//! This crate gives small utilities for casting between plain data types. //! //! ## Basics //! //! Data comes in five basic forms in Rust, so we have five basic casting //! functions: //! //! * `T` uses [`cast`] //! * `&T` uses [`cast_ref`] //! * `&mut T` uses [`cast_mut`] //! * `&[T]` uses [`cast_slice`] //! * `&mut [T]` uses [`cast_slice_mut`] //! //! Depending on the function, the [`NoUninit`] and/or [`AnyBitPattern`] traits //! are used to maintain memory safety. //! //! **Historical Note:** When the crate first started the [`Pod`] trait was used //! instead, and so you may hear people refer to that, but it has the strongest //! requirements and people eventually wanted the more fine-grained system, so //! here we are. All types that impl `Pod` have a blanket impl to also support //! `NoUninit` and `AnyBitPattern`. The traits unfortunately do not have a //! perfectly clean hierarchy for semver reasons. //! //! ## Failures //! //! Some casts will never fail, and other casts might fail. //! //! * `cast::<u32, f32>` always works (and [`f32::from_bits`]). //! * `cast_ref::<[u8; 4], u32>` might fail if the specific array reference //! given at runtime doesn't have alignment 4. //! //! In addition to the "normal" forms of each function, which will panic on //! invalid input, there's also `try_` versions which will return a `Result`. //! //! If you would like to statically ensure that a cast will work at runtime you //! can use the `must_cast` crate feature and the `must_` casting functions. A //! "must cast" that can't be statically known to be valid will cause a //! compilation error (and sometimes a very hard to read compilation error). //! //! ## Using Your Own Types //! //! All the functions listed above are guarded by the [`Pod`] trait, which is a //! sub-trait of the [`Zeroable`] trait. //! //! If you enable the crate's `derive` feature then these traits can be derived //! on your own types. The derive macros will perform the necessary checks on //! your type declaration, and trigger an error if your type does not qualify. //! //! The derive macros might not cover all edge cases, and sometimes they will //! error when actually everything is fine. As a last resort you can impl these //! traits manually. However, these traits are `unsafe`, and you should //! carefully read the requirements before using a manual implementation. //! //! ## Cargo Features //! //! The crate supports Rust 1.34 when no features are enabled, and so there's //! cargo features for thing that you might consider "obvious". //! //! The cargo features **do not** promise any particular MSRV, and they may //! increase their MSRV in new versions. //! //! * `derive`: Provide derive macros for the various traits. //! * `extern_crate_alloc`: Provide utilities for `alloc` related types such as //! Box and Vec. //! * `zeroable_maybe_uninit` and `zeroable_atomics`: Provide more [`Zeroable`] //! impls. //! * `pod_saturating`: Provide more [`Pod`] and [`Zeroable`] impls. //! * `wasm_simd` and `aarch64_simd`: Support more SIMD types. //! * `min_const_generics`: Provides appropriate impls for arrays of all lengths //! instead of just for a select list of array lengths. //! * `must_cast`: Provides the `must_` functions, which will compile error if //! the requested cast can't be statically verified. //! * `const_zeroed`: Provides a const version of the `zeroed` function. //! //! ## Related Crates //! //! - [`pack1`](https://docs.rs/pack1), which contains `bytemuck`-compatible //! packed little-endian, big-endian and native-endian integer and floating //! point number types.
#[cfg(all(target_arch = "aarch64", feature = "aarch64_simd"))] use core::arch::aarch64; #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "wasm_simd"))] use core::arch::wasm32; #[cfg(target_arch = "x86")] use core::arch::x86; #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] use core::arch::x86_64; // use core::{
marker::*,
mem::{align_of, size_of},
num::*,
ptr::*,
};
// Used from macros to ensure we aren't using some locally defined name and // actually are referencing libcore. This also would allow pre-2018 edition // crates to use our macros, but I'm not sure how important that is. #[doc(hidden)] pubuse ::core as __core;
/// A macro to transmute between two types without requiring knowing size /// statically.
macro_rules! transmute {
($val:expr) => {
::core::mem::transmute_copy(&::core::mem::ManuallyDrop::new($val))
}; // This arm is for use in const contexts, where the borrow required to use // transmute_copy poses an issue since the compiler hedges that the type // being borrowed could have interior mutability.
($srcty:ty; $dstty:ty; $val:expr) => {{ #[repr(C)]
union Transmute<A, B> {
src: ::core::mem::ManuallyDrop<A>,
dst: ::core::mem::ManuallyDrop<B>,
}
::core::mem::ManuallyDrop::into_inner(
Transmute::<$srcty, $dstty> { src: ::core::mem::ManuallyDrop::new($val) }
.dst,
)
}};
}
/// A macro to implement marker traits for various simd types. /// #[allow(unused)] because the impls are only compiled on relevant platforms /// with relevant cargo features enabled. #[allow(unused)]
macro_rules! impl_unsafe_marker_for_simd {
($(#[cfg($cfg_predicate:meta)])? unsafeimpl $trait:ident for $platform:ident :: {}) => {};
($(#[cfg($cfg_predicate:meta)])? unsafeimpl $trait:ident for $platform:ident :: { $first_type:ident $(, $types:ident)* $(,)? }) => {
$( #[cfg($cfg_predicate)] )?
