//! The Value enum, a loosely typed way of representing any valid JSON value. //! //! # Constructing JSON //! //! Serde JSON provides a [`json!` macro][macro] to build `serde_json::Value` //! objects with very natural JSON syntax. //! //! ``` //! use serde_json::json; //! //! fn main() { //! // The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value` //! let john = json!({ //! "name": "John Doe", //! "age": 43, //! "phones": [ //! "+44 1234567", //! "+44 2345678" //! ] //! }); //! //! println!("first phone number: {}", john["phones"][0]); //! //! // Convert to a string of JSON and print it out //! println!("{}", john.to_string()); //! } //! ``` //! //! The `Value::to_string()` function converts a `serde_json::Value` into a //! `String` of JSON text. //! //! One neat thing about the `json!` macro is that variables and expressions can //! be interpolated directly into the JSON value as you are building it. Serde //! will check at compile time that the value you are interpolating is able to //! be represented as JSON. //! //! ``` //! # use serde_json::json; //! # //! # fn random_phone() -> u16 { 0 } //! # //! let full_name = "John Doe"; //! let age_last_year = 42; //! //! // The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value` //! let john = json!({ //! "name": full_name, //! "age": age_last_year + 1, //! "phones": [ //! format!("+44 {}", random_phone()) //! ] //! }); //! ``` //! //! A string of JSON data can be parsed into a `serde_json::Value` by the //! [`serde_json::from_str`][from_str] function. There is also //! [`from_slice`][from_slice] for parsing from a byte slice `&[u8]` and //! [`from_reader`][from_reader] for parsing from any `io::Read` like a File or //! a TCP stream. //! //! ``` //! use serde_json::{json, Value, Error}; //! //! fn untyped_example() -> Result<(), Error> { //! // Some JSON input data as a &str. Maybe this comes from the user. //! let data = r#" //! { //! "name": "John Doe", //! "age": 43, //! "phones": [ //! "+44 1234567", //! "+44 2345678" //! ] //! }"#; //! //! // Parse the string of data into serde_json::Value. //! let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(data)?; //! //! // Access parts of the data by indexing with square brackets. //! println!("Please call {} at the number {}", v["name"], v["phones"][0]); //! //! Ok(()) //! } //! # //! # untyped_example().unwrap(); //! ``` //! //! [macro]: crate::json //! [from_str]: crate::de::from_str //! [from_slice]: crate::de::from_slice //! [from_reader]: crate::de::from_reader
usecrate::error::Error; usecrate::io; use alloc::string::String; use alloc::vec::Vec; use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display}; use core::mem; use core::str; use serde::de::DeserializeOwned; use serde::ser::Serialize;
/// Represents any valid JSON value. /// /// See the [`serde_json::value` module documentation](self) for usage examples. #[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)] pubenum Value { /// Represents a JSON null value. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!(null); /// ```
Null,
/// Represents a JSON boolean. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!(true); /// ```
Bool(bool),
/// Represents a JSON number, whether integer or floating point. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!(12.5); /// ```
Number(Number),
/// Represents a JSON string. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!("a string"); /// ```
String(String),
/// Represents a JSON array. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!(["an", "array"]); /// ```
Array(Vec<Value>),
/// Represents a JSON object. /// /// By default the map is backed by a BTreeMap. Enable the `preserve_order` /// feature of serde_json to use IndexMap instead, which preserves /// entries in the order they are inserted into the map. In particular, this /// allows JSON data to be deserialized into a Value and serialized to a /// string while retaining the order of map keys in the input. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "an": "object" }); /// ```
Object(Map<String, Value>),
}
impl<'a, 'b> io::Write for WriterFormatter<'a, 'b> { fn write(&mutself, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> { // Safety: the serializer below only emits valid utf8 when using // the default formatter. let s = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(buf) };
tri!(self.inner.write_str(s).map_err(io_error));
Ok(buf.len())
}
fn flush(&mutself) -> io::Result<()> {
Ok(())
}
}
fn io_error(_: fmt::Error) -> io::Error { // Error value does not matter because Display impl just maps it // back to fmt::Error.
