//! A simple and fast random number generator. //! //! The implementation uses [Wyrand](https://github.com/wangyi-fudan/wyhash), a simple and fast //! generator but **not** cryptographically secure. //! //! # Examples //! //! Flip a coin: //! //! ``` //! if fastrand::bool() { //! println!("heads"); //! } else { //! println!("tails"); //! } //! ``` //! //! Generate a random `i32`: //! //! ``` //! let num = fastrand::i32(..); //! ``` //! //! Choose a random element in an array: //! //! ``` //! let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; //! let i = fastrand::usize(..v.len()); //! let elem = v[i]; //! ``` //! //! Sample values from an array with `O(n)` complexity (`n` is the length of array): //! //! ``` //! fastrand::choose_multiple(vec![1, 4, 5].iter(), 2); //! fastrand::choose_multiple(0..20, 12); //! ``` //! //! //! Shuffle an array: //! //! ``` //! let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; //! fastrand::shuffle(&mut v); //! ``` //! //! Generate a random [`Vec`] or [`String`]: //! //! ``` //! use std::iter::repeat_with; //! //! let v: Vec<i32> = repeat_with(|| fastrand::i32(..)).take(10).collect(); //! let s: String = repeat_with(fastrand::alphanumeric).take(10).collect(); //! ``` //! //! To get reproducible results on every run, initialize the generator with a seed: //! //! ``` //! // Pick an arbitrary number as seed. //! fastrand::seed(7); //! //! // Now this prints the same number on every run: //! println!("{}", fastrand::u32(..)); //! ``` //! //! To be more efficient, create a new [`Rng`] instance instead of using the thread-local //! generator: //! //! ``` //! use std::iter::repeat_with; //! //! let mut rng = fastrand::Rng::new(); //! let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = repeat_with(|| rng.u8(..)).take(10_000).collect(); //! ``` //! //! This crate aims to expose a core set of useful randomness primitives. For more niche algorithms, //! consider using the [`fastrand-contrib`] crate alongside this one. //! //! # Features //! //! - `std` (enabled by default): Enables the `std` library. This is required for the global //! generator and global entropy. Without this feature, [`Rng`] can only be instantiated using //! the [`with_seed`](Rng::with_seed) method. //! - `js`: Assumes that WebAssembly targets are being run in a JavaScript environment. See the //! [WebAssembly Notes](#webassembly-notes) section for more information. //! //! # WebAssembly Notes //! //! For non-WASI WASM targets, there is additional sublety to consider when utilizing the global RNG. //! By default, `std` targets will use entropy sources in the standard library to seed the global RNG. //! However, these sources are not available by default on WASM targets outside of WASI. //! //! If the `js` feature is enabled, this crate will assume that it is running in a JavaScript //! environment. At this point, the [`getrandom`] crate will be used in order to access the available //! entropy sources and seed the global RNG. If the `js` feature is not enabled, the global RNG will //! use a predefined seed. //! //! [`fastrand-contrib`]: https://crates.io/crates/fastrand-contrib //! [`getrandom`]: https://crates.io/crates/getrandom
use core::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto}; use core::ops::{Bound, RangeBounds};
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::vec::Vec;
#[cfg(feature = "std")] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))] mod global_rng;
#[cfg(feature = "std")] pubuse global_rng::*;
/// A random number generator. #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)] pubstruct Rng(u64);
impl Clone for Rng { /// Clones the generator by creating a new generator with the same seed. fn clone(&self) -> Rng {
Rng::with_seed(self.0)
}
}
impl Rng { /// Generates a random `u32`. #[inline] fn gen_u32(&mutself) -> u32 { self.gen_u64() as u32
}
/// Generates a random `u64`. #[inline] fn gen_u64(&mutself) -> u64 { // Constants for WyRand taken from: https://github.com/wangyi-fudan/wyhash/blob/master/wyhash.h#L151 // Updated for the final v4.2 implementation with improved constants for better entropy output. const WY_CONST_0: u64 = 0x2d35_8dcc_aa6c_78a5; const WY_CONST_1: u64 = 0x8bb8_4b93_962e_acc9;
