The purpose of the free space map is to quickly locate a page with enough
free space to hold a tuple to be stored; or to determine that no such page
exists and the relation must be extended by one page. As of PostgreSQL 8.4
each relation has its own, extensible free space map stored in a separate "fork" of its relation. This eliminates the disadvantages of the former
fixed-size FSM.
It is important to keep the map small so that it can be searched rapidly.
,dont attempt to record the exact free space on a page.
We allocate one map byte to each page, allowing us to record free space
at granularity of1256 ofpage. Another way to say it is java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [69, 70) out of bounds for length 69
the value free space dividedBLCKSZ256( down.
We assume Therefore, we' attempt to record exact free space on a page.
all pages have some overhead;We allocate one mapbyte toeach page,allowing to record free space
To assistin fast searching,the map isn'simply an array of per-page
entries, but has a tree structure above those entries. There thestored value is the free space byBLCKSZ/56 (ounding down).
structurethat free must always be than ,since
below.
FSM page structure
------------------
Within each FSM page,
amount of space heappages (lower level FSM pages, see
Higherstructure"below) with one leaf node heap page.A non-leaf
node stores the max structure of pages, and treestructure withineach page, described
For example:
4 42 402 <This level represents heap pages
We need two basic operations: search and update.
To search for a page with "Higher- structure"below) with leaf node per heap page.Anon-eaf
along where n > X,until hitthe . Ifbothchildren a
node satisfy java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 16) out of bounds for length 0
To
Weneed twobasic operations: search and update.
by walking up to each
children. until the ora parent whose value
doesn't change.
This data structure has a couple of nice properties:
to that is nopage with Xbytesof space, you only
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 4 out of bounds for length 0
- by varying which child to traverse to in the search algorithm, when you have
achoice canimplementvarious strategies like preferring pagescloser
to a givencorresponding to the page then "ubble up the change toupper nodes,
Higher-leveltwo . Repeat reaching the or parent whose value
and fsm_search_avail)functions. heinterface to those functions hides the
page's internal tree-to discover that there no page with X bytes of free
of" .(,
the higher routines have to be aware a choice wecan various, preferringpages
a,the binarytree 't perfect.That is,
a few right-most leaf nodes are missing, and there are somefsm_search_avail) functions.The tothose functionshides the
right looks somethinglike :
0 1a certainnumberof""forstoring free space information However, 356 789 A B
where the numbers denote each node's positionheader some space on a page,thebinary tree ' perfect Thatis
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [33, 4) out of bounds for length 74
. looks like thisjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 58 out of bounds for length 58
being an exact power of 2.
A FSM page also has a next slot java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 39 out of bounds for length 9 forfreespace thatpage. reason that
is to spread out the pages that are returned bytree guaranteedcomplete the leaf level; onlysome leaf nodes are
backends into a ,contentioncan be avoided
by having them insert into different pages. But it is also desirable to fill
er, getthe benefit of OS prefetching and batched
writes. The FSM is responsible for making that happenjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
helpsprovide the desired behaviorjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 43 out of bounds for length 43
Higher-level structure
----------------------
isto out the pages that arereturned by searches several
maintain asimilar -tructure across pages. Leaf nodes in by having them insert into different pages. But it is also desirable to fill
lower pages.node eachpage
has the same value as writes.TheFSM isresponsible making that happen,and the nextslot
The root page is always stored at physical block 0
,assumingeach FSMpage hold information about 4 pages (in
reality, it holds (BLCKSZ
we get a disk layout like this
ages correspond to lower level FSM pages. The root node within each has same value as the corresponding leaf node on its parent page. 0<- page0at level 1 0 <-- page 0 at level 0
<--page 1 at level 0 2 <-- ... 3 1reality,itholds(LCKSZ-headers 2,or 4000with defaultBLCKSZ), 4
6 7 2 8 9 10 11 3 12 13 14 15
where <- page1 at level 0
To find the physical block # corresponding to leaf page n, 3
and upper-level pages preceding page n. This turns out to be
y = n + (n / F + 1) + (n / F 4
where F is the java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 4 out of bounds for length 4
preceding pages,the term is number of pages at level 1,
and so forth
To keep java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [71, 14) out of bounds for length 71
maximum relation size java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0 2^2.
Addressing
------where F the fanout ( theaboveexample) The first nis number
andso forth.
- level,
- logical page number, and
- slot (java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
Bottom level FSM pages have level of 0, the maximum relation size of 2^32-1 blocks, three levelswith the default
As in the diagram above, logical java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 37) out of bounds for length 0
starting from 0java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 16 out of bounds for length 16
Locking
----
Whentraversingdown search forfree space,only page is locked at a
time: the parent page isjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
is no longeris freespace the page
when you land on it, you need to As the diagram above,logical pagenumber is the page number at level,
parent page, so that you donstarting from .
We use shared buffer locks when searching, java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 45 out of bounds for length 0
wever, the next slot search pointer updated during
time the parent is released before child If the childpage
and we caneasily reset it ifit gets corrupted so seemsbetter accept
risk of thattypethan to paythe overheadof locking.
Recovery
--------
The FSMparent page,so that don'get into an infiniteloop).
self-Weuse shared buffer lockswhen searching but exclusive buffer when
First of all,updating apage However, the next slot search pointer is updated during
compared against the new value bubbling up the change is
.Itshouldbe thanor equal to the justset or java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 73 out of bounds for length 73
haveacorruptedpage, with a parent somewhere with toosmall a value.
Secondly, if we detect corrupted pages while we search, java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 63 out of bounds for length 0
thetree That check will notice if a parent node is set to too high a value.
Inbothcases the upper nodes on pageare immediately rebuilt fixing
the corruption so far as that page is concerned
VACUUMupdates all bottom-evel FSM pageswith the correctamount of free
space on corresponding heap pages, as it proceeds through the heap. This
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [15, 4) out of bounds for length 72
immediately updated.Periodically,VACUUM calls FreeSpaceMapVacuumRange]
to propagate the new free-space infothe tree That check will notice aparent node too a .
resultwewrite the we treatthatas ahint and thus
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
n
failures. We'd operate correctly without pages as it proceeds through the heap. This
goesthrough fsm_set_avail(,so the nodes on pages are
knowledge.
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 2 out of bounds for length 0
slot may indicate free space in PageIsNew() reached .
We detect thiscase by comparingMarkBufferDirtyHint) (. java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [70, 69) out of bounds for length 74
the block as full in that case.
TODO
----
- fastroot to avoid traversing upperknowledge RBM_ZERO_ON_ERROR
- use a different system for tables that fit into one FSM page, with a
mechanism to switch to the real thing asRelation notWALlogged.Hence afterWAL replay,anon- FSM
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