io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "fmt error")
}
impl Value { /// Index into a JSON array or map. A string index can be used to access a /// value in a map, and a usize index can be used to access an element of an /// array. /// /// Returns `None` if the type of `self` does not match the type of the /// index, for example if the index is a string and `self` is an array or a /// number. Also returns `None` if the given key does not exist in the map /// or the given index is not within the bounds of the array. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let object = json!({ "A": 65, "B": 66, "C": 67 }); /// assert_eq!(*object.get("A").unwrap(), json!(65)); /// /// let array = json!([ "A", "B", "C" ]); /// assert_eq!(*array.get(2).unwrap(), json!("C")); /// /// assert_eq!(array.get("A"), None); /// ``` /// /// Square brackets can also be used to index into a value in a more concise /// way. This returns `Value::Null` in cases where `get` would have returned /// `None`. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let object = json!({ /// "A": ["a", "á", "à"], /// "B": ["b", "b́"], /// "C": ["c", "ć", "ć̣", "ḉ"], /// }); /// assert_eq!(object["B"][0], json!("b")); /// /// assert_eq!(object["D"], json!(null)); /// assert_eq!(object[0]["x"]["y"]["z"], json!(null)); /// ``` pubfn get<I: Index>(&self, index: I) -> Option<&Value> {
index.index_into(self)
}
/// Mutably index into a JSON array or map. A string index can be used to /// access a value in a map, and a usize index can be used to access an /// element of an array. /// /// Returns `None` if the type of `self` does not match the type of the /// index, for example if the index is a string and `self` is an array or a /// number. Also returns `None` if the given key does not exist in the map /// or the given index is not within the bounds of the array. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let mut object = json!({ "A": 65, "B": 66, "C": 67 }); /// *object.get_mut("A").unwrap() = json!(69); /// /// let mut array = json!([ "A", "B", "C" ]); /// *array.get_mut(2).unwrap() = json!("D"); /// ``` pubfn get_mut<I: Index>(&mutself, index: I) -> Option<&mut Value> {
index.index_into_mut(self)
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is an Object. Returns false otherwise. /// /// For any Value on which `is_object` returns true, `as_object` and /// `as_object_mut` are guaranteed to return the map representation of the /// object. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let obj = json!({ "a": { "nested": true }, "b": ["an", "array"] }); /// /// assert!(obj.is_object()); /// assert!(obj["a"].is_object()); /// /// // array, not an object /// assert!(!obj["b"].is_object()); /// ``` pubfn is_object(&self) -> bool { self.as_object().is_some()
}
/// If the `Value` is an Object, returns the associated Map. Returns None /// otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": { "nested": true }, "b": ["an", "array"] }); /// /// // The length of `{"nested": true}` is 1 entry. /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_object().unwrap().len(), 1); /// /// // The array `["an", "array"]` is not an object. /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_object(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_object(&self) -> Option<&Map<String, Value>> { matchself {
Value::Object(map) => Some(map),
_ => None,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is an Object, returns the associated mutable Map. /// Returns None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let mut v = json!({ "a": { "nested": true } }); /// /// v["a"].as_object_mut().unwrap().clear(); /// assert_eq!(v, json!({ "a": {} })); /// ``` pubfn as_object_mut(&mutself) -> Option<&mut Map<String, Value>> { matchself {
Value::Object(map) => Some(map),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is an Array. Returns false otherwise. /// /// For any Value on which `is_array` returns true, `as_array` and /// `as_array_mut` are guaranteed to return the vector representing the /// array. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let obj = json!({ "a": ["an", "array"], "b": { "an": "object" } }); /// /// assert!(obj["a"].is_array()); /// /// // an object, not an array /// assert!(!obj["b"].is_array()); /// ``` pubfn is_array(&self) -> bool { self.as_array().is_some()
}
/// If the `Value` is an Array, returns the associated vector. Returns None /// otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": ["an", "array"], "b": { "an": "object" } }); /// /// // The length of `["an", "array"]` is 2 elements. /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2); /// /// // The object `{"an": "object"}` is not an array. /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_array(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_array(&self) -> Option<&Vec<Value>> { matchself {
Value::Array(array) => Some(array),
