/// A marker trait that allows types that have some invalid bit patterns to be /// used in places that otherwise require [`AnyBitPattern`] or [`Pod`] types by /// performing a runtime check on a perticular set of bits. This is particularly /// useful for types like fieldless ('C-style') enums, [`char`], bool, and /// structs containing them. /// /// To do this, we define a `Bits` type which is a type with equivalent layout /// to `Self` other than the invalid bit patterns which disallow `Self` from /// being [`AnyBitPattern`]. This `Bits` type must itself implement /// [`AnyBitPattern`]. Then, we implement a function that checks whether a /// certain instance of the `Bits` is also a valid bit pattern of `Self`. If /// this check passes, then we can allow casting from the `Bits` to `Self` (and /// therefore, any type which is able to be cast to `Bits` is also able to be /// cast to `Self`). /// /// [`AnyBitPattern`] is a subset of [`CheckedBitPattern`], meaning that any `T: /// AnyBitPattern` is also [`CheckedBitPattern`]. This means you can also use /// any [`AnyBitPattern`] type in the checked versions of casting functions in /// this module. If it's possible, prefer implementing [`AnyBitPattern`] for /// your type directly instead of [`CheckedBitPattern`] as it gives greater /// flexibility. /// /// # Derive /// /// A `#[derive(CheckedBitPattern)]` macro is provided under the `derive` /// feature flag which will automatically validate the requirements of this /// trait and implement the trait for you for both enums and structs. This is /// the recommended method for implementing the trait, however it's also /// possible to do manually. /// /// # Example /// /// If manually implementing the trait, we can do something like so: /// /// ```rust /// use bytemuck::{CheckedBitPattern, NoUninit}; /// /// #[repr(u32)] /// #[derive(Copy, Clone)] /// enum MyEnum { /// Variant0 = 0, /// Variant1 = 1, /// Variant2 = 2, /// } /// /// unsafe impl CheckedBitPattern for MyEnum { /// type Bits = u32; /// /// fn is_valid_bit_pattern(bits: &u32) -> bool { /// match *bits { /// 0 | 1 | 2 => true, /// _ => false, /// } /// } /// } /// /// // It is often useful to also implement `NoUninit` on our `CheckedBitPattern` types. /// // This will allow us to do casting of mutable references (and mutable slices). /// // It is not always possible to do so, but in this case we have no padding so it is. /// unsafe impl NoUninit for MyEnum {} /// ``` /// /// We can now use relevant casting functions. For example, /// /// ```rust /// # use bytemuck::{CheckedBitPattern, NoUninit}; /// # #[repr(u32)] /// # #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)] /// # enum MyEnum { /// # Variant0 = 0, /// # Variant1 = 1, /// # Variant2 = 2, /// # } /// # unsafe impl NoUninit for MyEnum {} /// # unsafe impl CheckedBitPattern for MyEnum { /// # type Bits = u32; /// # fn is_valid_bit_pattern(bits: &u32) -> bool { /// # match *bits { /// # 0 | 1 | 2 => true, /// # _ => false, /// # } /// # } /// # } /// use bytemuck::{bytes_of, bytes_of_mut}; /// use bytemuck::checked; /// /// let bytes = bytes_of(&2u32); /// let result = checked::try_from_bytes::<MyEnum>(bytes); /// assert_eq!(result, Ok(&MyEnum::Variant2)); /// /// // Fails for invalid discriminant /// let bytes = bytes_of(&100u32); /// let result = checked::try_from_bytes::<MyEnum>(bytes); /// assert!(result.is_err()); /// /// // Since we implemented NoUninit, we can also cast mutably from an original type /// // that is `NoUninit + AnyBitPattern`: /// let mut my_u32 = 2u32; /// { /// let as_enum_mut = checked::cast_mut::<_, MyEnum>(&mut my_u32); /// assert_eq!(as_enum_mut, &mut MyEnum::Variant2); /// *as_enum_mut = MyEnum::Variant0; /// } /// assert_eq!(my_u32, 0u32); /// ``` /// /// # Safety /// /// * `Self` *must* have the same layout as the specified `Bits` except for the /// possible invalid bit patterns being checked during /// [`is_valid_bit_pattern`]. /// * This almost certainly means your type must be `#[repr(C)]` or a similar /// specified repr, but if you think you know better, you probably don't. If /// you still think you know better, be careful and have fun. And don't mess /// it up (I mean it). /// * If [`is_valid_bit_pattern`] returns true, then the bit pattern contained /// in `bits` must also be valid for an instance of `Self`. /// * Probably more, don't mess it up (I mean it 2.0) /// /// [`is_valid_bit_pattern`]: CheckedBitPattern::is_valid_bit_pattern /// [`Pod`]: crate::Pod pubunsafetrait CheckedBitPattern: Copy { /// `Self` *must* have the same layout as the specified `Bits` except for /// the possible invalid bit patterns being checked during /// [`is_valid_bit_pattern`]. /// /// [`is_valid_bit_pattern`]: CheckedBitPattern::is_valid_bit_pattern type Bits: AnyBitPattern;
