//! An implementation of asynchronous process management for Tokio. //! //! This module provides a [`Command`] struct that imitates the interface of the //! [`std::process::Command`] type in the standard library, but provides asynchronous versions of //! functions that create processes. These functions (`spawn`, `status`, `output` and their //! variants) return "future aware" types that interoperate with Tokio. The asynchronous process //! support is provided through signal handling on Unix and system APIs on Windows. //! //! [`std::process::Command`]: std::process::Command //! //! # Examples //! //! Here's an example program which will spawn `echo hello world` and then wait //! for it complete. //! //! ```no_run //! use tokio::process::Command; //! //! #[tokio::main] //! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { //! // The usage is similar as with the standard library's `Command` type //! let mut child = Command::new("echo") //! .arg("hello") //! .arg("world") //! .spawn() //! .expect("failed to spawn"); //! //! // Await until the command completes //! let status = child.wait().await?; //! println!("the command exited with: {}", status); //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! Next, let's take a look at an example where we not only spawn `echo hello //! world` but we also capture its output. //! //! ```no_run //! use tokio::process::Command; //! //! #[tokio::main] //! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { //! // Like above, but use `output` which returns a future instead of //! // immediately returning the `Child`. //! let output = Command::new("echo").arg("hello").arg("world") //! .output(); //! //! let output = output.await?; //! //! assert!(output.status.success()); //! assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"hello world\n"); //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! We can also read input line by line. //! //! ```no_run //! use tokio::io::{BufReader, AsyncBufReadExt}; //! use tokio::process::Command; //! //! use std::process::Stdio; //! //! #[tokio::main] //! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { //! let mut cmd = Command::new("cat"); //! //! // Specify that we want the command's standard output piped back to us. //! // By default, standard input/output/error will be inherited from the //! // current process (for example, this means that standard input will //! // come from the keyboard and standard output/error will go directly to //! // the terminal if this process is invoked from the command line). //! cmd.stdout(Stdio::piped()); //! //! let mut child = cmd.spawn() //! .expect("failed to spawn command"); //! //! let stdout = child.stdout.take() //! .expect("child did not have a handle to stdout"); //! //! let mut reader = BufReader::new(stdout).lines(); //! //! // Ensure the child process is spawned in the runtime so it can //! // make progress on its own while we await for any output. //! tokio::spawn(async move { //! let status = child.wait().await //! .expect("child process encountered an error"); //! //! println!("child status was: {}", status); //! }); //! //! while let Some(line) = reader.next_line().await? { //! println!("Line: {}", line); //! } //! //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! Here is another example using `sort` writing into the child process //! standard input, capturing the output of the sorted text. //! //! ```no_run //! use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt; //! use tokio::process::Command; //! //! use std::process::Stdio; //! //! #[tokio::main] //! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { //! let mut cmd = Command::new("sort"); //! //! // Specifying that we want pipe both the output and the input. //! // Similarly to capturing the output, by configuring the pipe //! // to stdin it can now be used as an asynchronous writer. //! cmd.stdout(Stdio::piped()); //! cmd.stdin(Stdio::piped()); //! //! let mut child = cmd.spawn().expect("failed to spawn command"); //! //! // These are the animals we want to sort //! let animals: &[&str] = &["dog", "bird", "frog", "cat", "fish"]; //! //! let mut stdin = child //! .stdin //! .take() //! .expect("child did not have a handle to stdin"); //! //! // Write our animals to the child process //! // Note that the behavior of `sort` is to buffer _all input_ before writing any output. //! // In the general sense, it is recommended to write to the child in a separate task as //! // awaiting its exit (or output) to avoid deadlocks (for example, the child tries to write //! // some output but gets stuck waiting on the parent to read from it, meanwhile the parent //! // is stuck waiting to write its input completely before reading the output). //! stdin //! .write(animals.join("\n").as_bytes()) //! .await //! .expect("could not write to stdin"); //! //! // We drop the handle here which signals EOF to the child process. //! // This tells the child process that it there is no more data on the pipe. //! drop(stdin); //! //! let op = child.wait_with_output().await?; //! //! // Results should come back in sorted order //! assert_eq!(op.stdout, "bird\ncat\ndog\nfish\nfrog\n".as_bytes()); //! //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! With some coordination, we can also pipe the output of one command into //! another. //! //! ```no_run //! use tokio::join; //! use tokio::process::Command; //! use std::process::Stdio; //! //! #[tokio::main] //! