(* Title: HOL/Hilbert_Choice.thy Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Tobias Nipkow Author: Viorel Preoteasa (Results about complete distributive lattices) Copyright 2001 University of Cambridge *)
section‹Hilbert's Epsilon-Operator and the Axiom of Choice›
theory Hilbert_Choice imports Wellfounded
keywords "specification" :: thy_goal_defn begin
subsection‹Hilbert's epsilon›
axiomatization Eps :: "('a ==> bool) ==> 'a" where someI: "P x ==> P (Eps P)"
lemma Eps_cong: assumes"∧x. P x = Q x" shows"Eps P = Eps Q" using ext[of P Q, OF assms] by simp
text‹ Easier to use than ‹someI›if the witness comes from an existential formula. › lemma someI_ex [elim?]: "∃x. P x ==> P (SOME x. P x)" by (elim exE someI)
lemma some_eq_imp: assumes"Eps P = a""P b"shows"P a" using assms someI_ex by force
text‹ Easier to use than ‹someI›because the conclusion has only one occurrence of 🍋‹P›. › lemma someI2: "P a ==> (∧x. P x ==> Q x) ==> Q (SOME x. P x)" by (blast intro: someI)
text‹ Easier to use than ‹someI2›if the witness comes from an existential formula. › lemma someI2_ex: "∃a. P a ==> (∧x. P x ==> Q x) ==> Q (SOME x. P x)" by (blast intro: someI2)
lemma someI2_bex: "∃a∈A. P a ==> (∧x. x ∈ A ∧ P x ==> Q x) ==> Q (SOME x. x ∈ A ∧P x)" by (blast intro: someI2)
lemma some_equality [intro]: "P a ==> (∧x. P x ==> x = a) ==> (SOME x. P x) = a" by (blast intro: someI2)
lemma some1_equality: "∃!x. P x ==> P a ==> (SOME x. P x) = a" by blast
lemma some_eq_ex: "P (SOME x. P x) ⟷ (∃x. P x)" by (blast intro: someI)
lemma some_in_eq: "(SOME x. x ∈ A) ∈ A ⟷ A ≠ {}" unfolding ex_in_conv[symmetric] by (rule some_eq_ex)
lemma some_eq_trivial [simp]: "(SOME y. y = x) = x" by (rule some_equality) (rule refl)
lemma some_sym_eq_trivial [simp]: "(SOME y. x = y) = x" by (iprover intro: some_equality)
subsection‹Axiom of Choice, Proved Using the Description Operator›
lemma choice: "∀x. ∃y. Q x y ==>∃f. ∀x. Q x (f x)" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma bchoice: "∀x∈S. ∃y. Q x y ==>∃f. ∀x∈S. Q x (f x)" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma choice_iff: "(∀x. ∃y. Q x y) ⟷ (∃f. ∀x. Q x (f x))" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma choice_iff': "(∀x. P x ⟶ (∃y. Q x y)) ⟷ (∃f. ∀x. P x ⟶ Q x (f x))" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma bchoice_iff: "(∀x∈S. ∃y. Q x y) ⟷ (∃f. ∀x∈S. Q x (f x))" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma bchoice_iff': "(∀x∈S. P x ⟶ (∃y. Q x y)) ⟷ (∃f. ∀x∈S. P x ⟶ Q x (f x))" by (fast elim: someI)
lemma dependent_nat_choice: assumes 1: "∃x. P 0 x" and 2: "∧x n. P n x ==>∃y. P (Suc n) y ∧ Q n x y" shows"∃f. ∀n. P n (f n) ∧ Q n (f n) (f (Suc n))" proof (intro exI allI conjI) fix n
define f where"f = rec_nat (SOME x. P 0 x) (λn x. SOME y. P (Suc n) y ∧ Q n x y)" thenhave"P 0 (f 0)""∧n. P n (f n) ==> P (Suc n) (f (Suc n)) ∧ Q n (f n) (f (Suc n))" using someI_ex[OF 1] someI_ex[OF 2] by simp_all thenshow"P n (f n)""Q n (f n) (f (Suc n))" by (induct n) auto qed
lemma finite_subset_Union: assumes"finite A""A ⊆∪B" obtainsFwhere"finite F""F⊆B""A ⊆∪F" proof - have"∀x∈A. ∃B∈B. x∈B" using assms by blast thenobtain f where f: "∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x ∈B∧ x ∈ f x" by (auto simp add: bchoice_iff Bex_def) show thesis proof show"finite (f ` A)" using assms by auto qed (use f in auto) qed
subsection‹Getting an element of a nonempty set›
definition some_elem :: "'a set ==> 'a" where"some_elem A = (SOME x. x ∈ A)"
lemma some_elem_nonempty: "A ≠ {} ==> some_elem A ∈ A" unfolding some_elem_def by (auto intro: someI)
lemma is_singleton_some_elem: "is_singleton A ⟷ A = {some_elem A}" by (auto simp: is_singleton_def)
lemma some_elem_image_unique: assumes"A ≠ {}" and *: "∧y. y ∈ A ==> f y = a" shows"some_elem (f ` A) = a" unfolding some_elem_def proof (rule some1_equality) from‹A ≠ {}›obtain y where"y ∈ A"by auto with * ‹y ∈ A›have"a ∈ f ` A"by blast thenshow"a ∈ f ` A"by auto with * show"∃!x. x ∈ f ` A" by auto qed
subsection‹Function Inverse›
lemma inv_def: "inv f = (λy. SOME x. f x = y)" by (simp add: inv_into_def)
lemma inv_into_into: "x ∈ f ` A ==> inv_into A f x ∈ A" by (simp add: inv_into_def) (fast intro: someI2)
lemma inv_identity [simp]: "inv (λa. a) = (λa. a)" by (simp add: inv_def)
lemma inv_id [simp]: "inv id = id" by (simp add: id_def)
lemma inv_into_f_f [simp]: "inj_on f A ==> x ∈ A ==> inv_into A f (f x) = x" by (simp add: inv_into_def inj_on_def) (blast intro: someI2)