let s = self.0.wrapping_add(WY_CONST_0); self.0 = s; let t = u128::from(s) * u128::from(s ^ WY_CONST_1);
(t as u64) ^ (t >> 64) as u64
}
/// Generates a random `u128`. #[inline] fn gen_u128(&mutself) -> u128 {
(u128::from(self.gen_u64()) << 64) | u128::from(self.gen_u64())
}
/// Generates a random `u32` in `0..n`. #[inline] fn gen_mod_u32(&mutself, n: u32) -> u32 { // Adapted from: https://lemire.me/blog/2016/06/30/fast-random-shuffling/ letmut r = self.gen_u32(); letmut hi = mul_high_u32(r, n); letmut lo = r.wrapping_mul(n); if lo < n { let t = n.wrapping_neg() % n; while lo < t {
r = self.gen_u32();
hi = mul_high_u32(r, n);
lo = r.wrapping_mul(n);
}
}
hi
}
/// Generates a random `u64` in `0..n`. #[inline] fn gen_mod_u64(&mutself, n: u64) -> u64 { // Adapted from: https://lemire.me/blog/2016/06/30/fast-random-shuffling/ letmut r = self.gen_u64(); letmut hi = mul_high_u64(r, n); letmut lo = r.wrapping_mul(n); if lo < n { let t = n.wrapping_neg() % n; while lo < t {
r = self.gen_u64();
hi = mul_high_u64(r, n);
lo = r.wrapping_mul(n);
}
}
hi
}
/// Generates a random `u128` in `0..n`. #[inline] fn gen_mod_u128(&mutself, n: u128) -> u128 { // Adapted from: https://lemire.me/blog/2016/06/30/fast-random-shuffling/ letmut r = self.gen_u128(); letmut hi = mul_high_u128(r, n); letmut lo = r.wrapping_mul(n); if lo < n { let t = n.wrapping_neg() % n; while lo < t {
r = self.gen_u128();
hi = mul_high_u128(r, n);
lo = r.wrapping_mul(n);
}
}
hi
}
}
/// Computes `(a * b) >> 32`. #[inline] fn mul_high_u32(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
(((a as u64) * (b as u64)) >> 32) as u32
}
/// Computes `(a * b) >> 64`. #[inline] fn mul_high_u64(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
(((a as u128) * (b as u128)) >> 64) as u64
}
/// Computes `(a * b) >> 128`. #[inline] fn mul_high_u128(a: u128, b: u128) -> u128 { // Adapted from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/28904636 let a_lo = a as u64 as u128; let a_hi = (a >> 64) as u64 as u128; let b_lo = b as u64 as u128; let b_hi = (b >> 64) as u64 as u128; let carry = (a_lo * b_lo) >> 64; let carry = ((a_hi * b_lo) as u64 as u128 + (a_lo * b_hi) as u64 as u128 + carry) >> 64;
a_hi * b_hi + ((a_hi * b_lo) >> 64) + ((a_lo * b_hi) >> 64) + carry
}
macro_rules! rng_integer {
($t:tt, $unsigned_t:tt, $gen:tt, $mod:tt, $doc:tt) => { #[doc = $doc] /// /// Panics if the range is empty. #[inline] pubfn $t(&mutself, range: impl RangeBounds<$t>) -> $t { let panic_empty_range = || {
panic!( "empty range: {:?}..{:?}",
range.start_bound(),
range.end_bound()
)
};
let low = match range.start_bound() {
Bound::Unbounded => core::$t::MIN,
Bound::Included(&x) => x,
Bound::Excluded(&x) => x.checked_add(1).unwrap_or_else(panic_empty_range),
};
let high = match range.end_bound() {
Bound::Unbounded => core::$t::MAX,
Bound::Included(&x) => x,
Bound::Excluded(&x) => x.checked_sub(1).unwrap_or_else(panic_empty_range),
};
if low > high {
panic_empty_range();
}
if low == core::$t::MIN && high == core::$t::MAX { self.$gen() as $t
} else { let len = high.wrapping_sub(low).wrapping_add(1);
low.wrapping_add(self.$mod(len as $unsigned_t as _) as $t)
}
}
};
}
impl Rng { /// Creates a new random number generator with the initial seed. #[inline] #[must_use = "this creates a new instance of `Rng`; if you want to initialize the thread-local generator, use `fastrand::seed()` instead"] pubfn with_seed(seed: u64) -> Self {
Rng(seed)
}
/// Clones the generator by deterministically deriving a new generator based on the initial /// seed. /// /// This function can be used to create a new generator that is a "spinoff" of the old /// generator. The new generator will not produce the same sequence of values as the /// old generator. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// // Seed two generators equally, and clone both of them. /// let mut base1 = fastrand::Rng::with_seed(0x4d595df4d0f33173); /// base1.bool(); // Use the generator once. /// /// let mut base2 = fastrand::Rng::with_seed(0x4d595df4d0f33173); /// base2.bool(); // Use the generator once. /// /// let mut rng1 = base1.fork(); /// let mut rng2 = base2.fork(); /// /// println!("rng1 returns {}", rng1.u32(..)); /// println!("rng2 returns {}", rng2.u32(..)); /// ``` #[inline] #[must_use = "this creates a new instance of `Rng`"] pubfn fork(&mutself) -> Self {