$( #[cfg_attr(feature = "nightly_docs", doc(cfg($cfg_predicate)))] )? unsafeimpl $traitfor $platform::$first_type {}
$( #[cfg($cfg_predicate)] )? // To prevent recursion errors if nothing is going to be expanded anyway.
impl_unsafe_marker_for_simd!($( #[cfg($cfg_predicate)] )? unsafeimpl $traitfor $platform::{ $( $types ),* });
};
}
/// A macro for conditionally const-ifying a function. /// #[allow(unused)] because currently it is only used with the `must_cast` feature. #[allow(unused)]
macro_rules! maybe_const_fn {
( #[cfg($cfg_predicate:meta)]
$(#[$attr:meta])*
$vis:vis $(unsafe $($unsafe:lifetime)?)? fn $name:ident $($rest:tt)*
) => { #[cfg($cfg_predicate)]
$(#[$attr])*
$vis const $(unsafe $($unsafe)?)? fn $name $($rest)*
/// The things that can go wrong when casting between [`Pod`] data forms. #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)] pubenum PodCastError { /// You tried to cast a reference into a reference to a type with a higher /// alignment requirement but the input reference wasn't aligned.
TargetAlignmentGreaterAndInputNotAligned, /// If the element size of a slice changes, then the output slice changes /// length accordingly. If the output slice wouldn't be a whole number of /// elements, then the conversion fails.
OutputSliceWouldHaveSlop, /// When casting an individual `T`, `&T`, or `&mut T` value the /// source size and destination size must be an exact match.
SizeMismatch, /// For this type of cast the alignments must be exactly the same and they /// were not so now you're sad. /// /// This error is generated **only** by operations that cast allocated types /// (such as `Box` and `Vec`), because in that case the alignment must stay /// exact.
AlignmentMismatch,
} #[cfg(not(target_arch = "spirv"))] impl core::fmt::Display for PodCastError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{:?}", self)
}
} #[cfg(feature = "extern_crate_std")] #[cfg_attr(feature = "nightly_docs", doc(cfg(feature = "extern_crate_std")))] impl std::error::Error for PodCastError {}
/// Re-interprets `&T` as `&[u8]`. /// /// Any ZST becomes an empty slice, and in that case the pointer value of that /// empty slice might not match the pointer value of the input reference. #[inline] pubfn bytes_of<T: NoUninit>(t: &T) -> &[u8] { unsafe { internal::bytes_of(t) }
}
/// Re-interprets `&mut T` as `&mut [u8]`. /// /// Any ZST becomes an empty slice, and in that case the pointer value of that /// empty slice might not match the pointer value of the input reference. #[inline] pubfn bytes_of_mut<T: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern>(t: &mut T) -> &yle='color:red'>mut [u8] { unsafe { internal::bytes_of_mut(t) }
}
/// Re-interprets `&[u8]` as `&T`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is like [`try_from_bytes`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn from_bytes<T: AnyBitPattern>(s: &[u8]) -> &T { unsafe { internal::from_bytes(s) }
}
/// Re-interprets `&mut [u8]` as `&mut T`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is like [`try_from_bytes_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn from_bytes_mut<T: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern>(s: &mut [u8]) -> &an style='color:red'>mut T { unsafe { internal::from_bytes_mut(s) }
}
/// Reads from the bytes as if they were a `T`. /// /// Unlike [`from_bytes`], the slice doesn't need to respect alignment of `T`, /// only sizes must match. /// /// ## Failure /// * If the `bytes` length is not equal to `size_of::<T>()`. #[inline] pubfn try_pod_read_unaligned<T: AnyBitPattern>(
bytes: &[u8],
) -> Result<T, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_pod_read_unaligned(bytes) }
}
/// Reads the slice into a `T` value. /// /// Unlike [`from_bytes`], the slice doesn't need to respect alignment of `T`, /// only sizes must match. /// /// ## Panics /// * This is like `try_pod_read_unaligned` but will panic on failure. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn pod_read_unaligned<T: AnyBitPattern>(bytes: &[u8]) -> T { unsafe { internal::pod_read_unaligned(bytes) }
}
/// Re-interprets `&[u8]` as `&T`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the slice isn't aligned for the new type /// * If the slice's length isn’t exactly the size of the new type #[inline] pubfn try_from_bytes<T: AnyBitPattern>(s: &[u8]) -> Result<&T, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_from_bytes(s) }
}
/// Re-interprets `&mut [u8]` as `&mut T`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the slice isn't aligned for the new type /// * If the slice's length isn’t exactly the size of the new type #[inline] pubfn try_from_bytes_mut<T: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern>(
s: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<&mut T, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_from_bytes_mut(s) }
}
/// Cast `A` into `B` /// /// ## Panics /// /// * This is like [`try_cast`], but will panic on a size mismatch. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(a: A) -> B { unsafe { internal::cast(a) }
}
/// Cast `&mut A` into `&mut B`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_mut<A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern, B: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern>(
a: &mut A,
) -> &mut B { unsafe { internal::cast_mut(a) }