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { //! let mut echo = Command::new("echo") //! .arg("hello world!") //! .stdout(Stdio::piped()) //! .spawn() //! .expect("failed to spawn echo"); //! //! let tr_stdin: Stdio = echo //! .stdout //! .take() //! .unwrap() //! .try_into() //! .expect("failed to convert to Stdio"); //! //! let tr = Command::new("tr") //! .arg("a-z") //! .arg("A-Z") //! .stdin(tr_stdin) //! .stdout(Stdio::piped()) //! .spawn() //! .expect("failed to spawn tr"); //! //! let (echo_result, tr_output) = join!(echo.wait(), tr.wait_with_output()); //! //! assert!(echo_result.unwrap().success()); //! //! let tr_output = tr_output.expect("failed to await tr"); //! assert!(tr_output.status.success()); //! //! assert_eq!(tr_output.stdout, b"HELLO WORLD!\n"); //! //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! # Caveats //! //! ## Dropping/Cancellation //! //! Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures //! paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by //! default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped. //! //! The [`Command::kill_on_drop`] method can be used to modify this behavior //! and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it //! has exited. //! //! ## Unix Processes //! //! On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after //! they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which //! has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie" //! process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system, //! and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes //! from being spawned. //! //! The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up //! any process which it has spawned. No additional guarantees are made with regard to //! how quickly or how often this procedure will take place. //! //! It is recommended to avoid dropping a [`Child`] process handle before it has been //! fully `await`ed if stricter cleanup guarantees are required. //! //! [`Command`]: crate::process::Command //! [`Command::kill_on_drop`]: crate::process::Command::kill_on_drop //! [`Child`]: crate::process::Child
#[path = "unix/mod.rs"] #[cfg(unix)] mod imp;
#[cfg(unix)] pub(crate) mod unix { pub(crate) usesuper::imp::*;
}
use std::ffi::OsStr; use std::future::Future; use std::io; use std::path::Path; use std::pin::Pin; use std::process::{Command as StdCommand, ExitStatus, Output, Stdio}; use std::task::Context; use std::task::Poll;
#[cfg(unix)] use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt; #[cfg(windows)] use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
/// This structure mimics the API of [`std::process::Command`] found in the standard library, but /// replaces functions that create a process with an asynchronous variant. The main provided /// asynchronous functions are [spawn](Command::spawn), [status](Command::status), and /// [output](Command::output). /// /// `Command` uses asynchronous versions of some `std` types (for example [`Child`]). /// /// [`std::process::Command`]: std::process::Command /// [`Child`]: struct@Child #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct Command {
std: StdCommand,
kill_on_drop: bool,
}
impl Command { /// Constructs a new `Command` for launching the program at /// path `program`, with the following default configuration: /// /// * No arguments to the program /// * Inherit the current process's environment /// * Inherit the current process's working directory /// * Inherit stdin/stdout/stderr for `spawn` or `status`, but create pipes for `output` /// /// Builder methods are provided to change these defaults and /// otherwise configure the process. /// /// If `program` is not an absolute path, the `PATH` will be searched in /// an OS-defined way. /// /// The search path to be used may be controlled by setting the /// `PATH` environment variable on the Command, /// but this has some implementation limitations on Windows /// (see issue [rust-lang/rust#37519]). /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// use tokio::process::Command; /// let mut command = Command::new("sh"); /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker /// ``` /// /// [rust-lang/rust#37519]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/37519 pubfn new<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(program: S) -> Command { Self::from(StdCommand::new(program))
}
/// Cheaply convert to a `&std::process::Command` for places where the type from the standard /// library is expected. pubfn as_std(&self) -> &StdCommand {
&self.std
}
/// Cheaply convert to a `&mut std::process::Command` for places where the type from the /// standard library is expected. pubfn as_std_mut(&mutself) -> &mut StdCommand {
&mutself.std
}
/// Adds an argument to pass to the program. /// /// Only one argument can be passed per use. So instead of: /// /// ```no_run /// let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh"); /// command.arg("-C /path/to/repo"); /// /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker /// ``` /// /// usage would be: /// /// ```no_run /// let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh"); /// command.arg("-C"); /// command.arg("/path/to/repo"); /// /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker /// ``` /// /// To pass multiple arguments see [`args`]. /// /// [`args`]: method@Self::args /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .arg("-l") /// .arg("-a") /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// /// ``` pubfn arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mutself, arg: S) -> &mut Command { self.std.arg(arg); self
}
/// Adds multiple arguments to pass to the program. /// /// To pass a single argument see [`arg`]. /// /// [`arg`]: method@Self::arg /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .args(&["-l", "-a"]) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn args<I, S>(&mutself, args: I) -> &mut Command where