lemma inv_f_f: "inj f ==> inv f (f x) = x" by simp
lemma f_inv_into_f: "y ∈ f`A ==> f (inv_into A f y) = y" by (simp add: inv_into_def) (fast intro: someI2)
lemma inv_into_f_eq: "inj_on f A ==> x ∈ A ==> f x = y ==> inv_into A f y = x" by (erule subst) (fast intro: inv_into_f_f)
lemma inv_f_eq: "inj f ==> f x = y ==> inv f y = x" by (simp add:inv_into_f_eq)
lemma inj_imp_inv_eq: "inj f ==>∀x. f (g x) = x ==> inv f = g" by (blast intro: inv_into_f_eq)
text‹But is it useful?› lemma inj_transfer: assumes inj: "inj f" and minor: "∧y. y ∈ range f ==> P (inv f y)" shows"P x" proof - have"f x ∈ range f"by auto thenhave"P(inv f (f x))"by (rule minor) thenshow"P x"by (simp add: inv_into_f_f [OF inj]) qed
lemma inj_iff: "inj f ⟷ inv f ∘ f = id" by (simp add: o_def fun_eq_iff) (blast intro: inj_on_inverseI inv_into_f_f)
lemma inv_o_cancel[simp]: "inj f ==> inv f ∘ f = id" by (simp add: inj_iff)
lemma o_inv_o_cancel[simp]: "inj f ==> g ∘ inv f ∘ f = g" by (simp add: comp_assoc)
lemma inv_into_image_cancel[simp]: "inj_on f A ==> S ⊆ A ==> inv_into A f ` f ` S = S" by (fastforce simp: image_def)
lemma inj_imp_surj_inv: "inj f ==> surj (inv f)" by (blast intro!: surjI inv_into_f_f)
lemma surj_f_inv_f: "surj f ==> f (inv f y) = y" by (simp add: f_inv_into_f)
lemma bij_inv_eq_iff: "bij p ==> x = inv p y ⟷ p x = y" using surj_f_inv_f[of p] by (auto simp add: bij_def)
lemma inv_into_injective: assumes eq: "inv_into A f x = inv_into A f y" and x: "x ∈ f`A" and y: "y ∈ f`A" shows"x = y" proof - from eq have"f (inv_into A f x) = f (inv_into A f y)" by simp with x y show ?thesis by (simp add: f_inv_into_f) qed
lemma inj_on_inv_into: "B ⊆ f`A ==> inj_on (inv_into A f) B" by (blast intro: inj_onI dest: inv_into_injective injD)
lemma inj_imp_bij_betw_inv: "inj f ==> bij_betw (inv f) (f ` M) M" by (simp add: bij_betw_def image_subsetI inj_on_inv_into)
lemma bij_betw_inv_into: "bij_betw f A B ==> bij_betw (inv_into A f) B A" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_inv_into)
lemma surj_imp_inj_inv: "surj f ==> inj (inv f)" by (simp add: inj_on_inv_into)
lemma surj_iff: "surj f ⟷ f ∘ inv f = id" by (auto intro!: surjI simp: surj_f_inv_f fun_eq_iff[where 'b='a])
lemma surj_iff_all: "surj f ⟷ (∀x. f (inv f x) = x)" by (simp add: o_def surj_iff fun_eq_iff)
lemma surj_imp_inv_eq: assumes"surj f"and gf: "∧x. g (f x) = x" shows"inv f = g" proof (rule ext) fix x have"g (f (inv f x)) = inv f x" by (rule gf) thenshow"inv f x = g x" by (simp add: surj_f_inv_f ‹surj f›) qed
lemma bij_imp_bij_inv: "bij f ==> bij (inv f)" by (simp add: bij_def inj_imp_surj_inv surj_imp_inj_inv)
lemma inv_equality: "(∧x. g (f x) = x) ==> (∧y. f (g y) = y) ==> inv f = g" by (rule ext) (auto simp add: inv_into_def)
lemma inv_inv_eq: "bij f ==> inv (inv f) = f" by (rule inv_equality) (auto simp add: bij_def surj_f_inv_f)
text‹ ‹bij (inv f)›implies little about ‹f›. Consider ‹f :: bool ==> bool› such that ‹f True = f False = True›. Then it ia consistent with axiom ‹someI› that ‹inv f›could be any function at all, including the identity function. If ‹inv f = id›then ‹inv f› is a bijection, but ‹inj f›, ‹surj f› and ‹inv (inv f) = f› ›
lemma inv_into_comp: "inj_on f (g ` A) ==> inj_on g A ==> x ∈ f ` g ` A ==> inv_into A (f ∘ g) x = (inv_into A g ∘ inv_into (g ` A) f) x" by (auto simp: f_inv_into_f inv_into_into intro: inv_into_f_eq comp_inj_on)
lemma o_inv_distrib: "bij f ==> bij g ==> inv (f ∘ g) = inv g ∘ inv f" by (rule inv_equality) (auto simp add: bij_def surj_f_inv_f)
lemma image_f_inv_f: "surj f ==> f ` (inv f ` A) = A" by (simp add: surj_f_inv_f image_comp comp_def)
lemma image_inv_f_f: "inj f ==> inv f ` (f ` A) = A" by simp
lemma bij_image_Collect_eq: assumes"bij f" shows"f ` Collect P = {y. P (inv f y)}" proof show"f ` Collect P ⊆ {y. P (inv f y)}" using assms by (force simp add: bij_is_inj) show"{y. P (inv f y)} ⊆ f ` Collect P" using assms by (blast intro: bij_is_surj [THEN surj_f_inv_f, symmetric]) qed
lemma bij_vimage_eq_inv_image: assumes"bij f" shows"f -` A = inv f ` A" proof show"f -` A ⊆ inv f ` A" using assms by (blast intro: bij_is_inj [THEN inv_into_f_f, symmetric]) show"inv f ` A ⊆ f -` A" using assms by (auto simp add: bij_is_surj [THEN surj_f_inv_f]) qed
