// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
//! The Bernoulli distribution.
usecrate::distributions::Distribution; usecrate::Rng; use core::{fmt, u64};
#[cfg(feature = "serde1")] use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize}; /// The Bernoulli distribution. /// /// This is a special case of the Binomial distribution where `n = 1`. /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// use rand::distributions::{Bernoulli, Distribution}; /// /// let d = Bernoulli::new(0.3).unwrap(); /// let v = d.sample(&mut rand::thread_rng()); /// println!("{} is from a Bernoulli distribution", v); /// ``` /// /// # Precision /// /// This `Bernoulli` distribution uses 64 bits from the RNG (a `u64`), /// so only probabilities that are multiples of 2<sup>-64</sup> can be /// represented. #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)] #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde1", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))] pubstruct Bernoulli { /// Probability of success, relative to the maximal integer.
p_int: u64,
}
// To sample from the Bernoulli distribution we use a method that compares a // random `u64` value `v < (p * 2^64)`. // // If `p == 1.0`, the integer `v` to compare against can not represented as a // `u64`. We manually set it to `u64::MAX` instead (2^64 - 1 instead of 2^64). // Note that value of `p < 1.0` can never result in `u64::MAX`, because an // `f64` only has 53 bits of precision, and the next largest value of `p` will // result in `2^64 - 2048`. // // Also there is a 100% theoretical concern: if someone consistently wants to // generate `true` using the Bernoulli distribution (i.e. by using a probability // of `1.0`), just using `u64::MAX` is not enough. On average it would return // false once every 2^64 iterations. Some people apparently care about this // case. // // That is why we special-case `u64::MAX` to always return `true`, without using // the RNG, and pay the performance price for all uses that *are* reasonable. // Luckily, if `new()` and `sample` are close, the compiler can optimize out the // extra check. const ALWAYS_TRUE: u64 = u64::MAX;
// This is just `2.0.powi(64)`, but written this way because it is not available // in `no_std` mode. const SCALE: f64 = 2.0 * (1u64 << 63) as f64;
/// Error type returned from `Bernoulli::new`. #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)] pubenum BernoulliError { /// `p < 0` or `p > 1`.
InvalidProbability,
}
impl fmt::Display for BernoulliError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.write_str(matchself {
BernoulliError::InvalidProbability => "p is outside [0, 1] in Bernoulli distribution",
})
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")] impl ::std::error::Error for BernoulliError {}
impl Bernoulli { /// Construct a new `Bernoulli` with the given probability of success `p`. /// /// # Precision /// /// For `p = 1.0`, the resulting distribution will always generate true. /// For `p = 0.0`, the resulting distribution will always generate false. /// /// This method is accurate for any input `p` in the range `[0, 1]` which is /// a multiple of 2<sup>-64</sup>. (Note that not all multiples of /// 2<sup>-64</sup> in `[0, 1]` can be represented as a `f64`.) #[inline] pubfn new(p: f64) -> Result<Bernoulli, BernoulliError> { if !(0.0..1.0).contains(&p) { if p == 1.0 { return Ok(Bernoulli { p_int: ALWAYS_TRUE });
} return Err(BernoulliError::InvalidProbability);
}
Ok(Bernoulli {
p_int: (p * SCALE) as u64,
})
}
/// Construct a new `Bernoulli` with the probability of success of /// `numerator`-in-`denominator`. I.e. `new_ratio(2, 3)` will return /// a `Bernoulli` with a 2-in-3 chance, or about 67%, of returning `true`. /// /// return `true`. If `numerator == 0` it will always return `false`. /// For `numerator > denominator` and `denominator == 0`, this returns an /// error. Otherwise, for `numerator == denominator`, samples are always /// true; for `numerator == 0` samples are always false. #[inline] pubfn from_ratio(numerator: u32, denominator: u32) -> Result<Bernoulli, BernoulliError> { if numerator > denominator || denominator == 0 { return Err(BernoulliError::InvalidProbability);
} if numerator == denominator { return Ok(Bernoulli { p_int: ALWAYS_TRUE });
} let p_int = ((f64::from(numerator) / f64::from(denominator)) * SCALE) as u64;
Ok(Bernoulli { p_int })
}
}
impl Distribution<bool> for Bernoulli { #[inline] fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> bool { // Make sure to always return true for p = 1.0. ifself.p_int == ALWAYS_TRUE { returntrue;
} let v: u64 = rng.gen();
v < self.p_int
}
}
#[cfg(test)] mod test { usesuper::Bernoulli; usecrate::distributions::Distribution; usecrate::Rng;
#[test] #[cfg(feature="serde1")] fn test_serializing_deserializing_bernoulli() { let coin_flip = Bernoulli::new(0.5).unwrap(); let de_coin_flip : Bernoulli = bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&coin_flip).unwrap()).unwrap();
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