/* @(#)s_log1p.c 5.1 93/09/24 */
/*
* = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
* Copyright ( C ) 1993 by Sun Microsystems , Inc . All rights reserved .
*
* Developed at SunPro , a Sun Microsystems , Inc . business .
* Permission to use , copy , modify , and distribute this
* software is freely granted , provided that this notice
* is preserved .
* = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
*/
//#include <sys/cdefs.h>
//__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
/* double log1p(double x)
*
* Method :
* 1 . Argument Reduction : find k and f such that
* 1 + x = 2 ^ k * ( 1 + f ) ,
* where sqrt ( 2 ) / 2 < 1 + f < sqrt ( 2 ) .
*
* Note . If k = 0 , then f = x is exact . However , if k ! = 0 , then f
* may not be representable exactly . In that case , a correction
* term is need . Let u = 1 + x rounded . Let c = ( 1 + x ) - u , then
* log ( 1 + x ) - log ( u ) ~ c / u . Thus , we proceed to compute log ( u ) ,
* and add back the correction term c / u .
* ( Note : when x > 2 * * 53 , one can simply return log ( x ) )
*
* 2 . Approximation of log1p ( f ) .
* Let s = f / ( 2 + f ) ; based on log ( 1 + f ) = log ( 1 + s ) - log ( 1 - s )
* = 2 s + 2 / 3 s * * 3 + 2 / 5 s * * 5 + . . . . . ,
* = 2 s + s * R
* We use a special Reme algorithm on [ 0 , 0 . 1716 ] to generate
* a polynomial of degree 14 to approximate R The maximum error
* of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2 * * - 58 . 45 . In
* other words ,
* 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
* R ( z ) ~ Lp1 * s + Lp2 * s + Lp3 * s + Lp4 * s + Lp5 * s + Lp6 * s + Lp7 * s
* ( the values of Lp1 to Lp7 are listed in the program )
* and
* | 2 14 | - 58 . 45
* | Lp1 * s + . . . + Lp7 * s - R ( z ) | < = 2
* | |
* Note that 2 s = f - s * f = f - hfsq + s * hfsq , where hfsq = f * f / 2 .
* In order to guarantee error in log below 1 ulp , we compute log
* by
* log1p ( f ) = f - ( hfsq - s * ( hfsq + R ) ) .
*
* 3 . Finally , log1p ( x ) = k * ln2 + log1p ( f ) .
* = k * ln2_hi + ( f - ( hfsq - ( s * ( hfsq + R ) + k * ln2_lo ) ) )
* Here ln2 is split into two floating point number :
* ln2_hi + ln2_lo ,
* where n * ln2_hi is always exact for | n | < 2000 .
*
* Special cases :
* log1p ( x ) is NaN with signal if x < - 1 ( including - INF ) ;
* log1p ( + INF ) is + INF ; log1p ( - 1 ) is - INF with signal ;
* log1p ( NaN ) is that NaN with no signal .
*
* Accuracy :
* according to an error analysis , the error is always less than
* 1 ulp ( unit in the last place ) .
*
* Constants :
* The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following
* constants . The decimal values may be used , provided that the
* compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough
* to produce the hexadecimal values shown .
*
* Note : Assuming log ( ) return accurate answer , the following
* algorithm can be used to compute log1p ( x ) to within a few ULP :
*
* u = 1 + x ;
* if ( u = = 1 . 0 ) return x ; else
* return log ( u ) * ( x / ( u - 1 . 0 ) ) ;
*
* See HP - 15 C Advanced Functions Handbook , p . 193 .