_ => None,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is an Array, returns the associated mutable vector. /// Returns None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let mut v = json!({ "a": ["an", "array"] }); /// /// v["a"].as_array_mut().unwrap().clear(); /// assert_eq!(v, json!({ "a": [] })); /// ``` pubfn as_array_mut(&mutself) -> Option<&mut Vec<Value>> { matchself {
Value::Array(list) => Some(list),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is a String. Returns false otherwise. /// /// For any Value on which `is_string` returns true, `as_str` is guaranteed /// to return the string slice. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": "some string", "b": false }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_string()); /// /// // The boolean `false` is not a string. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_string()); /// ``` pubfn is_string(&self) -> bool { self.as_str().is_some()
}
/// If the `Value` is a String, returns the associated str. Returns None /// otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": "some string", "b": false }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_str(), Some("some string")); /// /// // The boolean `false` is not a string. /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_str(), None); /// /// // JSON values are printed in JSON representation, so strings are in quotes. /// // /// // The value is: "some string" /// println!("The value is: {}", v["a"]); /// /// // Rust strings are printed without quotes. /// // /// // The value is: some string /// println!("The value is: {}", v["a"].as_str().unwrap()); /// ``` pubfn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> { matchself {
Value::String(s) => Some(s),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is a Number. Returns false otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 1, "b": "2" }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_number()); /// /// // The string `"2"` is a string, not a number. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_number()); /// ``` pubfn is_number(&self) -> bool { match *self {
Value::Number(_) => true,
_ => false,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is a Number, returns the associated [`Number`]. Returns /// None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::{json, Number}; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 1, "b": 2.2, "c": -3, "d": "4" }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_number(), Some(&Number::from(1u64))); /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_number(), Some(&Number::from_f64(2.2).unwrap())); /// assert_eq!(v["c"].as_number(), Some(&Number::from(-3i64))); /// /// // The string `"4"` is not a number. /// assert_eq!(v["d"].as_number(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_number(&self) -> Option<&Number> { matchself {
Value::Number(number) => Some(number),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is an integer between `i64::MIN` and /// `i64::MAX`. /// /// For any Value on which `is_i64` returns true, `as_i64` is guaranteed to /// return the integer value. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let big = i64::max_value() as u64 + 10; /// let v = json!({ "a": 64, "b": big, "c": 256.0 }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_i64()); /// /// // Greater than i64::MAX. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_i64()); /// /// // Numbers with a decimal point are not considered integers. /// assert!(!v["c"].is_i64()); /// ``` pubfn is_i64(&self) -> bool { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.is_i64(),
_ => false,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is an integer between zero and `u64::MAX`. /// /// For any Value on which `is_u64` returns true, `as_u64` is guaranteed to /// return the integer value. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 64, "b": -64, "c": 256.0 }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_u64()); /// /// // Negative integer. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_u64()); /// /// // Numbers with a decimal point are not considered integers. /// assert!(!v["c"].is_u64()); /// ``` pubfn is_u64(&self) -> bool { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.is_u64(),
_ => false,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is a number that can be represented by f64. /// /// For any Value on which `is_f64` returns true, `as_f64` is guaranteed to /// return the floating point value. /// /// Currently this function returns true if and only if both `is_i64` and /// `is_u64` return false but this is not a guarantee in the future. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 256.0, "b": 64, "c": -64 }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_f64()); /// /// // Integers. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_f64()); /// assert!(!v["c"].is_f64()); /// ``` pubfn is_f64(&self) -> bool { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.is_f64(),
