ulps; |r| < |t| */
w=t+t; /* t+t is exact */
r=(r-t)/(w+r); /* r-t is exact; w+r ~= 3*t */
t=t+t*r; /* error <= (0.5 + 0.5/3) * ulp */
return (t);
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=78 H=100 G=89
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.11 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-24)
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