*/
#include <float .h>
#include "math_private.h"
static const double
ln2_hi = 6 .93147180369123816490 e-01 , /* 3fe62e42 fee00000 */
ln2_lo = 1 .90821492927058770002 e-10 , /* 3dea39ef 35793c76 */
two54 = 1 .80143985094819840000 e+16 , /* 43500000 00000000 */
Lp1 = 6 .666666666666735130 e-01 , /* 3FE55555 55555593 */
Lp2 = 3 .999999999940941908 e-01 , /* 3FD99999 9997FA04 */
Lp3 = 2 .857142874366239149 e-01 , /* 3FD24924 94229359 */
Lp4 = 2 .222219843214978396 e-01 , /* 3FCC71C5 1D8E78AF */
Lp5 = 1 .818357216161805012 e-01 , /* 3FC74664 96CB03DE */
Lp6 = 1 .531383769920937332 e-01 , /* 3FC39A09 D078C69F */
Lp7 = 1 .479819860511658591 e-01 ; /* 3FC2F112 DF3E5244 */
static const double zero = 0 .0 ;
static volatile double vzero = 0 .0 ;
double
log1p(double x)
{
double hfsq,f,c,s,z,R,u;
int32_t k,hx,hu,ax;
GET_HIGH_WORD(hx,x);
ax = hx&0 x7fffffff;
k = 1 ;
if (hx < 0 x3FDA827A) { /* 1+x < sqrt(2)+ */
if (ax>=0 x3ff00000) { /* x <= -1.0 */
if (x==-1 .0 ) return -two54/vzero; /* log1p(-1)=+inf */
else return (x-x)/(x-x); /* log1p(x<-1)=NaN */
}
if (ax<0 x3e200000) { /* |x| < 2**-29 */
if (two54+x>zero /* raise inexact */
&&ax<0 x3c900000) /* |x| < 2**-54 */
return x;
else
return x - x*x*0 .5 ;
}
if (hx>0 ||hx<=((int32_t)0 xbfd2bec4)) {
k=0 ;f=x;hu=1 ;} /* sqrt(2)/2- <= 1+x < sqrt(2)+ */
}
if (hx >= 0 x7ff00000) return x+x;
if (k!=0 ) {
if (hx<0 x43400000) {
STRICT_ASSIGN(double ,u,1 .0 +x);
GET_HIGH_WORD(hu,u);
k = (hu>>20 )-1023 ;
c = (k>0 )? 1 .0 -(u-x):x-(u-1 .0 );/* correction term */
c /= u;
} else {
u = x;
GET_HIGH_WORD(hu,u);
k = (hu>>20 )-1023 ;
c = 0 ;
}
hu &= 0 x000fffff;
/*
* The approximation to sqrt ( 2 ) used in thresholds is not
* critical . However , the ones used above must give less
* strict bounds than the one here so that the k = = 0 case is
* never reached from here , since here we have committed to
* using the correction term but don ' t use it if k = = 0 .
*/
if (hu<0 x6a09e) { /* u ~< sqrt(2) */
SET_HIGH_WORD(u,hu|0 x3ff00000); /* normalize u */
} else {
k += 1 ;
SET_HIGH_WORD(u,hu|0 x3fe00000); /* normalize u/2 */
hu = (0 x00100000-hu)>>2 ;
}
f = u-1 .0 ;
}
hfsq=0 .5 *f*f;
if (hu==0 ) { /* |f| < 2**-20 */
if (f==zero) {
if (k==0 ) {
return zero;
} else {
c += k*ln2_lo;
return k*ln2_hi+c;
}
}
R = hfsq*(1 .0 -0 .66666666666666666 *f);
if (k==0 ) return f-R; else
return k*ln2_hi-((R-(k*ln2_lo+c))-f);
}
s = f/(2 .0 +f);
z = s*s;
R = z*(Lp1+z*(Lp2+z*(Lp3+z*(Lp4+z*(Lp5+z*(Lp6+z*Lp7))))));
if (k==0 ) return f-(hfsq-s*(hfsq+R)); else
return k*ln2_hi-((hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+(k*ln2_lo+c)))-f);
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=84 H=100 G=92
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.13 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-24)
¤
*© Formatika GbR, Deutschland