// This module implements Identifier, a short-optimized string allowed to // contain only the ASCII characters hyphen, dot, 0-9, A-Z, a-z. // // As of mid-2021, the distribution of pre-release lengths on crates.io is: // // length count length count length count // 0 355929 11 81 24 2 // 1 208 12 48 25 6 // 2 236 13 55 26 10 // 3 1909 14 25 27 4 // 4 1284 15 15 28 1 // 5 1742 16 35 30 1 // 6 3440 17 9 31 5 // 7 5624 18 6 32 1 // 8 1321 19 12 36 2 // 9 179 20 2 37 379 // 10 65 23 11 // // and the distribution of build metadata lengths is: // // length count length count length count // 0 364445 8 7725 18 1 // 1 72 9 16 19 1 // 2 7 10 85 20 1 // 3 28 11 17 22 4 // 4 9 12 10 26 1 // 5 68 13 9 27 1 // 6 73 14 10 40 5 // 7 53 15 6 // // Therefore it really behooves us to be able to use the entire 8 bytes of a // pointer for inline storage. For both pre-release and build metadata there are // vastly more strings with length exactly 8 bytes than the sum over all lengths // longer than 8 bytes. // // To differentiate the inline representation from the heap allocated long // representation, we'll allocate heap pointers with 2-byte alignment so that // they are guaranteed to have an unset least significant bit. Then in the repr // we store for pointers, we rotate a 1 into the most significant bit of the // most significant byte, which is never set for an ASCII byte. // // Inline repr: // // 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx 0xxxxxxx // // Heap allocated repr: // // 1ppppppp pppppppp pppppppp pppppppp pppppppp pppppppp pppppppp pppppppp 0 // ^ most significant bit least significant bit of orig ptr, rotated out ^ // // Since the most significant bit doubles as a sign bit for the similarly sized // signed integer type, the CPU has an efficient instruction for inspecting it, // meaning we can differentiate between an inline repr and a heap allocated repr // in one instruction. Effectively an inline repr always looks like a positive // i64 while a heap allocated repr always looks like a negative i64. // // For the inline repr, we store \0 padding on the end of the stored characters, // and thus the string length is readily determined efficiently by a cttz (count // trailing zeros) or bsf (bit scan forward) instruction. // // For the heap allocated repr, the length is encoded as a base-128 varint at // the head of the allocation. // // Empty strings are stored as an all-1 bit pattern, corresponding to -1i64. // Consequently the all-0 bit pattern is never a legal representation in any // repr, leaving it available as a niche for downstream code. For example this // allows size_of::<Version>() == size_of::<Option<Version>>().
usecrate::alloc::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, handle_alloc_error, Layout}; use core::isize; use core::mem; use core::num::{NonZeroU64, NonZeroUsize}; use core::ptr::{self, NonNull}; use core::slice; use core::str; use core::usize;
// If pointers are already 8 bytes or bigger, then 0. If pointers are smaller // than 8 bytes, then Identifier will contain a byte array to raise its size up // to 8 bytes total. const TAIL_BYTES: usize = 8 * (PTR_BYTES < 8) as usize - PTR_BYTES * (PTR_BYTES < 8) as usize;
impl Identifier { pub(crate) constfn empty() -> Self { // This is a separate constant because unsafe function calls are not // allowed in a const fn body, only in a const, until later rustc than // what we support. const HEAD: NonNull<u8> = unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(!0as *mut u8) };
// SAFETY: string must be ASCII and not contain \0 bytes. pub(crate) unsafefn new_unchecked(string: &str) -> Self { let len = string.len();
debug_assert!(len <= isize::MAX as usize); match len as u64 { 0 => Self::empty(), 1..=8 => { letmut bytes = [0u8; mem::size_of::<Identifier>()]; // SAFETY: string is big enough to read len bytes, bytes is big // enough to write len bytes, and they do not overlap. unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(string.as_ptr(), bytes.as_mut_ptr(), len) }; // SAFETY: the head field is nonzero because the input string // was at least 1 byte of ASCII and did not contain \0. unsafe { mem::transmute::<[u8; mem::size_of::<Identifier>()], Identifier>(bytes) }
} 9..=0xff_ffff_ffff_ffff => { // SAFETY: len is in a range that does not contain 0. let size = bytes_for_varint(unsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked(len) }) + len; let align = 2; // On 32-bit and 16-bit architecture, check for size overflowing // isize::MAX. Making an allocation request bigger than this to // the allocator is considered UB. All allocations (including // static ones) are limited to isize::MAX so we're guaranteed // len <= isize::MAX, and we know bytes_for_varint(len) <= 5 // because 128**5 > isize::MAX, which means the only problem // that can arise is when isize::MAX - 5 <= len <= isize::MAX. // This is pretty much guaranteed to be malicious input so we // don't need to care about returning a good error message. if mem::size_of::<usize>() < 8 { let max_alloc = usize::MAX / 2 - align;
assert!(size <= max_alloc);
} // SAFETY: align is not zero, align is a power of two, and // rounding size up to align does not overflow isize::MAX. let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) }; // SAFETY: layout's size is nonzero. let ptr = unsafe { alloc(layout) }; if ptr.is_null() {
handle_alloc_error(layout);
} letmut write = ptr; letmut varint_remaining = len; while varint_remaining > 0 { // SAFETY: size is bytes_for_varint(len) bytes + len bytes. // This is writing the first bytes_for_varint(len) bytes. unsafe { ptr::write(write, varint_remaining as u8 | 0x80) };
varint_remaining >>= 7; // SAFETY: still in bounds of the same allocation.