lemma inv_fn_o_fn_is_id: fixes f::"'a ==> 'a" assumes"bij f" shows"((inv f)^^n) o (f^^n) = (λx. x)" proof - have"((inv f)^^n)((f^^n) x) = x"for x n proof (induction n) case (Suc n) have *: "(inv f) (f y) = y"for y by (simp add: assms bij_is_inj) have"(inv f ^^ Suc n) ((f ^^ Suc n) x) = (inv f^^n) (inv f (f ((f^^n) x)))" by (simp add: funpow_swap1) alsohave"... = (inv f^^n) ((f^^n) x)" using * by auto alsohave"... = x"using Suc.IH by auto finallyshow ?caseby simp qed (auto) thenshow ?thesis unfolding o_def by blast qed
lemma fn_o_inv_fn_is_id: fixes f::"'a ==> 'a" assumes"bij f" shows"(f^^n) o ((inv f)^^n) = (λx. x)" proof - have"(f^^n) (((inv f)^^n) x) = x"for x n proof (induction n) case (Suc n) have *: "f(inv f y) = y"for y using bij_inv_eq_iff[OF assms] by auto have"(f ^^ Suc n) ((inv f ^^ Suc n) x) = (f^^n) (f (inv f ((inv f^^n) x)))" by (simp add: funpow_swap1) alsohave"... = (f^^n) ((inv f^^n) x)" using * by auto alsohave"... = x"using Suc.IH by auto finallyshow ?caseby simp qed (auto) thenshow ?thesis unfolding o_def by blast qed
lemma inv_fn: fixes f::"'a ==> 'a" assumes"bij f" shows"inv (f^^n) = ((inv f)^^n)" proof - have"inv (f^^n) x = ((inv f)^^n) x"for x proof (rule inv_into_f_eq) show"inj (f ^^ n)" by (simp add: inj_fn[OF bij_is_inj [OF assms]]) show"(f ^^ n) ((inv f ^^ n) x) = x" using fn_o_inv_fn_is_id[OF assms, THEN fun_cong] by force qed auto thenshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma funpow_inj_finite: 🍋‹contributor ‹Lars Noschinski›\› assumes‹inj p›‹finite {y. ∃n. y = (p ^^ n) x}› obtains n where‹n > 0›‹(p ^^ n) x = x› proof - have‹infinite (UNIV :: nat set)› by simp moreoverhave‹{y. ∃n. y = (p ^^ n) x} = (λn. (p ^^ n) x) ` UNIV› by auto with assms have‹finite …› by simp ultimatelyhave"∃n ∈ UNIV. ¬ finite {m ∈ UNIV. (p ^^ m) x = (p ^^ n) x}" by (rule pigeonhole_infinite) thenobtain n where"infinite {m. (p ^^ m) x = (p ^^ n) x}"by auto thenhave"infinite ({m. (p ^^ m) x = (p ^^ n) x} - {n})"by auto thenhave"({m. (p ^^ m) x = (p ^^ n) x} - {n}) ≠ {}" by (auto simp add: subset_singleton_iff) thenobtain m where m: "(p ^^ m) x = (p ^^ n) x""m ≠ n"by auto
{ fix m n assume"(p ^^ n) x = (p ^^ m) x""m < n" have"(p ^^ (n - m)) x = inv (p ^^ m) ((p ^^ m) ((p ^^ (n - m)) x))" using‹inj p›by (simp add: inv_f_f) alsohave"((p ^^ m) ((p ^^ (n - m)) x)) = (p ^^ n) x" using‹m 🚫› funpow_add [of m ‹n - m› p] by simp alsohave"inv (p ^^ m) … = x" using‹inj p›by (simp add: ‹(p ^^ n) x = _›) finallyhave"(p ^^ (n - m)) x = x""0 < n - m" using‹m 🚫›by auto } note general = this
show thesis proof (cases m n rule: linorder_cases) case less thenhave‹n - m > 0›‹(p ^^ (n - m)) x = x› using general [of n m] m by simp_all thenshow thesis by (blast intro: that) next case equal thenshow thesis using m by simp next case greater thenhave‹m - n > 0›‹(p ^^ (m - n)) x = x› using general [of m n] m by simp_all thenshow thesis by (blast intro: that) qed qed
lemma mono_inv: fixes f::"'a::linorder ==> 'b::linorder" assumes"mono f""bij f" shows"mono (inv f)" proof fix x y::'b assume"x ≤ y" from‹bij f›obtain a b where x: "x = f a"and y: "y = f b"by(fastforce simp: bij_def surj_def) show"inv f x ≤ inv f y" proof (rule le_cases) assume"a ≤ b" thus ?thesis using‹bij f› x y by(simp add: bij_def inv_f_f) next assume"b ≤ a" hence"f b ≤ f a"by(rule monoD[OF ‹mono f›]) hence"y ≤ x"using x y by simp hence"x = y"using‹x ≤ y›by auto thus ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma strict_mono_inv_on_range: fixes f :: "'a::linorder ==> 'b::order" assumes"strict_mono f" shows"strict_mono_on (range f) (inv f)" proof (clarsimp simp: strict_mono_on_def) fix x y assume"f x < f y" thenshow"inv f (f x) < inv f (f y)" using assms strict_mono_imp_inj_on strict_mono_less by fastforce qed
lemma mono_bij_Inf: fixes f :: "'a::complete_linorder ==> 'b::complete_linorder" assumes"mono f""bij f" shows"f (Inf A) = Inf (f`A)" proof - have"surj f"using‹bij f›by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) have *: "(inv f) (Inf (f`A)) ≤ Inf ((inv f)`(f`A))" using mono_Inf[OF mono_inv[OF assms], of "f`A"] by simp have"Inf (f`A) ≤ f (Inf ((inv f)`(f`A)))" using monoD[OF ‹mono f› *] by(simp add: surj_f_inv_f[OF ‹surj f›]) alsohave"... = f(Inf A)" using assms by (simp add: bij_is_inj) finallyshow ?thesis using mono_Inf[OF assms(1), of A] by auto qed