I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
S: AsRef<OsStr>,
{ self.std.args(args); self
}
cfg_windows! { /// Append literal text to the command line without any quoting or escaping. /// /// This is useful for passing arguments to `cmd.exe /c`, which doesn't follow /// `CommandLineToArgvW` escaping rules. pubfn raw_arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mutself, text_to_append_as_is: S) -> &<span style='color:red'>mut Command { self.std.raw_arg(text_to_append_as_is); self
}
}
/// Inserts or updates an environment variable mapping. /// /// Note that environment variable names are case-insensitive (but case-preserving) on Windows, /// and case-sensitive on all other platforms. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .env("PATH", "/bin") /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn env<K, V>(&mutself, key: K, val: V) -> &mut Command where
K: AsRef<OsStr>,
V: AsRef<OsStr>,
{ self.std.env(key, val); self
}
/// Adds or updates multiple environment variable mappings. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// use std::process::{Stdio}; /// use std::env; /// use std::collections::HashMap; /// /// let filtered_env : HashMap<String, String> = /// env::vars().filter(|&(ref k, _)| /// k == "TERM" || k == "TZ" || k == "LANG" || k == "PATH" /// ).collect(); /// /// let output = Command::new("printenv") /// .stdin(Stdio::null()) /// .stdout(Stdio::inherit()) /// .env_clear() /// .envs(&filtered_env) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn envs<I, K, V>(&mutself, vars: I) -> &mutCommand where
I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
K: AsRef<OsStr>,
V: AsRef<OsStr>,
{ self.std.envs(vars); self
}
/// Clears the entire environment map for the child process. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .env_clear() /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn env_clear(&mutself) -> &mut Command { self.std.env_clear(); self
}
/// Sets the working directory for the child process. /// /// # Platform-specific behavior /// /// If the program path is relative (e.g., `"./script.sh"`), it's ambiguous /// whether it should be interpreted relative to the parent's working /// directory or relative to `current_dir`. The behavior in this case is /// platform specific and unstable, and it's recommended to use /// [`canonicalize`] to get an absolute program path instead. /// /// [`canonicalize`]: crate::fs::canonicalize() /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .current_dir("/bin") /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn current_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mutself, dir: P) -> &mut Command { self.std.current_dir(dir); self
}
/// Sets configuration for the child process's standard input (stdin) handle. /// /// Defaults to [`inherit`]. /// /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use std::process::{Stdio}; /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .stdin(Stdio::null()) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn stdin<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mutself, cfg: T) -> &mut Command { self.std.stdin(cfg); self
}
/// Sets configuration for the child process's standard output (stdout) handle. /// /// Defaults to [`inherit`] when used with `spawn` or `status`, and /// defaults to [`piped`] when used with `output`. /// /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit /// [`piped`]: std::process::Stdio::piped /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// use std::process::Stdio; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .stdout(Stdio::null()) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn stdout<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mutself, cfg: T) -> &mut Command { self.std.stdout(cfg); self
}
/// Sets configuration for the child process's standard error (stderr) handle. /// /// Defaults to [`inherit`] when used with `spawn` or `status`, and /// defaults to [`piped`] when used with `output`. /// /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit /// [`piped`]: std::process::Stdio::piped /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// use std::process::{Stdio}; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .stderr(Stdio::null()) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` pubfn stderr<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mutself, cfg: T) -> &mut Command { self.std.stderr(cfg); self
}
/// Controls whether a `kill` operation should be invoked on a spawned child /// process when its corresponding `Child` handle is dropped. /// /// By default, this value is assumed to be `false`, meaning the next spawned /// process will not be killed on drop, similar to the behavior of the standard /// library. /// /// # Caveats /// /// On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after /// they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which /// has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie" /// process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system, /// and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes /// from being spawned. /// /// Although issuing a `kill` signal to the child process is a synchronous /// operation, the resulting zombie process cannot be `.await`ed inside of the /// destructor to avoid blocking other tasks. The tokio runtime will, on a /// best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up such processes in the /// background, but no additional guarantees are made with regard to /// how quickly or how often this procedure will take place. /// /// If stronger guarantees are required, it is recommended to avoid dropping /// a [`Child`] handle where possible, and instead utilize `child.wait().await` /// or `child.kill().await` where possible. pubfn kill_on_drop(&mutself, kill_on_drop: bool) -> &mut Command { self.kill_on_drop = kill_on_drop; self