/// If this function returns true, then it must be valid to reinterpret `bits` /// as `&Self`. fn is_valid_bit_pattern(bits: &Self::Bits) -> bool;
}
unsafeimpl<T: AnyBitPattern> CheckedBitPattern for T { type Bits = T;
unsafeimpl CheckedBitPattern for bool { type Bits = u8;
#[inline] fn is_valid_bit_pattern(bits: &Self::Bits) -> bool { // DO NOT use the `matches!` macro, it isn't 1.34 compatible. match *bits { 0 | 1 => true,
_ => false,
}
}
}
// Rust 1.70.0 documents that NonZero[int] has the same layout as [int].
macro_rules! impl_checked_for_nonzero {
($($nonzero:ty: $primitive:ty),* $(,)?) => {
$( unsafeimpl CheckedBitPattern for $nonzero { type Bits = $primitive;
/// The things that can go wrong when casting between [`CheckedBitPattern`] data /// forms. #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)] pubenum CheckedCastError { /// An error occurred during a true-[`Pod`] cast /// /// [`Pod`]: crate::Pod
PodCastError(crate::PodCastError), /// When casting to a [`CheckedBitPattern`] type, it is possible that the /// original data contains an invalid bit pattern. If so, the cast will /// fail and this error will be returned. Will never happen on casts /// between [`Pod`] types. /// /// [`Pod`]: crate::Pod
InvalidBitPattern,
}
/// Re-interprets `&[u8]` as `&T`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the slice isn't aligned for the new type /// * If the slice's length isn’t exactly the size of the new type /// * If the slice contains an invalid bit pattern for `T` #[inline] pubfn try_from_bytes<T: CheckedBitPattern>(
s: &[u8],
) -> Result<&T, CheckedCastError> { let pod = crate::try_from_bytes(s)?;
if <T as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod) {
Ok(unsafe { &*(pod as *const <T as CheckedBitPattern>::Bits as *const T) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Re-interprets `&mut [u8]` as `&mut T`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the slice isn't aligned for the new type /// * If the slice's length isn’t exactly the size of the new type /// * If the slice contains an invalid bit pattern for `T` #[inline] pubfn try_from_bytes_mut<T: CheckedBitPattern + NoUninit>(
s: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<&mut T, CheckedCastError> { let pod = unsafe { internal::try_from_bytes_mut(s) }?;
if <T as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod) {
Ok(unsafe { &mut *(pod as *mut <T as CheckedBitPattern>::Bits as *mut T) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Reads from the bytes as if they were a `T`. /// /// ## Failure /// * If the `bytes` length is not equal to `size_of::<T>()`. /// * If the slice contains an invalid bit pattern for `T` #[inline] pubfn try_pod_read_unaligned<T: CheckedBitPattern>(
bytes: &[u8],
) -> Result<T, CheckedCastError> { let pod = crate::try_pod_read_unaligned(bytes)?;
if <T as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(&pod) {
Ok(unsafe { transmute!(pod) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Try to cast `A` into `B`. /// /// Note that for this particular type of cast, alignment isn't a factor. The /// input value is semantically copied into the function and then returned to a /// new memory location which will have whatever the required alignment of the /// output type is. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the types don't have the same size this fails. /// * If `a` contains an invalid bit pattern for `B` this fails. #[inline] pubfn try_cast<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(
a: A,
) -> Result<B, CheckedCastError> { let pod = crate::try_cast(a)?;
if <B as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(&pod) {
Ok(unsafe { transmute!(pod) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Try to convert a `&A` into `&B`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the reference isn't aligned in the new type /// * If the source type and target type aren't the same size. /// * If `a` contains an invalid bit pattern for `B` this fails. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_ref<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(
a: &A,
) -> Result<&B, CheckedCastError> { let pod = crate::try_cast_ref(a)?;
if <B as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod) {
Ok(unsafe { &*(pod as *const <B as CheckedBitPattern>::Bits as *const B) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Try to convert a `&mut A` into `&mut B`. /// /// As [`try_cast_ref`], but `mut`. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: CheckedBitPattern + NoUninit,