lemma finite_fun_UNIVD1: assumes fin: "finite (UNIV :: ('a ==> 'b) set)" and card: "card (UNIV :: 'b set) ≠ Suc 0" shows"finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" proof - let ?UNIV_b = "UNIV :: 'b set" from fin have"finite ?UNIV_b" by (rule finite_fun_UNIVD2) with card have"card ?UNIV_b ≥ Suc (Suc 0)" by (cases "card ?UNIV_b") (auto simp: card_eq_0_iff) thenhave"card ?UNIV_b = Suc (Suc (card ?UNIV_b - Suc (Suc 0)))" by simp thenobtain b1 b2 :: 'b where b1b2: "b1 ≠ b2" by (auto simp: card_Suc_eq) from fin have fin': "finite (range (λf :: 'a ==> 'b. inv f b1))" by (rule finite_imageI) have"UNIV = range (λf :: 'a ==> 'b. inv f b1)" proof (rule UNIV_eq_I) fix x :: 'a from b1b2 have"x = inv (λy. if y = x then b1 else b2) b1" by (simp add: inv_into_def) thenshow"x ∈ range (λf::'a ==> 'b. inv f b1)" by blast qed with fin' show ?thesis by simp qed
text‹ Every infinite set contains a countable subset. More precisely we show that a set ‹S›is infinite if and only if there exists an injective function from the naturals into ‹S›. The ``only if'' direction is harder because it requires the construction of a sequence of pairwise different elements of an infinite set ‹S›. The idea is to construct a sequence of non-empty and infinite subsets of ‹S›obtained by successively removing elements of ‹S›. ›
lemma infinite_countable_subset: assumes inf: "¬ finite S" shows"∃f::nat ==> 'a. inj f ∧ range f ⊆ S" 🍋‹Courtesy of Stephan Merz› proof -
define Sseq where"Sseq = rec_nat S (λn T. T - {SOME e. e ∈ T})"
define pick where"pick n = (SOME e. e ∈ Sseq n)"for n have *: "Sseq n ⊆ S""¬ finite (Sseq n)"for n by (induct n) (auto simp: Sseq_def inf) thenhave **: "∧n. pick n ∈ Sseq n" unfolding pick_def by (subst (asm) finite.simps) (auto simp add: ex_in_conv intro: someI_ex) with * have"range pick ⊆ S"by auto moreoverhave"pick n ≠ pick (n + Suc m)"for m n proof - have"pick n ∉ Sseq (n + Suc m)" by (induct m) (auto simp add: Sseq_def pick_def) with ** show ?thesis by auto qed thenhave"inj pick" by (intro linorder_injI) (auto simp add: less_iff_Suc_add) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
lemma infinite_iff_countable_subset: "¬ finite S ⟷ (∃f::nat ==> 'a. inj f ∧ range f ⊆ S)" 🍋‹Courtesy of Stephan Merz› using finite_imageD finite_subset infinite_UNIV_char_0 infinite_countable_subset by auto
lemma image_inv_into_cancel: assumes surj: "f`A = A'" and sub: "B' ⊆ A'" shows"f `((inv_into A f)`B') = B'" using assms proof (auto simp: f_inv_into_f) let ?f' = "inv_into A f" fix a' assume *: "a' ∈ B'" with sub have"a' ∈ A'"by auto with surj have"a' = f (?f' a')" by (auto simp: f_inv_into_f) with * show"a' ∈ f ` (?f' ` B')"by blast qed
lemma inv_into_inv_into_eq: assumes"bij_betw f A A'" and a: "a ∈ A" shows"inv_into A' (inv_into A f) a = f a" proof - let ?f' = "inv_into A f" let ?f'' = "inv_into A' ?f'" from assms have *: "bij_betw ?f' A' A" by (auto simp: bij_betw_inv_into) with a obtain a' where a': "a' ∈ A'""?f' a' = a" unfolding bij_betw_def by force with a * have"?f'' a = a'" by (auto simp: f_inv_into_f bij_betw_def) moreoverfrom assms a' have"f a = a'" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) ultimatelyshow"?f'' a = f a"by simp qed
lemma inj_on_iff_surj: assumes"A ≠ {}" shows"(∃f. inj_on f A ∧ f ` A ⊆ A') ⟷ (∃g. g ` A' = A)" proof safe fix f assume inj: "inj_on f A"and incl: "f ` A ⊆ A'" let ?phi = "λa' a. a ∈ A ∧ f a = a'" let ?csi = "λa. a ∈ A" let ?g = "λa'. if a' ∈ f ` A then (SOME a. ?phi a' a) else (SOME a. ?csi a)" have"?g ` A' = A" proof show"?g ` A' ⊆ A" proof clarify fix a' assume *: "a' ∈ A'" show"?g a' ∈ A" proof (cases "a' ∈ f ` A") case True thenobtain a where"?phi a' a"by blast thenhave"?phi a' (SOME a. ?phi a' a)" using someI[of "?phi a'" a] by blast with True show ?thesis by auto next case False with assms have"?csi (SOME a. ?csi a)" using someI_ex[of ?csi] by blast with False show ?thesis by auto qed qed next show"A ⊆ ?g ` A'" proof - have"?g (f a) = a ∧ f a ∈ A'"if a: "a ∈ A"for a proof - let ?b = "SOME aa. ?phi (f a) aa" from a have"?phi (f a) a"by auto thenhave *: "?phi (f a) ?b" using someI[of "?phi(f a)" a] by blast thenhave"?g (f a) = ?b"using a by auto moreoverfrom inj * a have"a = ?b" by (auto simp add: inj_on_def) ultimatelyhave"?g(f a) = a"by simp with incl a show ?thesis by auto qed thenshow ?thesis by force qed qed thenshow"∃g. g ` A' = A"by blast next fix g let ?f = "inv_into A' g" have"inj_on ?f (g ` A')" by (auto simp: inj_on_inv_into) moreoverhave"?f (g a') ∈ A'"if a': "a' ∈ A'"for a' proof - let ?phi = "λ b'. b' ∈ A' ∧ g b' = g a'" from a' have"?phi a'"by auto thenhave"?phi (SOME b'. ?phi b')" using someI[of ?phi] by blast thenshow ?thesis by (auto simp: inv_into_def) qed ultimatelyshow"∃f. inj_on f (g ` A') ∧ f ` g ` A' ⊆ A'" by auto qed