}
cfg_windows! { /// Sets the [process creation flags][1] to be passed to `CreateProcess`. /// /// These will always be ORed with `CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT`. /// /// [1]: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms684863(v=vs.85).aspx pubfn creation_flags(&mutself, flags: u32) -> &mut Command { self.std.creation_flags(flags); self
}
}
/// Sets the child process's user ID. This translates to a /// `setuid` call in the child process. Failure in the `setuid` /// call will cause the spawn to fail. #[cfg(unix)] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))] pubfn uid(&mutself, id: u32) -> &mut Command { #[cfg(target_os = "nto")] let id = id as i32; self.std.uid(id); self
}
/// Similar to `uid` but sets the group ID of the child process. This has /// the same semantics as the `uid` field. #[cfg(unix)] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))] pubfn gid(&mutself, id: u32) -> &mut Command { #[cfg(target_os = "nto")] let id = id as i32; self.std.gid(id); self
}
/// Sets executable argument. /// /// Set the first process argument, `argv[0]`, to something other than the /// default executable path. #[cfg(unix)] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))] pubfn arg0<S>(&mutself, arg: S) -> &mut Command where
S: AsRef<OsStr>,
{ self.std.arg0(arg); self
}
/// Schedules a closure to be run just before the `exec` function is /// invoked. /// /// The closure is allowed to return an I/O error whose OS error code will /// be communicated back to the parent and returned as an error from when /// the spawn was requested. /// /// Multiple closures can be registered and they will be called in order of /// their registration. If a closure returns `Err` then no further closures /// will be called and the spawn operation will immediately return with a /// failure. /// /// # Safety /// /// This closure will be run in the context of the child process after a /// `fork`. This primarily means that any modifications made to memory on /// behalf of this closure will **not** be visible to the parent process. /// This is often a very constrained environment where normal operations /// like `malloc` or acquiring a mutex are not guaranteed to work (due to /// other threads perhaps still running when the `fork` was run). /// /// This also means that all resources such as file descriptors and /// memory-mapped regions got duplicated. It is your responsibility to make /// sure that the closure does not violate library invariants by making /// invalid use of these duplicates. /// /// When this closure is run, aspects such as the stdio file descriptors and /// working directory have successfully been changed, so output to these /// locations may not appear where intended. #[cfg(unix)] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))] pubunsafefn pre_exec<F>(&mutself, f: F) -> &mut Command where
F: FnMut() -> io::Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
{ self.std.pre_exec(f); self
}
/// Sets the process group ID (PGID) of the child process. Equivalent to a /// `setpgid` call in the child process, but may be more efficient. /// /// Process groups determine which processes receive signals. /// /// **Note**: This is an [unstable API][unstable] but will be stabilised once /// tokio's `MSRV` is sufficiently new. See [the documentation on /// unstable features][unstable] for details about using unstable features. /// /// If you want similar behavior without using this unstable feature you can /// create a [`std::process::Command`] and convert that into a /// [`tokio::process::Command`] using the `From` trait. /// /// [unstable]: crate#unstable-features /// [`tokio::process::Command`]: crate::process::Command /// /// ```no_run /// # async fn test() { // allow using await /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// let output = Command::new("ls") /// .process_group(0) /// .output().await.unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` #[cfg(unix)] #[cfg(tokio_unstable)] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(unix, tokio_unstable))))] pubfn process_group(&mutself, pgroup: i32) -> &mut Command { self.std.process_group(pgroup); self
}
/// Executes the command as a child process, returning a handle to it. /// /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent. /// /// This method will spawn the child process synchronously and return a /// handle to a future-aware child process. The `Child` returned implements /// `Future` itself to acquire the `ExitStatus` of the child, and otherwise /// the `Child` has methods to acquire handles to the stdin, stdout, and /// stderr streams. /// /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default /// event loop. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus { /// Command::new("ls") /// .spawn() /// .expect("ls command failed to start") /// .wait() /// .await /// .expect("ls command failed to run") /// } /// ``` /// /// # Caveats /// /// ## Dropping/Cancellation /// /// Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures /// paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by /// default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped. /// /// The [`Command::kill_on_drop`] method can be used to modify this behavior /// and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it /// has exited. /// /// ## Unix Processes /// /// On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after /// they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which /// has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie" /// process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system, /// and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes /// from being spawned. /// /// The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up /// any process which it has spawned. No additional guarantees are made with regard to /// how quickly or how often this procedure will take place. /// /// It is recommended to avoid dropping a [`Child`] process handle before it has been /// fully `await`ed if stricter cleanup guarantees are required. /// /// [`Command`]: crate::process::Command /// [`Command::kill_on_drop`]: crate::process::Command::kill_on_drop /// [`Child`]: crate::process::Child /// /// # Errors /// /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock` /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications /// running on the system). pubfn spawn(&mutself) -> io::Result<Child> {
imp::spawn_child(&mutself.std).map(|spawned_child| Child {
child: FusedChild::Child(ChildDropGuard {
inner: spawned_child.child,
kill_on_drop: self.kill_on_drop,
}),
stdin: spawned_child.stdin.map(|inner| ChildStdin { inner }),
stdout: spawned_child.stdout.map(|inner| ChildStdout { inner }),
stderr: spawned_child.stderr.map(|inner| ChildStderr { inner }),
})
}
/// Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and /// collecting its exit status. /// /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent. /// If any input/output handles are set to a pipe then they will be immediately /// closed after the child is spawned. /// /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default /// event loop. /// /// The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill /// the child if [`kill_on_drop`] is set to true. /// /// [`kill_on_drop`]: fn@Self::kill_on_drop /// /// # Errors /// /// This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned /// or if there is an error while awaiting its status. /// /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock` /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications /// running on the system). /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus { /// Command::new("ls") /// .status() /// .await /// .expect("ls command failed to run") /// } /// ``` pubfn status(&mutself) -> impl Future<Output = io::Result<ExitStatus>> { let child = self.spawn();
async { letmut child = child?;
// Ensure we close any stdio handles so we can't deadlock // waiting on the child which may be waiting to read/write // to a pipe we're holding.
child.stdin.take();
child.stdout.take();
child.stderr.take();
child.wait().await
}
}
/// Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and /// collecting all of its output. /// /// > **Note**: this method, unlike the standard library, will /// > unconditionally configure the stdout/stderr handles to be pipes, even /// > if they have been previously configured. If this is not desired then /// > the `spawn` method should be used in combination with the /// > `wait_with_output` method on child. /// /// This method will return a future representing the collection of the /// child process's stdout/stderr. It will resolve to /// the `Output` type in the standard library, containing `stdout` and /// `stderr` as `Vec<u8>` along with an `ExitStatus` representing how the /// process exited. /// /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default /// event loop. /// /// The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill /// the child if [`kill_on_drop`] is set to true. /// /// [`kill_on_drop`]: fn@Self::kill_on_drop /// /// # Errors /// /// This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned /// or if there is an error while awaiting its status. /// /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock` /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications /// running on the system). /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ```no_run /// use tokio::process::Command; /// /// async fn run_ls() { /// let output: std::process::Output = Command::new("ls") /// .output() /// .await /// .expect("ls command failed to run"); /// println!("stderr of ls: {:?}", output.stderr); /// } /// ``` pubfn output(&mutself) -> impl Future<Output = io::Result<Output>> { self.std.stdout(Stdio::piped()); self.std.stderr(Stdio::piped());
/// A drop guard which can ensure the child process is killed on drop if specified. #[derive(Debug)] struct ChildDropGuard<T: Kill> {
inner: T,
kill_on_drop: bool,
}
impl<T: Kill> Kill for ChildDropGuard<T> { fn kill(&mutself) -> io::Result<()> { let ret = self.inner.kill();
if ret.is_ok() { self.kill_on_drop = false;
}
ret
}
}
impl<T: Kill> Drop for ChildDropGuard<T> { fn drop(&mutself) { ifself.kill_on_drop {
drop(self.kill());
}
}
}
impl<T, E, F> Future for ChildDropGuard<F> where
F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>> + Kill + Unpin,
{ type Output = Result<T, E>;
fn poll(mutself: Pin<&mutSelf>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
ready!(crate::trace::trace_leaf(cx)); // Keep track of task budget let coop = ready!(crate::runtime::coop::poll_proceed(cx));
let ret = Pin::new(&mutself.inner).poll(cx);
iflet Poll::Ready(Ok(_)) = ret { // Avoid the overhead of trying to kill a reaped process self.kill_on_drop = false;
}
if ret.is_ready() {
coop.made_progress();
}
ret
}
}
/// Keeps track of the exit status of a child process without worrying about /// polling the underlying futures even after they have completed. #[derive(Debug)] enum FusedChild {
Child(ChildDropGuard<imp::Child>),
Done(ExitStatus),
}