_ => false,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is an integer, represent it as i64 if possible. Returns /// None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let big = i64::max_value() as u64 + 10; /// let v = json!({ "a": 64, "b": big, "c": 256.0 }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_i64(), Some(64)); /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_i64(), None); /// assert_eq!(v["c"].as_i64(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.as_i64(),
_ => None,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is an integer, represent it as u64 if possible. Returns /// None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 64, "b": -64, "c": 256.0 }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_u64(), Some(64)); /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_u64(), None); /// assert_eq!(v["c"].as_u64(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.as_u64(),
_ => None,
}
}
/// If the `Value` is a number, represent it as f64 if possible. Returns /// None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": 256.0, "b": 64, "c": -64 }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_f64(), Some(256.0)); /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_f64(), Some(64.0)); /// assert_eq!(v["c"].as_f64(), Some(-64.0)); /// ``` pubfn as_f64(&self) -> Option<f64> { matchself {
Value::Number(n) => n.as_f64(),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is a Boolean. Returns false otherwise. /// /// For any Value on which `is_boolean` returns true, `as_bool` is /// guaranteed to return the boolean value. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": false, "b": "false" }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_boolean()); /// /// // The string `"false"` is a string, not a boolean. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_boolean()); /// ``` pubfn is_boolean(&self) -> bool { self.as_bool().is_some()
}
/// If the `Value` is a Boolean, returns the associated bool. Returns None /// otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": false, "b": "false" }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_bool(), Some(false)); /// /// // The string `"false"` is a string, not a boolean. /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_bool(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> { match *self {
Value::Bool(b) => Some(b),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Returns true if the `Value` is a Null. Returns false otherwise. /// /// For any Value on which `is_null` returns true, `as_null` is guaranteed /// to return `Some(())`. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": null, "b": false }); /// /// assert!(v["a"].is_null()); /// /// // The boolean `false` is not null. /// assert!(!v["b"].is_null()); /// ``` pubfn is_null(&self) -> bool { self.as_null().is_some()
}
/// If the `Value` is a Null, returns (). Returns None otherwise. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let v = json!({ "a": null, "b": false }); /// /// assert_eq!(v["a"].as_null(), Some(())); /// /// // The boolean `false` is not null. /// assert_eq!(v["b"].as_null(), None); /// ``` pubfn as_null(&self) -> Option<()> { match *self {
Value::Null => Some(()),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Looks up a value by a JSON Pointer. /// /// JSON Pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value /// within a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) document. /// /// A Pointer is a Unicode string with the reference tokens separated by `/`. /// Inside tokens `/` is replaced by `~1` and `~` is replaced by `~0`. The /// addressed value is returned and if there is no such value `None` is /// returned. /// /// For more information read [RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901). /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let data = json!({ /// "x": { /// "y": ["z", "zz"] /// } /// }); /// /// assert_eq!(data.pointer("/x/y/1").unwrap(), &json!("zz")); /// assert_eq!(data.pointer("/a/b/c"), None); /// ``` pubfn pointer(&self, pointer: &str) -> Option<&Value> { if pointer.is_empty() { return Some(self);
} if !pointer.starts_with('/') { return None;
}
pointer
.split('/')
.skip(1)
.map(|x| x.replace("~1", "/").replace("~0", "~"))
.try_fold(self, |target, token| match target {
Value::Object(map) => map.get(&token),
Value::Array(list) => parse_index(&token).and_then(|x| list.get(x)),
_ => None,
})
}