lemma Ex_inj_on_UNION_Sigma: "∃f. (inj_on f (∪i ∈ I. A i) ∧ f ` (∪i ∈ I. A i) ⊆ (SIGMA i : I. A i))" proof let ?phi = "λa i. i ∈ I ∧ a ∈ A i" let ?sm = "λa. SOME i. ?phi a i" let ?f = "λa. (?sm a, a)" have"inj_on ?f (∪i ∈ I. A i)" by (auto simp: inj_on_def) moreover have"?sm a ∈ I ∧ a ∈ A(?sm a)"if"i ∈ I"and"a ∈ A i"for i a using that someI[of "?phi a" i] by auto thenhave"?f ` (∪i ∈ I. A i) ⊆ (SIGMA i : I. A i)" by auto ultimatelyshow"inj_on ?f (∪i ∈ I. A i) ∧ ?f ` (∪i ∈ I. A i) ⊆ (SIGMA i : I. A i)" by auto qed
lemma inv_unique_comp: assumes fg: "f ∘ g = id" and gf: "g ∘ f = id" shows"inv f = g" using fg gf inv_equality[of g f] by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma subset_image_inj: "S ⊆ f ` T ⟷ (∃U. U ⊆ T ∧ inj_on f U ∧ S = f ` U)" proof safe show"∃U⊆T. inj_on f U ∧ S = f ` U" if"S ⊆ f ` T" proof - from that [unfolded subset_image_iff subset_iff] obtain g where g: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x ∈ T ∧ x = f (g x)" by (auto simp add: image_iff Bex_def choice_iff') show ?thesis proof (intro exI conjI) show"g ` S ⊆ T" by (simp add: g image_subsetI) show"inj_on f (g ` S)" using g by (auto simp: inj_on_def) show"S = f ` (g ` S)" using g image_subset_iff by auto qed qed qed blast
subsection‹Other Consequences of Hilbert's Epsilon›
text‹Hilbert's Epsilon and the 🍋‹split›Operator›
text‹Looping simprule!› lemma split_paired_Eps: "(SOME x. P x) = (SOME (a, b). P (a, b))" by simp
lemma Eps_case_prod: "Eps (case_prod P) = (SOME xy. P (fst xy) (snd xy))" by (simp add: split_def)
lemma Eps_case_prod_eq [simp]: "(SOME (x', y'). x = x' ∧ y = y') = (x, y)" by blast
text‹A relation is wellfounded iff it has no infinite descending chain.› lemma wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain: "wf r ⟷ (∄f. ∀i. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r)"
(is"_ ⟷¬ ?ex") proof assume"wf r" show"¬ ?ex" proof assume ?ex thenobtain f where f: "(f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r"for i by blast from‹wf r›have minimal: "x ∈ Q ==>∃z∈Q. ∀y. (y, z) ∈ r ⟶ y ∉ Q"for x Q by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal) let ?Q = "{w. ∃i. w = f i}" fix n have"f n ∈ ?Q"by blast from minimal [OF this] obtain j where"(y, f j) ∈ r ==> y ∉ ?Q"for y by blast with this [OF ‹(f (Suc j), f j) ∈ r›] have"f (Suc j) ∉ ?Q"by simp thenshow False by blast qed next assume"¬ ?ex" thenshow"wf r" proof (rule contrapos_np) assume"¬ wf r" thenobtain Q x where x: "x ∈ Q"and rec: "z ∈ Q ==>∃y. (y, z) ∈ r ∧ y ∈ Q"for z by (auto simp add: wf_eq_minimal) obtain descend :: "nat ==> 'a" where descend_0: "descend 0 = x" and descend_Suc: "descend (Suc n) = (SOME y. y ∈ Q ∧ (y, descend n) ∈ r)"for n by (rule that [of "rec_nat x (λ_ rec. (SOME y. y ∈ Q ∧ (y, rec) ∈ r))"]) simp_all have descend_Q: "descend n ∈ Q"for n proof (induct n) case 0 with x show ?caseby (simp only: descend_0) next case Suc thenshow ?caseby (simp only: descend_Suc) (rule someI2_ex; use rec in blast) qed have"(descend (Suc i), descend i) ∈ r"for i by (simp only: descend_Suc) (rule someI2_ex; use descend_Q rec in blast) thenshow"∃f. ∀i. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r"by blast qed qed
lemma wf_no_infinite_down_chainE: assumes"wf r" obtains k where"(f (Suc k), f k) ∉ r" using assms wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain[of r] by blast
text‹A dynamically-scoped fact for TFL› lemma tfl_some: "∀P x. P x ⟶ P (Eps P)" by (blast intro: someI)
subsection‹An aside: bounded accessible part›
text‹Finite monotone eventually stable sequences›
lemma finite_mono_remains_stable_implies_strict_prefix: fixes f :: "nat ==> 'a::order" assumes S: "finite (range f)""mono f" and eq: "∀n. f n = f (Suc n) ⟶ f (Suc n) = f (Suc (Suc n))" shows"∃N. (∀n≤N. ∀m≤N. m < n ⟶ f m < f n) ∧ (∀n≥N. f N = f n)" using assms proof - have"∃n. f n = f (Suc n)" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"∧n. f n ≠ f (Suc n)"by auto with‹mono f›have"∧n. f n < f (Suc n)" by (auto simp: le_less mono_iff_le_Suc) with lift_Suc_mono_less_iff[of f] have *: "∧n m. n < m ==> f n < f m" by auto have"inj f" proof (intro injI) fix x y assume"f x = f y" thenshow"x = y" by (cases x y rule: linorder_cases) (auto dest: *) qed with‹finite (range f)›have"finite (UNIV::nat set)" by (rule finite_imageD) thenshow False by simp qed thenobtain n where n: "f n = f (Suc n)" ..
