usecrate::cartable_ptr::{CartableOptionPointer, CartablePointerLike}; usecrate::either::EitherCart; #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] usecrate::erased::{ErasedArcCart, ErasedBoxCart, ErasedRcCart}; usecrate::kinda_sorta_dangling::KindaSortaDangling; usecrate::trait_hack::YokeTraitHack; usecrate::Yokeable; use core::marker::PhantomData; use core::ops::Deref; use stable_deref_trait::StableDeref;
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::boxed::Box; #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::rc::Rc; #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::sync::Arc;
/// A Cow-like borrowed object "yoked" to its backing data. /// /// This allows things like zero copy deserialized data to carry around /// shared references to their backing buffer, by "erasing" their static lifetime /// and turning it into a dynamically managed one. /// /// `Y` (the [`Yokeable`]) is the object containing the references, /// and will typically be of the form `Foo<'static>`. The `'static` is /// not the actual lifetime of the data, rather it is a convenient way to mark the /// erased lifetime and make it dynamic. /// /// `C` is the "cart", which `Y` may contain references to. After the yoke is constructed, /// the cart serves little purpose except to guarantee that `Y`'s references remain valid /// for as long as the yoke remains in memory (by calling the destructor at the appropriate moment). /// /// The primary constructor for [`Yoke`] is [`Yoke::attach_to_cart()`]. Several variants of that /// constructor are provided to serve numerous types of call sites and `Yoke` signatures. /// /// The key behind this type is [`Yoke::get()`], where calling [`.get()`][Yoke::get] on a type like /// `Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, _>` will get you a short-lived `&'a Cow<'a, str>`, restricted to the /// lifetime of the borrow used during `.get()`. This is entirely safe since the `Cow` borrows from /// the cart type `C`, which cannot be interfered with as long as the `Yoke` is borrowed by `.get /// ()`. `.get()` protects access by essentially reifying the erased lifetime to a safe local one /// when necessary. /// /// Furthermore, there are various [`.map_project()`][Yoke::map_project] methods that allow turning a `Yoke` /// into another `Yoke` containing a different type that may contain elements of the original yoked /// value. See the [`Yoke::map_project()`] docs for more details. /// /// In general, `C` is a concrete type, but it is also possible for it to be a trait object. /// /// # Example /// /// For example, we can use this to store zero-copy deserialized data in a cache: /// /// ```rust /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # fn load_from_cache(_filename: &str) -> Rc<[u8]> { /// # // dummy implementation /// # Rc::new([0x5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]) /// # } /// /// fn load_object(filename: &str) -> Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>> { /// let rc: Rc<[u8]> = load_from_cache(filename); /// Yoke::<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>::attach_to_cart(rc, |data: &[u8]| { /// // essentially forcing a #[serde(borrow)] /// Cow::Borrowed(bincode::deserialize(data).unwrap()) /// }) /// } /// /// let yoke = load_object("filename.bincode"); /// assert_eq!(&**yoke.get(), "hello"); /// assert!(matches!(yoke.get(), &Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// ``` pubstruct Yoke<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> { // must be the first field for drop order // this will have a 'static lifetime parameter, that parameter is a lie
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling<Y>, // Safety invariant: this type can be anything, but `yokeable` may only contain references to // StableDeref parts of this cart, and those references must be valid for the lifetime of // this cart (it must own or borrow them). It's ok for this cart to contain stack data as long as it // is not referenced by `yokeable` during construction. `attach_to_cart`, the typical constructor // of this type, upholds this invariant, but other constructors like `replace_cart` need to uphold it.
