// k0 = -m**-1 mod 2**BITS. Algorithm from: Dumas, J.G. "On Newton–Raphson // Iteration for Multiplicative Inverses Modulo Prime Powers". fn inv_mod_alt(b: BigDigit) -> BigDigit {
assert_ne!(b & 1, 0);
letmut k0 = BigDigit::wrapping_sub(2, b); letmut t = b - 1; letmut i = 1; while i < big_digit::BITS {
t = t.wrapping_mul(t);
k0 = k0.wrapping_mul(t + 1);
i <<= 1;
}
debug_assert_eq!(k0.wrapping_mul(b), 1);
k0.wrapping_neg()
}
/// Computes z mod m = x * y * 2 ** (-n*_W) mod m /// assuming k = -1/m mod 2**_W /// See Gueron, "Efficient Software Implementations of Modular Exponentiation". /// <https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/239.pdf> /// In the terminology of that paper, this is an "Almost Montgomery Multiplication": /// x and y are required to satisfy 0 <= z < 2**(n*_W) and then the result /// z is guaranteed to satisfy 0 <= z < 2**(n*_W), but it may not be < m. #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)] fn montgomery(x: &BigUint, y: &BigUint, m: &BigUint, k: BigDigit, n: usize) -> BigUint { // This code assumes x, y, m are all the same length, n. // (required by addMulVVW and the for loop). // It also assumes that x, y are already reduced mod m, // or else the result will not be properly reduced.
assert!(
x.data.len() == n && y.data.len() == n && m.data.len() == n, "{:?} {:?} {:?} {}",
x,
y,
m,
n
);
letmut z = BigUint::ZERO;
z.data.resize(n * 2, 0);
letmut c: BigDigit = 0; for i in0..n { let c2 = add_mul_vvw(&mut z.data[i..n + i], &x.data, y.data[i]); let t = z.data[i].wrapping_mul(k); let c3 = add_mul_vvw(&mut z.data[i..n + i], &m.data, t); let cx = c.wrapping_add(c2); let cy = cx.wrapping_add(c3);
z.data[n + i] = cy; if cx < c2 || cy < c3 {
c = 1;
} else {
c = 0;
}
}
if c == 0 {
z.data = z.data[n..].to_vec();
} else {
{ let (first, second) = z.data.split_at_mut(n);
sub_vv(first, second, &m.data);
}
z.data = z.data[..n].to_vec();
}
z
}
#[inline(always)] fn add_mul_vvw(z: &mut [BigDigit], x: &[BigDigit], y: BigDigit) -> BigDigit { letmut c = 0; for (zi, xi) in z.iter_mut().zip(x.iter()) { let (z1, z0) = mul_add_www(*xi, y, *zi); let (c_, zi_) = add_ww(z0, c, 0);
*zi = zi_;
c = c_ + z1;
}
c
}
/// The resulting carry c is either 0 or 1. #[inline(always)] fn sub_vv(z: &mut [BigDigit], x: &[BigDigit], y: &[BigDigit]) -> BigDigit { letmut c = 0; for (i, (xi, yi)) in x.iter().zip(y.iter()).enumerate().take(z.len()) { let zi = xi.wrapping_sub(*yi).wrapping_sub(c);
z[i] = zi; // see "Hacker's Delight", section 2-12 (overflow detection)
c = ((yi & !xi) | ((yi | !xi) & zi)) >> (big_digit::BITS - 1)
}
c
}
/// z1<<_W + z0 = x+y+c, with c == 0 or 1 #[inline(always)] fn add_ww(x: BigDigit, y: BigDigit, c: BigDigit) -> (BigDigit, BigDigit) { let yc = y.wrapping_add(c); let z0 = x.wrapping_add(yc); let z1 = if z0 < x || yc < y { 1 } else { 0 };
(z1, z0)
}
/// z1 << _W + z0 = x * y + c #[inline(always)] fn mul_add_www(x: BigDigit, y: BigDigit, c: BigDigit) -> (BigDigit, BigDigit) { let z = x as DoubleBigDigit * y as DoubleBigDigit + c as DoubleBigDigit;
((z >> big_digit::BITS) as BigDigit, z as BigDigit)
}
/// Calculates x ** y mod m using a fixed, 4-bit window. #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)] pub(super) fn monty_modpow(x: &BigUint, y: &BigUint, m: &BigUint) -> BigUint {
assert!(m.data[0] & 1 == 1); let mr = MontyReducer::new(m); let num_words = m.data.len();
letmut x = x.clone();
// We want the lengths of x and m to be equal. // It is OK if x >= m as long as len(x) == len(m). if x.data.len() > num_words {
x %= m; // Note: now len(x) <= numWords, not guaranteed ==.
} if x.data.len() < num_words {
x.data.resize(num_words, 0);
}
// rr = 2**(2*_W*len(m)) mod m letmut rr = BigUint::one();
rr = (rr.shl(2 * num_words as u64 * u64::from(big_digit::BITS))) % m; if rr.data.len() < num_words {
rr.data.resize(num_words, 0);
} // one = 1, with equal length to that of m letmut one = BigUint::one();
one.data.resize(num_words, 0);
let n = 4; // powers[i] contains x^i letmut powers = Vec::with_capacity(1 << n);
powers.push(montgomery(&one, &rr, m, mr.n0inv, num_words));
powers.push(montgomery(&x, &rr, m, mr.n0inv, num_words)); for i in2..1 << n { let r = montgomery(&powers[i - 1], &powers[1], m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
powers.push(r);
}
// initialize z = 1 (Montgomery 1) letmut z = powers[0].clone();
z.data.resize(num_words, 0); letmut zz = BigUint::ZERO;
zz.data.resize(num_words, 0);
// same windowed exponent, but with Montgomery multiplications for i in (0..y.data.len()).rev() { letmut yi = y.data[i]; letmut j = 0; while j < big_digit::BITS { if i != y.data.len() - 1 || j != 0 {
zz = montgomery(&z, &z, m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
z = montgomery(&zz, &zz, m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
zz = montgomery(&z, &z, m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
z = montgomery(&zz, &zz, m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
}
zz = montgomery(
&z,
&powers[(yi >> (big_digit::BITS - n)) as usize],
m,
mr.n0inv,
num_words,
);
mem::swap(&mut z, &mut zz);
yi <<= n;
j += n;
}
}
// convert to regular number
zz = montgomery(&z, &one, m, mr.n0inv, num_words);
zz.normalize(); // One last reduction, just in case. // See golang.org/issue/13907. if zz >= *m { // Common case is m has high bit set; in that case, // since zz is the same length as m, there can be just // one multiple of m to remove. Just subtract. // We think that the subtract should be sufficient in general, // so do that unconditionally, but double-check, // in case our beliefs are wrong. // The div is not expected to be reached.
zz -= m; if zz >= *m {
zz %= m;
}
}
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.