Rng::with_seed(self.gen_u64())
}
/// Generates a random `char` in ranges a-z and A-Z. #[inline] pubfn alphabetic(&mutself) -> char { const CHARS: &[u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
*self.choice(CHARS).unwrap() as char
}
/// Generates a random `char` in ranges a-z, A-Z and 0-9. #[inline] pubfn alphanumeric(&mutself) -> char { const CHARS: &[u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
*self.choice(CHARS).unwrap() as char
}
/// Generates a random `bool`. #[inline] pubfn bool(&mutself) -> bool { self.u8(..) % 2 == 0
}
/// Generates a random digit in the given `base`. /// /// Digits are represented by `char`s in ranges 0-9 and a-z. /// /// Panics if the base is zero or greater than 36. #[inline] pubfn digit(&mutself, base: u32) -> char { if base == 0 {
panic!("base cannot be zero");
} if base > 36 {
panic!("base cannot be larger than 36");
} let num = self.u8(..base as u8); if num < 10 {
(b'0' + num) as char
} else {
(b'a' + num - 10) as char
}
}
/// Generates a random `f32` in range `0..1`. pubfn f32(&mutself) -> f32 { let b = 32; let f = core::f32::MANTISSA_DIGITS - 1;
f32::from_bits((1 << (b - 2)) - (1 << f) + (self.u32(..) >> (b - f))) - 1.0
}
/// Generates a random `f64` in range `0..1`. pubfn f64(&mutself) -> f64 { let b = 64; let f = core::f64::MANTISSA_DIGITS - 1;
f64::from_bits((1 << (b - 2)) - (1 << f) + (self.u64(..) >> (b - f))) - 1.0
}
/// Collects `amount` values at random from the iterator into a vector. /// /// The length of the returned vector equals `amount` unless the iterator /// contains insufficient elements, in which case it equals the number of /// elements available. /// /// Complexity is `O(n)` where `n` is the length of the iterator. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))] pubfn choose_multiple<T: Iterator>(&mutself, mut source: T, amount: usize) -> Vec<T::Item> { // Adapted from: https://docs.rs/rand/latest/rand/seq/trait.IteratorRandom.html#method.choose_multiple letmut reservoir = Vec::with_capacity(amount);
reservoir.extend(source.by_ref().take(amount));
// Continue unless the iterator was exhausted // // note: this prevents iterators that "restart" from causing problems. // If the iterator stops once, then so do we. if reservoir.len() == amount { for (i, elem) in source.enumerate() { let end = i + 1 + amount; let k = self.usize(0..end); iflet Some(slot) = reservoir.get_mut(k) {
*slot = elem;
}
}
} else { // If less than one third of the `Vec` was used, reallocate // so that the unused space is not wasted. There is a corner // case where `amount` was much less than `self.len()`. if reservoir.capacity() > 3 * reservoir.len() {
reservoir.shrink_to_fit();
}
}
reservoir
}
rng_integer!(
i8,
u8,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `i8` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
i16,
u16,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `i16` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
i32,
u32,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `i32` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
i64,
u64,
gen_u64,
gen_mod_u64, "Generates a random `i64` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
i128,
u128,
gen_u128,
gen_mod_u128, "Generates a random `i128` in the given range."
);
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
rng_integer!(
isize,
usize,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `isize` in the given range."
); #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
rng_integer!(
isize,
usize,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `isize` in the given range."
); #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
rng_integer!(
isize,
usize,
gen_u64,
gen_mod_u64, "Generates a random `isize` in the given range."