write = unsafe { write.add(1) };
} // SAFETY: size is bytes_for_varint(len) bytes + len bytes. This // is writing to the last len bytes. unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(string.as_ptr(), write, len) };
Identifier {
head: ptr_to_repr(ptr),
tail: [0; TAIL_BYTES],
}
} 0x100_0000_0000_0000..=0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffff => {
unreachable!("please refrain from storing >64 petabytes of text in semver version");
} #[cfg(no_exhaustive_int_match)] // rustc <1.33
_ => unreachable!(),
}
}
pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { // `cmp rdi, -1` -- basically: `repr as i64 == -1` let empty = Self::empty(); let is_empty = self.head == empty.head && self.tail == empty.tail; // The empty representation does nothing on Drop. We can't let this one // drop normally because `impl Drop for Identifier` calls is_empty; that // would be an infinite recursion.
mem::forget(empty);
is_empty
}
pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str { ifself.is_empty() { ""
} elseifself.is_inline() { // SAFETY: repr is in the inline representation. unsafe { inline_as_str(self) }
} else { // SAFETY: repr is in the heap allocated representation. unsafe { ptr_as_str(&self.head) }
}
}
}
impl Clone for Identifier { fn clone(&self) -> Self { ifself.is_empty_or_inline() {
Identifier {
head: self.head,
tail: self.tail,
}
} else { let ptr = repr_to_ptr(self.head); // SAFETY: ptr is one of our own heap allocations. let len = unsafe { decode_len(ptr) }; let size = bytes_for_varint(len) + len.get(); let align = 2; // SAFETY: align is not zero, align is a power of two, and rounding // size up to align does not overflow isize::MAX. This is just // duplicating a previous allocation where all of these guarantees // were already made. let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) }; // SAFETY: layout's size is nonzero. let clone = unsafe { alloc(layout) }; if clone.is_null() {
handle_alloc_error(layout);
} // SAFETY: new allocation cannot overlap the previous one (this was // not a realloc). The argument ptrs are readable/writeable // respectively for size bytes. unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, clone, size) }
Identifier {
head: ptr_to_repr(clone),
tail: [0; TAIL_BYTES],
}
}
}
}
impl Drop for Identifier { fn drop(&mutself) { ifself.is_empty_or_inline() { return;
} let ptr = repr_to_ptr_mut(self.head); // SAFETY: ptr is one of our own heap allocations. let len = unsafe { decode_len(ptr) }; let size = bytes_for_varint(len) + len.get(); let align = 2; // SAFETY: align is not zero, align is a power of two, and rounding // size up to align does not overflow usize::MAX. These guarantees were // made when originally allocating this memory. let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) }; // SAFETY: ptr was previously allocated by the same allocator with the // same layout. unsafe { dealloc(ptr, layout) }
}
}
impl PartialEq for Identifier { fn eq(&self, rhs: &Self) -> bool { ifself.is_empty_or_inline() { // Fast path (most common) self.head == rhs.head && self.tail == rhs.tail
} elseif rhs.is_empty_or_inline() { false
} else { // SAFETY: both reprs are in the heap allocated representation. unsafe { ptr_as_str(&self.head) == ptr_as_str(&rhs.head) }
}
}
}
unsafeimpl Send for Identifier {} unsafeimpl Sync for Identifier {}
// We use heap pointers that are 2-byte aligned, meaning they have an // insignificant 0 in the least significant bit. We take advantage of that // unneeded bit to rotate a 1 into the most significant bit to make the repr // distinguishable from ASCII bytes. fn ptr_to_repr(original: *mut u8) -> NonNull<u8> { // `mov eax, 1` // `shld rax, rdi, 63` let modified = (original as usize | 1).rotate_right(1);
// `original + (modified - original)`, but being mindful of provenance. let diff = modified.wrapping_sub(original as usize); let modified = original.wrapping_add(diff);
// SAFETY: the most significant bit of repr is known to be set, so the value // is not zero. unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(modified) }
}
// Shift out the 1 previously placed into the most significant bit of the least // significant byte. Shift in a low 0 bit to reconstruct the original 2-byte // aligned pointer. fn repr_to_ptr(modified: NonNull<u8>) -> *const u8 { // `lea rax, [rdi + rdi]` let modified = modified.as_ptr(); let original = (modified as usize) << 1;
// `modified + (original - modified)`, but being mindful of provenance. let diff = original.wrapping_sub(modified as usize);
modified.wrapping_add(diff)
}