define N where"N = (LEAST n. f n = f (Suc n))" have N: "f N = f (Suc N)" unfolding N_def using n by (rule LeastI) show ?thesis proof (intro exI[of _ N] conjI allI impI) fix n assume"N ≤ n" thenhave"∧m. N ≤ m ==> m ≤ n ==> f m = f N" proof (induct rule: dec_induct) case base thenshow ?caseby simp next case (step n) thenshow ?case using eq [rule_format, of "n - 1"] N by (cases n) (auto simp add: le_Suc_eq) qed from this[of n] ‹N ≤ n›show"f N = f n"by auto next fix n m :: nat assume"m < n""n ≤ N" thenshow"f m < f n" proof (induct rule: less_Suc_induct) case (1 i) thenhave"i < N"by simp thenhave"f i ≠ f (Suc i)" unfolding N_def by (rule not_less_Least) with‹mono f›show ?caseby (simp add: mono_iff_le_Suc less_le) next case 2 thenshow ?caseby simp qed qed qed
lemma finite_mono_strict_prefix_implies_finite_fixpoint: fixes f :: "nat ==> 'a set" assumes S: "∧i. f i ⊆ S""finite S" and ex: "∃N. (∀n≤N. ∀m≤N. m < n ⟶ f m ⊂ f n) ∧ (∀n≥N. f N = f n)" shows"f (card S) = (∪n. f n)" proof - from ex obtain N where inj: "∧n m. n ≤ N ==> m ≤ N ==> m < n ==> f m ⊂ f n" and eq: "∀n≥N. f N = f n" by atomize auto have"i ≤ N ==> i ≤ card (f i)"for i proof (induct i) case 0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc i) with inj [of "Suc i" i] have"(f i) ⊂ (f (Suc i))"by auto moreoverhave"finite (f (Suc i))"using S by (rule finite_subset) ultimatelyhave"card (f i) < card (f (Suc i))"by (intro psubset_card_mono) with Suc inj show ?caseby auto qed thenhave"N ≤ card (f N)"by simp alsohave"…≤ card S"using S by (intro card_mono) finallyhave🍋: "f (card S) = f N"using eq by auto moreoverhave"∪ (range f) ⊆ f N" proof clarify fix x n assume"x ∈ f n" with eq inj [of N] show"x ∈ f N" by (cases "n < N") (auto simp: not_less) qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by auto qed
subsection‹More on injections, bijections, and inverses›
locale bijection = fixes f :: "'a ==> 'a" assumes bij: "bij f" begin
lemma bij_inv: "bij (inv f)" using bij by (rule bij_imp_bij_inv)
lemma surj [simp]: "surj f" using bij by (rule bij_is_surj)
lemma inj: "inj f" using bij by (rule bij_is_inj)
lemma surj_inv [simp]: "surj (inv f)" using inj by (rule inj_imp_surj_inv)
lemma inj_inv: "inj (inv f)" using surj by (rule surj_imp_inj_inv)
lemma eqI: "f a = f b ==> a = b" using inj by (rule injD)
lemma eq_iff [simp]: "f a = f b ⟷ a = b" by (auto intro: eqI)
lemma eq_invI: "inv f a = inv f b ==> a = b" using inj_inv by (rule injD)
lemma eq_inv_iff [simp]: "inv f a = inv f b ⟷ a = b" by (auto intro: eq_invI)
lemma inv_left [simp]: "inv f (f a) = a" using inj by (simp add: inv_f_eq)
lemma inv_comp_left [simp]: "inv f ∘ f = id" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma inv_right [simp]: "f (inv f a) = a" using surj by (simp add: surj_f_inv_f)
lemma inv_comp_right [simp]: "f ∘ inv f = id" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma inv_left_eq_iff [simp]: "inv f a = b ⟷ f b = a" by auto
lemma inv_right_eq_iff [simp]: "b = inv f a ⟷ f b = a" by auto
end
lemma infinite_imp_bij_betw: assumes infinite: "¬ finite A" shows"∃h. bij_betw h A (A - {a})" proof (cases "a ∈ A") case False thenhave"A - {a} = A"by blast thenshow ?thesis using bij_betw_id[of A] by auto next case True with infinite have"¬ finite (A - {a})"by auto with infinite_iff_countable_subset[of "A - {a}"] obtain f :: "nat ==> 'a"where"inj f"and f: "f ` UNIV ⊆ A - {a}"by blast
define g where"g n = (if n = 0 then a else f (Suc n))"for n
define A' where"A' = g ` UNIV" have *: "∀y. f y ≠ a"using f by blast have 3: "inj_on g UNIV ∧ g ` UNIV ⊆ A ∧ a ∈ g ` UNIV" using‹inj f› f * unfolding inj_on_def g_def by (auto simp add: True image_subset_iff) thenhave 4: "bij_betw g UNIV A' ∧ a ∈ A' ∧ A' ⊆ A" using inj_on_imp_bij_betw[of g] by (auto simp: A'_def) thenhave 5: "bij_betw (inv g) A' UNIV" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_inv_into) from 3 obtain n where n: "g n = a"by auto have 6: "bij_betw g (UNIV - {n}) (A' - {a})" by (rule bij_betw_subset) (use 3 4 n in‹auto simp: image_set_diff A'_def›)
define v where"v m = (if m < n then m else Suc m)"for m have"m < n ∨ m = n"if"∧k. k < n ∨ m ≠ Suc k"for m using that [of "m-1"] by auto thenhave 7: "bij_betw v UNIV (UNIV - {n})" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def v_def by auto
define h' where"h' = g ∘ v ∘ (inv g)" with 5 6 7 have 8: "bij_betw h' A' (A' - {a})" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_trans)
define h where"h b = (if b ∈ A' then h' b else b)"for b with 8 have"bij_betw h A' (A' - {a})" using bij_betw_cong[of A' h] by auto moreover have"∀b ∈ A - A'. h b = b"by (auto simp: h_def) thenhave"bij_betw h (A - A') (A - A')" using bij_betw_cong[of "A - A'" h id] bij_betw_id[of "A - A'"] by auto moreover from 4 have"(A' ∩ (A - A') = {} ∧ A' ∪ (A - A') = A) ∧ ((A' - {a}) ∩ (A - A') = {} ∧ (A' - {a}) ∪ (A - A') = A - {a})" by blast ultimatelyhave"bij_betw h A (A - {a})" using bij_betw_combine[of h A' "A' - {a}""A - A'""A - A'"] by simp thenshow ?thesis by blast qed