}
/// Cast `&A` into `&B`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_ref`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_ref<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(a: &A) -> &B { unsafe { internal::cast_ref(a) }
}
/// Cast `&[A]` into `&[B]`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_slice`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_slice<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(a: &[A]) -> &[B] { unsafe { internal::cast_slice(a) }
}
/// Cast `&mut [A]` into `&mut [B]`. /// /// ## Panics /// /// This is [`try_cast_slice_mut`] but will panic on error. #[inline] #[cfg_attr(feature = "track_caller", track_caller)] pubfn cast_slice_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
>(
a: &mut [A],
) -> &mut [B] { unsafe { internal::cast_slice_mut(a) }
}
/// As [`align_to_mut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.align_to_mut), /// but safe because of the [`Pod`] bound. #[inline] pubfn pod_align_to_mut<
T: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
U: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
>(
vals: &mut [T],
) -> (&mut [T], &mut [U], &mut [T]) { unsafe { vals.align_to_mut::<U>() }
}
/// Try to cast `A` into `B`. /// /// Note that for this particular type of cast, alignment isn't a factor. The /// input value is semantically copied into the function and then returned to a /// new memory location which will have whatever the required alignment of the /// output type is. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the types don't have the same size this fails. #[inline] pubfn try_cast<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(
a: A,
) -> Result<B, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_cast(a) }
}
/// Try to convert a `&A` into `&B`. /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the reference isn't aligned in the new type /// * If the source type and target type aren't the same size. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_ref<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(
a: &A,
) -> Result<&B, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_cast_ref(a) }
}
/// Try to convert a `&mut A` into `&mut B`. /// /// As [`try_cast_ref`], but `mut`. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
>(
a: &mut A,
) -> Result<&mut B, PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_cast_mut(a) }
}
/// Try to convert `&[A]` into `&[B]` (possibly with a change in length). /// /// * `input.as_ptr() as usize == output.as_ptr() as usize` /// * `input.len() * size_of::<A>() == output.len() * size_of::<B>()` /// /// ## Failure /// /// * If the target type has a greater alignment requirement and the input slice /// isn't aligned. /// * If the target element type is a different size from the current element /// type, and the output slice wouldn't be a whole number of elements when /// accounting for the size change (eg: 3 `u16` values is 1.5 `u32` values, so /// that's a failure). /// * Similarly, you can't convert between a [ZST](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/exotic-sizes.html#zero-sized-types-zsts) /// and a non-ZST. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_slice<A: NoUninit, B: AnyBitPattern>(
a: &[A],
) -> Result<&[B], PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_cast_slice(a) }
}
/// Try to convert `&mut [A]` into `&mut [B]` (possibly with a change in /// length). /// /// As [`try_cast_slice`], but `&mut`. #[inline] pubfn try_cast_slice_mut<
A: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
B: NoUninit + AnyBitPattern,
>(
a: &mut [A],
) -> Result<&mut [B], PodCastError> { unsafe { internal::try_cast_slice_mut(a) }
}
/// Fill all bytes of `target` with zeroes (see [`Zeroable`]). /// /// This is similar to `*target = Zeroable::zeroed()`, but guarantees that any /// padding bytes in `target` are zeroed as well. /// /// See also [`fill_zeroes`], if you have a slice rather than a single value. #[inline] pubfn write_zeroes<T: Zeroable>(target: &mut T) { struct EnsureZeroWrite<T>(*mut T); impl<T> Drop for EnsureZeroWrite<T> { #[inline(always)] fn drop(&mutself) { unsafe {
core::ptr::write_bytes(self.0, 0u8, 1);
}
}
} unsafe { let guard = EnsureZeroWrite(target);
core::ptr::drop_in_place(guard.0);
drop(guard);
}
}
/// Fill all bytes of `slice` with zeroes (see [`Zeroable`]). /// /// This is similar to `slice.fill(Zeroable::zeroed())`, but guarantees that any /// padding bytes in `slice` are zeroed as well. /// /// See also [`write_zeroes`], which zeroes all bytes of a single value rather /// than a slice. #[inline] pubfn fill_zeroes<T: Zeroable>(slice: &mut [T]) { if core::mem::needs_drop::<T>() { // If `T` needs to be dropped then we have to do this one item at a time, in // case one of the intermediate drops does a panic.
slice.iter_mut().for_each(write_zeroes);
} else { // Otherwise we can be really fast and just fill everthing with zeros. let len = slice.len(); unsafe { core::ptr::write_bytes(slice.as_mut_ptr(), 0u8, len) }
}
}
/// Same as [`Zeroable::zeroed`], but as a `const fn` const. #[cfg(feature = "const_zeroed")] #[inline] #[must_use] pubconstfn zeroed<T: Zeroable>() -> T { unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() }
}
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