// Compute the length of the inline string, assuming the argument is in short // string representation. Short strings are stored as 1 to 8 nonzero ASCII // bytes, followed by \0 padding for the remaining bytes. // // SAFETY: the identifier must indeed be in the inline representation. unsafefn inline_len(repr: &Identifier) -> NonZeroUsize { // SAFETY: Identifier's layout is align(8) and at least size 8. We're doing // an aligned read of the first 8 bytes from it. The bytes are not all zero // because inline strings are at least 1 byte long and cannot contain \0. let repr = unsafe { ptr::read(repr as *const Identifier as *const NonZeroU64) };
// Rustc >=1.53 has intrinsics for counting zeros on a non-zeroable integer. // On many architectures these are more efficient than counting on ordinary // zeroable integers (bsf vs cttz). On rustc <1.53 without those intrinsics, // we count zeros in the u64 rather than the NonZeroU64. #[cfg(no_nonzero_bitscan)] let repr = repr.get();
#[cfg(target_endian = "little")] let zero_bits_on_string_end = repr.leading_zeros(); #[cfg(target_endian = "big")] let zero_bits_on_string_end = repr.trailing_zeros();
let nonzero_bytes = 8 - zero_bits_on_string_end as usize / 8;
// SAFETY: repr is nonzero, so it has at most 63 zero bits on either end, // thus at least one nonzero byte. unsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked(nonzero_bytes) }
}
// SAFETY: repr must be in the inline representation, i.e. at least 1 and at // most 8 nonzero ASCII bytes padded on the end with \0 bytes. unsafefn inline_as_str(repr: &Identifier) -> &str { let ptr = repr as *const Identifier as *const u8; let len = unsafe { inline_len(repr) }.get(); // SAFETY: we are viewing the nonzero ASCII prefix of the inline repr's // contents as a slice of bytes. Input/output lifetimes are correctly // associated. let slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len) }; // SAFETY: the string contents are known to be only ASCII bytes, which are // always valid UTF-8. unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(slice) }
}
// Decode varint. Varints consist of between one and eight base-128 digits, each // of which is stored in a byte with most significant bit set. Adjacent to the // varint in memory there is guaranteed to be at least 9 ASCII bytes, each of // which has an unset most significant bit. // // SAFETY: ptr must be one of our own heap allocations, with the varint header // already written. unsafefn decode_len(ptr: *const u8) -> NonZeroUsize { // SAFETY: There is at least one byte of varint followed by at least 9 bytes // of string content, which is at least 10 bytes total for the allocation, // so reading the first two is no problem. let [first, second] = unsafe { ptr::read(ptr as *const [u8; 2]) }; if second < 0x80 { // SAFETY: the length of this heap allocated string has been encoded as // one base-128 digit, so the length is at least 9 and at most 127. It // cannot be zero. unsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked((first & 0x7f) as usize) }
} else { returnunsafe { decode_len_cold(ptr) };
// Identifiers 128 bytes or longer. This is not exercised by any crate // version currently published to crates.io. #[cold] #[inline(never)] unsafefn decode_len_cold(mut ptr: *const u8) -> NonZeroUsize { letmut len = 0; letmut shift = 0; loop { // SAFETY: varint continues while there are bytes having the // most significant bit set, i.e. until we start hitting the // ASCII string content with msb unset. let byte = unsafe { *ptr }; if byte < 0x80 { // SAFETY: the string length is known to be 128 bytes or // longer. returnunsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked(len) };
} // SAFETY: still in bounds of the same allocation.
ptr = unsafe { ptr.add(1) };
len += ((byte & 0x7f) as usize) << shift;
shift += 7;
}
}
}
}
// SAFETY: repr must be in the heap allocated representation, with varint header // and string contents already written. unsafefn ptr_as_str(repr: &NonNull<u8>) -> &str { let ptr = repr_to_ptr(*repr); let len = unsafe { decode_len(ptr) }; let header = bytes_for_varint(len); let slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.add(header), len.get()) }; // SAFETY: all identifier contents are ASCII bytes, which are always valid // UTF-8. unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(slice) }
}
// Number of base-128 digits required for the varint representation of a length. fn bytes_for_varint(len: NonZeroUsize) -> usize { #[cfg(no_nonzero_bitscan)] // rustc <1.53 let len = len.get();
let usize_bits = mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8; let len_bits = usize_bits - len.leading_zeros() as usize;
(len_bits + 6) / 7
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.10 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-06-18)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.