/// Looks up a value by a JSON Pointer and returns a mutable reference to /// that value. /// /// JSON Pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value /// within a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) document. /// /// A Pointer is a Unicode string with the reference tokens separated by `/`. /// Inside tokens `/` is replaced by `~1` and `~` is replaced by `~0`. The /// addressed value is returned and if there is no such value `None` is /// returned. /// /// For more information read [RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901). /// /// # Example of Use /// /// ``` /// use serde_json::Value; /// /// fn main() { /// let s = r#"{"x": 1.0, "y": 2.0}"#; /// let mut value: Value = serde_json::from_str(s).unwrap(); /// /// // Check value using read-only pointer /// assert_eq!(value.pointer("/x"), Some(&1.0.into())); /// // Change value with direct assignment /// *value.pointer_mut("/x").unwrap() = 1.5.into(); /// // Check that new value was written /// assert_eq!(value.pointer("/x"), Some(&1.5.into())); /// // Or change the value only if it exists /// value.pointer_mut("/x").map(|v| *v = 1.5.into()); /// /// // "Steal" ownership of a value. Can replace with any valid Value. /// let old_x = value.pointer_mut("/x").map(Value::take).unwrap(); /// assert_eq!(old_x, 1.5); /// assert_eq!(value.pointer("/x").unwrap(), &Value::Null); /// } /// ``` pubfn pointer_mut(&mutself, pointer: &str) -> Option<&mut Value> { if pointer.is_empty() { return Some(self);
} if !pointer.starts_with('/') { return None;
}
pointer
.split('/')
.skip(1)
.map(|x| x.replace("~1", "/").replace("~0", "~"))
.try_fold(self, |target, token| match target {
Value::Object(map) => map.get_mut(&token),
Value::Array(list) => parse_index(&token).and_then(move |x| list.get_mut(x)),
_ => None,
})
}
/// Takes the value out of the `Value`, leaving a `Null` in its place. /// /// ``` /// # use serde_json::json; /// # /// let mut v = json!({ "x": "y" }); /// assert_eq!(v["x"].take(), json!("y")); /// assert_eq!(v, json!({ "x": null })); /// ``` pubfn take(&mutself) -> Value {
mem::replace(self, Value::Null)
}
}
/// The default value is `Value::Null`. /// /// This is useful for handling omitted `Value` fields when deserializing. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use serde::Deserialize; /// use serde_json::Value; /// /// #[derive(Deserialize)] /// struct Settings { /// level: i32, /// #[serde(default)] /// extras: Value, /// } /// /// # fn try_main() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> { /// let data = r#" { "level": 42 } "#; /// let s: Settings = serde_json::from_str(data)?; /// /// assert_eq!(s.level, 42); /// assert_eq!(s.extras, Value::Null); /// # /// # Ok(()) /// # } /// # /// # try_main().unwrap() /// ``` impl Default for Value { fn default() -> Value {
Value::Null
}
}
mod de; mod from; mod index; mod partial_eq; mod ser;
/// Convert a `T` into `serde_json::Value` which is an enum that can represent /// any valid JSON data. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use serde::Serialize; /// use serde_json::json; /// use std::error::Error; /// /// #[derive(Serialize)] /// struct User { /// fingerprint: String, /// location: String, /// } /// /// fn compare_json_values() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { /// let u = User { /// fingerprint: "0xF9BA143B95FF6D82".to_owned(), /// location: "Menlo Park, CA".to_owned(), /// }; /// /// // The type of `expected` is `serde_json::Value` /// let expected = json!({ /// "fingerprint": "0xF9BA143B95FF6D82", /// "location": "Menlo Park, CA", /// }); /// /// let v = serde_json::to_value(u).unwrap(); /// assert_eq!(v, expected); /// /// Ok(()) /// } /// # /// # compare_json_values().unwrap(); /// ``` /// /// # Errors /// /// This conversion can fail if `T`'s implementation of `Serialize` decides to /// fail, or if `T` contains a map with non-string keys. /// /// ``` /// use std::collections::BTreeMap; /// /// fn main() { /// // The keys in this map are vectors, not strings. /// let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); /// map.insert(vec![32, 64], "x86"); /// /// println!("{}", serde_json::to_value(map).unwrap_err()); /// } /// ``` // Taking by value is more friendly to iterator adapters, option and result // consumers, etc. See https://github.com/serde-rs/json/pull/149. pubfn to_value<T>(value: T) -> Result<Value, Error> where
T: Serialize,
{
value.serialize(Serializer)
}
/// Interpret a `serde_json::Value` as an instance of type `T`. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use serde::Deserialize; /// use serde_json::json; /// /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)] /// struct User { /// fingerprint: String, /// location: String, /// } /// /// fn main() { /// // The type of `j` is `serde_json::Value` /// let j = json!({ /// "fingerprint": "0xF9BA143B95FF6D82", /// "location": "Menlo Park, CA" /// }); /// /// let u: User = serde_json::from_value(j).unwrap(); /// println!("{:#?}", u); /// } /// ``` /// /// # Errors /// /// This conversion can fail if the structure of the Value does not match the /// structure expected by `T`, for example if `T` is a struct type but the Value /// contains something other than a JSON map. It can also fail if the structure /// is correct but `T`'s implementation of `Deserialize` decides that something /// is wrong with the data, for example required struct fields are missing from /// the JSON map or some number is too big to fit in the expected primitive /// type. pubfn from_value<T>(value: Value) -> Result<T, Error> where
T: DeserializeOwned,
{
T::deserialize(value)
}
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