>(
a: &mut A,
) -> Result<&mut B, CheckedCastError> { let pod = unsafe { internal::try_cast_mut(a) }?;
if <B as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod) {
Ok(unsafe { &mut *(pod as *mut <B as CheckedBitPattern>::Bits as *mut B) })
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Try to convert `&[A]` into `&[B]` (possibly with a change in length). /// /// * `input.as_ptr() as usize == output.as_ptr() as usize` /// * `input.len() * size_of::<A>() == output.len() * size_of::<B>()` /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the target type has a greater alignment requirement and the input slice /// isn't aligned. /// * If the target element type is a different size from the current element /// type, and the output slice wouldn't be a whole number of elements when /// accounting for the size change (eg: 3 `u16` values is 1.5 `u32` values, so /// that's a failure). /// * If any element of the converted slice would contain an invalid bit pattern /// for `B` this fails. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_slice<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(
a: &[A],
) -> Result<&[B], CheckedCastError> { let pod = crate::try_cast_slice(a)?;
if pod.iter().all(|pod| <B as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod)) {
Ok(unsafe {
core::slice::from_raw_parts(pod.as_ptr() as *const B, pod.len())
})
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Try to convert `&mut [A]` into `&mut [B]` (possibly with a change in /// length). /// /// As [`try_cast_slice`], but `&mut`. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_slice_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: CheckedBitPattern + NoUninit,
>(
a: &mut [A],
) -> Result<&mut [B], CheckedCastError> { let pod = unsafe { internal::try_cast_slice_mut(a) }?;
if pod.iter().all(|pod| <B as CheckedBitPattern>::is_valid_bit_pattern(pod)) {
Ok(unsafe {
core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(pod.as_mut_ptr() as *mut B, pod.len())
})
} else {
Err(CheckedCastError::InvalidBitPattern)
}
}
/// Re-interprets `&[u8]` as `&T`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_from_bytes`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn from_bytes<T: CheckedBitPattern>(s: &[u8]) -> &T { match try_from_bytes(s) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("from_bytes", e),
}
}
/// Re-interprets `&mut [u8]` as `&mut T`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_from_bytes_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn from_bytes_mut<T: NoUninit + CheckedBitPattern>(s: &mut [u8]) -> &mut T { match try_from_bytes_mut(s) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("from_bytes_mut", e),
}
}
/// Reads the slice into a `T` value. /// /// ## Panics /// * This is like [`try_pod_read_unaligned`] but will panic on failure. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn pod_read_unaligned<T: CheckedBitPattern>(bytes: &[u8]) -> T { match try_pod_read_unaligned(bytes) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("pod_read_unaligned", e),
}
}
/// Cast `A` into `B` /// /// ## Panics /// /// * This is like [`try_cast`], but will panic on a size mismatch. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(a: A) -> B { match try_cast(a) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("cast", e),
}
}
/// Cast `&mut A` into `&mut B`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: NoUninit + CheckedBitPattern,
>(
a: &mut A,
) -> &mut B { match try_cast_mut(a) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("cast_mut", e),
}
}
/// Cast `&A` into `&B`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_ref`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_ref<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(a: &A) -> &B { match try_cast_ref(a) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("cast_ref", e),
}
}
/// Cast `&[A]` into `&[B]`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_slice`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_slice<A: NoUninit, B: CheckedBitPattern>(a: &[A]) -> &[B] { match try_cast_slice(a) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("cast_slice", e),
}
}
/// Cast `&mut [A]` into `&mut [B]`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_slice_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_slice_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: NoUninit + CheckedBitPattern,
>(
a: &mut [A],
) -> &mut [B] { match try_cast_slice_mut(a) {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => something_went_wrong("cast_slice_mut", e),
}
}
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