lemma infinite_imp_bij_betw2: assumes"¬ finite A" shows"∃h. bij_betw h A (A ∪ {a})" proof (cases "a ∈ A") case True thenhave"A ∪ {a} = A"by blast thenshow ?thesis using bij_betw_id[of A] by auto next case False let ?A' = "A ∪ {a}" from False have"A = ?A' - {a}"by blast moreoverfrom assms have"¬ finite ?A'"by auto ultimatelyobtain f where"bij_betw f ?A' A" using infinite_imp_bij_betw[of ?A' a] by auto thenhave"bij_betw (inv_into ?A' f) A ?A'"by (rule bij_betw_inv_into) thenshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma bij_betw_inv_into_left: "bij_betw f A A' ==> a ∈ A ==> inv_into A f (f a) = a" unfolding bij_betw_def by clarify (rule inv_into_f_f)
lemma bij_betw_inv_into_right: "bij_betw f A A' ==> a' ∈ A' ==> f (inv_into A f a') = a'" unfolding bij_betw_def using f_inv_into_f by force
lemma bij_betw_inv_into_subset: "bij_betw f A A' ==> B ⊆ A ==> f ` B = B' ==> bij_betw (inv_into A f) B' B" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def intro: inj_on_inv_into)
lemma exE_some: "Ex P ==> c ≡ Eps P ==> P c" by (simp only: someI_ex)
ML_file ‹Tools/choice_specification.ML›
subsection‹Complete Distributive Lattices -- Properties depending on Hilbert Choice›
context complete_distrib_lattice begin
lemma Sup_Inf: "⊔ (Inf ` A) = ⊓ (Sup ` {f ` A |f. ∀B∈A. f B ∈ B})" proof (rule order.antisym) show"⊔ (Inf ` A) ≤⊓ (Sup ` {f ` A |f. ∀B∈A. f B ∈ B})" using Inf_lower2 Sup_upper by (fastforce simp add: intro: Sup_least INF_greatest) next show"⊓ (Sup ` {f ` A |f. ∀B∈A. f B ∈ B}) ≤⊔ (Inf ` A)" proof (simp add: Inf_Sup, rule SUP_least, simp, safe) fix f assume"∀Y. (∃f. Y = f ` A ∧ (∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y)) ⟶ f Y ∈ Y" thenhave B: "∧ F . (∀ Y ∈ A . F Y ∈ Y) ==>∃ Z ∈ A . f (F ` A) = F Z" by auto show"⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤⊔(Inf ` A)" proof (cases "∃ Z ∈ A . ⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ Inf Z") case True from this obtain Z where [simp]: "Z ∈ A"and A: "⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ Inf Z" by blast have B: "... ≤⊔(Inf ` A)" by (simp add: SUP_upper) from A and B show ?thesis by simp next case False thenhave X: "∧ Z . Z ∈ A ==>∃ x . x ∈ Z ∧¬⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ x" using Inf_greatest by blast
define F where"F = (λ Z . SOME x . x ∈ Z ∧¬⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ x)" have C: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==> F Y ∈ Y" using X by (simp add: F_def, rule someI2_ex, auto) have E: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==>¬⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ F Y" using X by (simp add: F_def, rule someI2_ex, auto) from C and B obtain Z where D: "Z ∈ A "and Y: "f (F ` A) = F Z" by blast from E and D have W: "¬⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ F Z" by simp have"⊓(f ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}) ≤ f (F ` A)" using C by (blast intro: INF_lower) with W Y show ?thesis by simp qed qed qed
lemma sup_Inf: "a ⊔⊓B = ⊓((⊔) a ` B)" proof (rule order.antisym) show"a ⊔⊓B ≤⊓((⊔) a ` B)" using Inf_lower sup.mono by (fastforce intro: INF_greatest) next have"⊓((⊔) a ` B) ≤⊓(Sup ` {{f {a}, f B} |f. f {a} = a ∧ f B ∈ B})" by (rule INF_greatest, auto simp add: INF_lower) alsohave"... = ⊔(Inf ` {{a}, B})" by (unfold Sup_Inf, simp) finallyshow"⊓((⊔) a ` B) ≤ a ⊔⊓B" by simp qed
lemma inf_Sup: "a ⊓⊔B = ⊔((⊓) a ` B)" using dual_complete_distrib_lattice by (rule complete_distrib_lattice.sup_Inf)
lemma INF_SUP: "(⊓y. ⊔x. P x y) = (⊔f. ⊓x. P (f x) x)" proof (rule order.antisym) show"(SUP x. INF y. P (x y) y) ≤ (INF y. SUP x. P x y)" by (rule SUP_least, rule INF_greatest, rule SUP_upper2, simp_all, rule INF_lower2, simp, blast) next have"(INF y. SUP x. ((P x y))) ≤ Inf (Sup ` {{P x y | x . True} | y . True })" (is"?A ≤ ?B") proof (rule INF_greatest, clarsimp) fix y have"?A ≤ (SUP x. P x y)" by (rule INF_lower, simp) alsohave"... ≤ Sup {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}" by (simp add: full_SetCompr_eq) finallyshow"?A ≤ Sup {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}" by simp qed alsohave"... ≤ (SUP x. INF y. P (x y) y)" proof (subst Inf_Sup, rule SUP_least, clarsimp) fix f assume A: "∀Y. (∃y. Y = {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}) ⟶ f Y ∈ Y"
have" ⊓(f ` {uu. ∃y. uu = {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}}) ≤ (⊓y. P (SOME x. f {P x y |x. True} = P x y) y)" proof (rule INF_greatest, clarsimp) fix y have"(INF x∈{uu. ∃y. uu = {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}}. f x) ≤ f {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}" by (rule INF_lower, blast) alsohave"... ≤ P (SOME x. f {uu . ∃x. uu = P x y} = P x y) y" by (rule someI2_ex) (use A in auto) finallyshow"⊓(f ` {uu. ∃y. uu = {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}}) ≤ P (SOME x. f {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y} = P x y) y" by simp qed alsohave"... ≤ (SUP x. INF y. P (x y) y)" by (rule SUP_upper, simp) finallyshow"⊓(f ` {uu. ∃y. uu = {uu. ∃x. uu = P x y}}) ≤ (⊔x. ⊓y. P (x y) y)" by simp qed finallyshow"(INF y. SUP x. P x y) ≤ (SUP x. INF y. P (x y) y)" by simp qed
lemma INF_SUP_set: "(⊓B∈A. ⊔(g ` B)) = (⊔B∈{f ` A |f. ∀C∈A. f C ∈ C}. ⊓(g ` B))"
(is"_ = (⊔B∈?F. _)") proof (rule order.antisym) have"⊓ ((g ∘ f) ` A) ≤⊔ (g ` B)"if"∧B. B ∈ A ==> f B ∈ B""B ∈ A"for f B using that by (auto intro: SUP_upper2 INF_lower2) thenshow"(⊔x∈?F. ⊓a∈x. g a) ≤ (⊓x∈A. ⊔a∈x. g a)" by (auto intro!: SUP_least INF_greatest simp add: image_comp) next show"(⊓x∈A. ⊔a∈x. g a) ≤ (⊔x∈?F. ⊓a∈x. g a)" proof (cases "{} ∈ A") case True thenshow ?thesis by (rule INF_lower2) simp_all next case False