/// Representation of a child process spawned onto an event loop. /// /// # Caveats /// Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures /// paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by /// default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped. /// /// The `Command::kill_on_drop` method can be used to modify this behavior /// and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it /// has exited. #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct Child {
child: FusedChild,
/// The handle for writing to the child's standard input (stdin), if it has /// been captured. To avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking /// yourself from calling functions on `child` while using `stdin`, you might /// find it helpful to do: /// /// ```no_run /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap(); /// let stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap(); /// ``` pub stdin: Option<ChildStdin>,
/// The handle for reading from the child's standard output (stdout), if it /// has been captured. You might find it helpful to do /// /// ```no_run /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap(); /// let stdout = child.stdout.take().unwrap(); /// ``` /// /// to avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking yourself from calling /// functions on `child` while using `stdout`. pub stdout: Option<ChildStdout>,
/// The handle for reading from the child's standard error (stderr), if it /// has been captured. You might find it helpful to do /// /// ```no_run /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap(); /// let stderr = child.stderr.take().unwrap(); /// ``` /// /// to avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking yourself from calling /// functions on `child` while using `stderr`. pub stderr: Option<ChildStderr>,
}
impl Child { /// Returns the OS-assigned process identifier associated with this child /// while it is still running. /// /// Once the child has been polled to completion this will return `None`. /// This is done to avoid confusion on platforms like Unix where the OS /// identifier could be reused once the process has completed. pubfn id(&self) -> Option<u32> { match &self.child {
FusedChild::Child(child) => Some(child.inner.id()),
FusedChild::Done(_) => None,
}
}
cfg_windows! { /// Extracts the raw handle of the process associated with this child while /// it is still running. Returns `None` if the child has exited. pubfn raw_handle(&self) -> Option<RawHandle> { match &self.child {
FusedChild::Child(c) => Some(c.inner.as_raw_handle()),
FusedChild::Done(_) => None,
}
}
}
/// Attempts to force the child to exit, but does not wait for the request /// to take effect. /// /// On Unix platforms, this is the equivalent to sending a `SIGKILL`. Note /// that on Unix platforms it is possible for a zombie process to remain /// after a kill is sent; to avoid this, the caller should ensure that either /// `child.wait().await` or `child.try_wait()` is invoked successfully. pubfn start_kill(&mutself) -> io::Result<()> { match &mutself.child {
FusedChild::Child(child) => child.kill(),
FusedChild::Done(_) => Err(io::Error::new(
io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "invalid argument: can't kill an exited process",
)),
}
}
/// Forces the child to exit. /// /// This is equivalent to sending a `SIGKILL` on unix platforms. /// /// If the child has to be killed remotely, it is possible to do it using /// a combination of the select! macro and a `oneshot` channel. In the following /// example, the child will run until completion unless a message is sent on /// the `oneshot` channel. If that happens, the child is killed immediately /// using the `.kill()` method. /// /// ```no_run /// use tokio::process::Command; /// use tokio::sync::oneshot::channel; /// /// #[tokio::main] /// async fn main() { /// let (send, recv) = channel::<()>(); /// let mut child = Command::new("sleep").arg("1").spawn().unwrap(); /// tokio::spawn(async move { send.send(()) }); /// tokio::select! { /// _ = child.wait() => {} /// _ = recv => child.kill().await.expect("kill failed"), /// } /// } /// ``` pubasyncfn kill(&mutself) -> io::Result<()> { self.start_kill()?; self.wait().await?;
Ok(())
}
/// Waits for the child to exit completely, returning the status that it /// exited with. This function will continue to have the same return value /// after it has been called at least once. /// /// The stdin handle to the child process, if any, will be closed /// before waiting. This helps avoid deadlock: it ensures that the /// child does not block waiting for input from the parent, while /// the parent waits for the child to exit. /// /// If the caller wishes to explicitly control when the child's stdin /// handle is closed, they may `.take()` it before calling `.wait()`: /// /// # Cancel safety /// /// This function is cancel safe. /// /// ``` /// # #[cfg(not(unix))]fn main(){} /// # #[cfg(unix)] /// use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt; /// # #[cfg(unix)] /// use tokio::process::Command; /// # #[cfg(unix)] /// use std::process::Stdio; /// /// # #[cfg(unix)] /// #[tokio::main] /// async fn main() { /// let mut child = Command::new("cat") /// .stdin(Stdio::piped()) /// .spawn() /// .unwrap(); /// /// let mut stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap(); /// tokio::spawn(async move { /// // do something with stdin here... /// stdin.write_all(b"hello world\n").await.unwrap(); /// /// // then drop when finished /// drop(stdin); /// }); /// /// // wait for the process to complete /// let _ = child.wait().await; /// } /// ``` pubasyncfn wait(&mutself) -> io::Result<ExitStatus> { // Ensure stdin is closed so the child isn't stuck waiting on // input while the parent is waiting for it to exit.