);
/// Generates a random `char` in range a-z. #[inline] pubfn lowercase(&mutself) -> char { const CHARS: &[u8] = b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
*self.choice(CHARS).unwrap() as char
}
/// Initializes this generator with the given seed. #[inline] pubfn seed(&mutself, seed: u64) { self.0 = seed;
}
/// Gives back **current** seed that is being held by this generator. #[inline] pubfn get_seed(&self) -> u64 { self.0
}
/// Choose an item from an iterator at random. /// /// This function may have an unexpected result if the `len()` property of the /// iterator does not match the actual number of items in the iterator. If /// the iterator is empty, this returns `None`. #[inline] pubfn choice<I>(&mutself, iter: I) -> Option<I::Item> where
I: IntoIterator,
I::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
{ letmut iter = iter.into_iter();
// Get the item at a random index. let len = iter.len(); if len == 0 { return None;
} let index = self.usize(0..len);
iter.nth(index)
}
/// Shuffles a slice randomly. #[inline] pubfn shuffle<T>(&mutself, slice: &mut [T]) { for i in1..slice.len() {
slice.swap(i, self.usize(..=i));
}
}
/// Fill a byte slice with random data. #[inline] pubfn fill(&mutself, slice: &mut [u8]) { // We fill the slice by chunks of 8 bytes, or one block of // WyRand output per new state. letmut chunks = slice.chunks_exact_mut(core::mem::size_of::<u64>()); for chunk in chunks.by_ref() { let n = self.gen_u64().to_ne_bytes(); // Safe because the chunks are always 8 bytes exactly.
chunk.copy_from_slice(&n);
}
let remainder = chunks.into_remainder();
// Any remainder will always be less than 8 bytes. if !remainder.is_empty() { // Generate one last block of 8 bytes of entropy let n = self.gen_u64().to_ne_bytes();
// Use the remaining length to copy from block
remainder.copy_from_slice(&n[..remainder.len()]);
}
}
rng_integer!(
u8,
u8,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `u8` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
u16,
u16,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `u16` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
u32,
u32,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `u32` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
u64,
u64,
gen_u64,
gen_mod_u64, "Generates a random `u64` in the given range."
);
rng_integer!(
u128,
u128,
gen_u128,
gen_mod_u128, "Generates a random `u128` in the given range."
);
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
rng_integer!(
usize,
usize,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `usize` in the given range."
); #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
rng_integer!(
usize,
usize,
gen_u32,
gen_mod_u32, "Generates a random `usize` in the given range."
); #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
rng_integer!(
usize,
usize,
gen_u64,
gen_mod_u64, "Generates a random `usize` in the given range."
); #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "128")]
rng_integer!(
usize,
usize,
gen_u128,
gen_mod_u128, "Generates a random `usize` in the given range."
);
/// Generates a random `char` in range A-Z. #[inline] pubfn uppercase(&mutself) -> char { const CHARS: &[u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
*self.choice(CHARS).unwrap() as char
}
/// Generates a random `char` in the given range. /// /// Panics if the range is empty. #[inline] pubfn char(&mutself, range: impl RangeBounds<char>) -> char { let panic_empty_range = || {
panic!( "empty range: {:?}..{:?}",
range.start_bound(),
range.end_bound()
)
};
let surrogate_start = 0xd800u32; let surrogate_len = 0x800u32;
let low = match range.start_bound() {
Bound::Unbounded => 0u8 as char,
Bound::Included(&x) => x,
Bound::Excluded(&x) => { let scalar = if x as u32 == surrogate_start - 1 {
surrogate_start + surrogate_len
} else {
x as u32 + 1
};
char::try_from(scalar).unwrap_or_else(|_| panic_empty_range())
}
};
let high = match range.end_bound() {
Bound::Unbounded => core::char::MAX,
Bound::Included(&x) => x,
Bound::Excluded(&x) => { let scalar = if x as u32 == surrogate_start + surrogate_len {
surrogate_start - 1
} else {
(x as u32).wrapping_sub(1)
};
char::try_from(scalar).unwrap_or_else(|_| panic_empty_range())
}
};
if low > high {
panic_empty_range();
}
let gap = if (low as u32) < surrogate_start && (high as u32) >= surrogate_start {
surrogate_len
} else { 0
}; let range = high as u32 - low as u32 - gap; letmut val = self.u32(0..=range) + low as u32; if val >= surrogate_start {
val += gap;
}
val.try_into().unwrap()
}
}
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