{fix x have"(⊓x∈A. ⊔x∈x. g x) ≤ (⊔u. if x ∈ A then if u ∈ x then g u else ⊥ else ⊤)" proof (cases "x ∈ A") case True thenshow ?thesis by (intro INF_lower2 SUP_least SUP_upper2) auto qed auto
} thenhave"(⊓Y∈A. ⊔a∈Y. g a) ≤ (⊓Y. ⊔y. if Y ∈ A then if y ∈ Y then g y else ⊥ else ⊤)" by (rule INF_greatest) alsohave"... = (⊔x. ⊓Y. if Y ∈ A then if x Y ∈ Y then g (x Y) else ⊥ else ⊤)" by (simp only: INF_SUP) alsohave"... ≤ (⊔x∈?F. ⊓a∈x. g a)" proof (rule SUP_least) show"(⊓B. if B ∈ A then if x B ∈ B then g (x B) else ⊥ else ⊤) ≤ (⊔x∈?F. ⊓x∈x. g x)"for x proof -
define G where"G ≡ λY. if x Y ∈ Y then x Y else (SOME x. x ∈Y)" have"∀Y∈A. G Y ∈ Y" using False some_in_eq G_def by auto thenhave A: "G ` A ∈ ?F" by blast show"(⊓Y. if Y ∈ A then if x Y ∈ Y then g (x Y) else ⊥ else ⊤) ≤ (⊔x∈?F. ⊓x∈x. g x)" by (fastforce simp: G_def intro: SUP_upper2 [OF A] INF_greatest INF_lower2) qed qed finallyshow ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma SUP_INF: "(⊔y. ⊓x. P x y) = (⊓x. ⊔y. P (x y) y)" using dual_complete_distrib_lattice by (rule complete_distrib_lattice.INF_SUP)
lemma SUP_INF_set: "(⊔x∈A. ⊓ (g ` x)) = (⊓x∈{f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}. ⊔ (g ` x))" using dual_complete_distrib_lattice by (rule complete_distrib_lattice.INF_SUP_set)
end
(*properties of the former complete_distrib_lattice*) context complete_distrib_lattice begin
lemma sup_INF: "a ⊔ (⊓b∈B. f b) = (⊓b∈B. a ⊔ f b)" by (simp add: sup_Inf image_comp)
lemma inf_SUP: "a ⊓ (⊔b∈B. f b) = (⊔b∈B. a ⊓ f b)" by (simp add: inf_Sup image_comp)
lemma Inf_sup: "⊓B ⊔ a = (⊓b∈B. b ⊔ a)" by (simp add: sup_Inf sup_commute)
lemma Sup_inf: "⊔B ⊓ a = (⊔b∈B. b ⊓ a)" by (simp add: inf_Sup inf_commute)
lemma INF_sup: "(⊓b∈B. f b) ⊔ a = (⊓b∈B. f b ⊔ a)" by (simp add: sup_INF sup_commute)
lemma SUP_inf: "(⊔b∈B. f b) ⊓ a = (⊔b∈B. f b ⊓ a)" by (simp add: inf_SUP inf_commute)
lemma Inf_sup_eq_top_iff: "(⊓B ⊔ a = ⊤) ⟷ (∀b∈B. b ⊔ a = ⊤)" by (simp only: Inf_sup INF_top_conv)
lemma Sup_inf_eq_bot_iff: "(⊔B ⊓ a = ⊥) ⟷ (∀b∈B. b ⊓ a = ⊥)" by (simp only: Sup_inf SUP_bot_conv)
lemma INF_sup_distrib2: "(⊓a∈A. f a) ⊔ (⊓b∈B. g b) = (⊓a∈A. ⊓b∈B. f a ⊔ g b)" by (subst INF_commute) (simp add: sup_INF INF_sup)
lemma SUP_inf_distrib2: "(⊔a∈A. f a) ⊓ (⊔b∈B. g b) = (⊔a∈A. ⊔b∈B. f a ⊓ g b)" by (subst SUP_commute) (simp add: inf_SUP SUP_inf)
end
instantiation set :: (type) complete_distrib_lattice begin instanceproof (standard, clarsimp) fix A :: "(('a set) set) set" fix x::'a assume A: "∀S∈A. ∃X∈S. x ∈ X"
define F where"F ≡ λY. SOME X. Y ∈ A ∧ X ∈ Y ∧ x ∈ X" have"(∀S ∈ F ` A. x ∈ S)" using A unfolding F_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) moreoverhave"∀Y∈A. F Y ∈ Y" using A unfolding F_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) thenhave"∃f. F ` A = f ` A ∧ (∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y)" by blast ultimatelyshow"∃X. (∃f. X = f ` A ∧ (∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y)) ∧ (∀S∈X. x ∈ S)" by auto qed end
instance set :: (type) complete_boolean_algebra ..
instantiation"fun" :: (type, complete_distrib_lattice) complete_distrib_lattice begin instanceby standard (simp add: le_fun_def INF_SUP_set image_comp) end
subclass complete_distrib_lattice proof (standard, rule ccontr) fix A :: "'a set set" let ?F = "{f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y}" assume"¬⊓(Sup ` A) ≤⊔(Inf ` ?F)" thenhave C: "⊓(Sup ` A) > ⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by (simp add: not_le) show False proof (cases "∃ z . ⊓(Sup ` A) > z ∧ z > ⊔(Inf ` ?F)") case True thenobtain z where A: "z < ⊓(Sup ` A)"and X: "z > ⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by blast thenhave B: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==>∃k ∈Y . z < k" usinglocal.less_Sup_iff by(force dest: less_INF_D)
define G where"G ≡ λY. SOME k . k ∈ Y ∧ z < k" have E: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==> G Y ∈ Y" using B unfolding G_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) have"z ≤ Inf (G ` A)" proof (rule INF_greatest) show"∧Y. Y ∈ A ==> z ≤ G Y" using B unfolding G_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) qed alsohave"... ≤⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by (rule SUP_upper) (use E in blast) finallyhave"z ≤⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by simp
with X show ?thesis usinglocal.not_less by blast next case False have B: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==>∃ k ∈Y . ⊔(Inf ` ?F) < k" using C local.less_Sup_iff by(force dest: less_INF_D)
define G where"G ≡ λ Y . SOME k . k ∈ Y ∧⊔(Inf ` ?F) < k" have E: "∧Y. Y ∈ A ==> G Y ∈ Y" using B unfolding G_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) have"∧Y. Y ∈ A ==>⊓(Sup ` A) ≤ G Y" using B False local.leI unfolding G_def by (fastforce intro: someI2_ex) thenhave"⊓(Sup ` A) ≤ Inf (G ` A)" by (simp add: local.INF_greatest) alsohave"Inf (G ` A) ≤⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by (rule SUP_upper) (use E in blast) finallyhave"⊓(Sup ` A) ≤⊔(Inf ` ?F)" by simp with C show ?thesis using not_less by blast qed qed end
end
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-04-26)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.