drop(self.stdin.take());
match &mutself.child {
FusedChild::Done(exit) => Ok(*exit),
FusedChild::Child(child) => { let ret = child.await;
iflet Ok(exit) = ret { self.child = FusedChild::Done(exit);
}
ret
}
}
}
/// Attempts to collect the exit status of the child if it has already /// exited. /// /// This function will not block the calling thread and will only /// check to see if the child process has exited or not. If the child has /// exited then on Unix the process ID is reaped. This function is /// guaranteed to repeatedly return a successful exit status so long as the /// child has already exited. /// /// If the child has exited, then `Ok(Some(status))` is returned. If the /// exit status is not available at this time then `Ok(None)` is returned. /// If an error occurs, then that error is returned. /// /// Note that unlike `wait`, this function will not attempt to drop stdin, /// nor will it wake the current task if the child exits. pubfn try_wait(&mutself) -> io::Result<Option<ExitStatus>> { match &mutself.child {
FusedChild::Done(exit) => Ok(Some(*exit)),
FusedChild::Child(guard) => { let ret = guard.inner.try_wait();
iflet Ok(Some(exit)) = ret { // Avoid the overhead of trying to kill a reaped process
guard.kill_on_drop = false; self.child = FusedChild::Done(exit);
}
ret
}
}
}
/// Returns a future that will resolve to an `Output`, containing the exit /// status, stdout, and stderr of the child process. /// /// The returned future will simultaneously waits for the child to exit and /// collect all remaining output on the stdout/stderr handles, returning an /// `Output` instance. /// /// The stdin handle to the child process, if any, will be closed before /// waiting. This helps avoid deadlock: it ensures that the child does not /// block waiting for input from the parent, while the parent waits for the /// child to exit. /// /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent. In /// order to capture the output into this `Output` it is necessary to create /// new pipes between parent and child. Use `stdout(Stdio::piped())` or /// `stderr(Stdio::piped())`, respectively, when creating a `Command`. pubasyncfn wait_with_output(mutself) -> io::Result<Output> { usecrate::future::try_join3;
/// The standard input stream for spawned children. /// /// This type implements the `AsyncWrite` trait to pass data to the stdin handle of /// handle of a child process asynchronously. #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct ChildStdin {
inner: imp::ChildStdio,
}
/// The standard output stream for spawned children. /// /// This type implements the `AsyncRead` trait to read data from the stdout /// handle of a child process asynchronously. #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct ChildStdout {
inner: imp::ChildStdio,
}
/// The standard error stream for spawned children. /// /// This type implements the `AsyncRead` trait to read data from the stderr /// handle of a child process asynchronously. #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct ChildStderr {
inner: imp::ChildStdio,
}
impl ChildStdin { /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStdin` from a synchronous one. /// /// # Errors /// /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO /// driver. pubfn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStdin) -> io::Result<Self> {
Ok(Self {
inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
})
}
}
impl ChildStdout { /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStdout` from a synchronous one. /// /// # Errors /// /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO /// driver. pubfn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStdout) -> io::Result<Self> {
Ok(Self {
inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
})
}
}
impl ChildStderr { /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStderr` from a synchronous one. /// /// # Errors /// /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO /// driver. pubfn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStderr) -> io::Result<Self> {
Ok(Self {
inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
})
}
}
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