cart: C,
}
// Manual `Debug` implementation, since the derived one would be unsound. // See https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/3685 impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: core::fmt::Debug> core::fmt::Debug for Yoke<Y, C> where for<'a> <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output: core::fmt::Debug,
{ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Yoke")
.field("yokeable", self.get())
.field("cart", self.backing_cart())
.finish()
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: StableDeref> Yoke<Y, C> where
<C as Deref>::Target: 'static,
{ /// Construct a [`Yoke`] by yokeing an object to a cart in a closure. /// /// The closure can read and write data outside of its scope, but data it returns /// may borrow only from the argument passed to the closure. /// /// See also [`Yoke::try_attach_to_cart()`] to return a `Result` from the closure. /// /// Call sites for this function may not compile pre-1.61; if this still happens, use /// [`Yoke::attach_to_cart_badly()`] and file a bug. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # fn load_from_cache(_filename: &str) -> Rc<[u8]> { /// # // dummy implementation /// # Rc::new([0x5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]) /// # } /// /// fn load_object(filename: &str) -> Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>> { /// let rc: Rc<[u8]> = load_from_cache(filename); /// Yoke::<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>::attach_to_cart(rc, |data: &[u8]| { /// // essentially forcing a #[serde(borrow)] /// Cow::Borrowed(bincode::deserialize(data).unwrap()) /// }) /// } /// /// let yoke: Yoke<Cow<str>, _> = load_object("filename.bincode"); /// assert_eq!(&**yoke.get(), "hello"); /// assert!(matches!(yoke.get(), &Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// ``` /// /// Write the number of consumed bytes to a local variable: /// /// ``` /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # fn load_from_cache(_filename: &str) -> Rc<[u8]> { /// # // dummy implementation /// # Rc::new([0x5, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0, 0, 0]) /// # } /// /// fn load_object( /// filename: &str, /// ) -> (Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>, usize) { /// let rc: Rc<[u8]> = load_from_cache(filename); /// let mut bytes_remaining = 0; /// let bytes_remaining = &mut bytes_remaining; /// let yoke = Yoke::<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>::attach_to_cart( /// rc, /// |data: &[u8]| { /// let mut d = postcard::Deserializer::from_bytes(data); /// let output = serde::Deserialize::deserialize(&mut d); /// *bytes_remaining = d.finalize().unwrap().len(); /// Cow::Borrowed(output.unwrap()) /// }, /// ); /// (yoke, *bytes_remaining) /// } /// /// let (yoke, bytes_remaining) = load_object("filename.postcard"); /// assert_eq!(&**yoke.get(), "hello"); /// assert!(matches!(yoke.get(), &Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// assert_eq!(bytes_remaining, 3); /// ``` pubfn attach_to_cart<F>(cart: C, f: F) -> Self where // safety note: This works by enforcing that the *only* place the return value of F // can borrow from is the cart, since `F` must be valid for all lifetimes `'de` // // The <C as Deref>::Target: 'static on the impl is crucial for safety as well // // See safety docs at the bottom of this file for more information
F: for<'de> FnOnce(&'de <C as Deref>::Target) -> <Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output,
<C as Deref>::Target: 'static,
{ let deserialized = f(cart.deref()); Self {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { Y::make(deserialized) }),
cart,
}
}
/// Construct a [`Yoke`] by yokeing an object to a cart. If an error occurs in the /// deserializer function, the error is passed up to the caller. /// /// Call sites for this function may not compile pre-1.61; if this still happens, use /// [`Yoke::try_attach_to_cart_badly()`] and file a bug. pubfn try_attach_to_cart<E, F>(cart: C, f: F) -> Result<Self, E> where
F: for<'de> FnOnce(&'de <C as Deref>::Target) -> Result<<Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output, E>,
{ let deserialized = f(cart.deref())?;
Ok(Self {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { Y::make(deserialized) }),
cart,
})
}
/// Use [`Yoke::attach_to_cart()`]. /// /// This was needed because the pre-1.61 compiler couldn't always handle the FnOnce trait bound. #[deprecated] pubfn attach_to_cart_badly(
cart: C,
f: for<'de> fn(&'de <C as Deref>::Target) -> <Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output,
) -> Self { Self::attach_to_cart(cart, f)
}
/// Use [`Yoke::try_attach_to_cart()`]. /// /// This was needed because the pre-1.61 compiler couldn't always handle the FnOnce trait bound. #[deprecated] pubfn try_attach_to_cart_badly<E>(
cart: C,
f: for<'de> fn(&'de <C as Deref>::Target) -> Result<<Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output, E>,
) -> Result<Self, E> { Self::try_attach_to_cart(cart, f)
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> Yoke<Y, C> { /// Obtain a valid reference to the yokeable data /// /// This essentially transforms the lifetime of the internal yokeable data to /// be valid. /// For example, if you're working with a `Yoke<Cow<'static, T>, C>`, this /// will return an `&'a Cow<'a, T>` /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # fn load_from_cache(_filename: &str) -> Rc<[u8]> { /// # // dummy implementation /// # Rc::new([0x5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]) /// # } /// # /// # fn load_object(filename: &str) -> Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>> { /// # let rc: Rc<[u8]> = load_from_cache(filename); /// # Yoke::<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>::attach_to_cart(rc, |data: &[u8]| { /// # Cow::Borrowed(bincode::deserialize(data).unwrap()) /// # }) /// # } /// /// // load_object() defined in the example at the top of this page /// let yoke: Yoke<Cow<str>, _> = load_object("filename.bincode"); /// assert_eq!(yoke.get(), "hello"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn get<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output { self.yokeable.transform()
}
/// Get a reference to the backing cart. /// /// This can be useful when building caches, etc. However, if you plan to store the cart /// separately from the yoke, read the note of caution below in [`Yoke::into_backing_cart`]. pubfn backing_cart(&self) -> &C {
&self.cart
}
/// Get the backing cart by value, dropping the yokeable object. /// /// **Caution:** Calling this method could cause information saved in the yokeable object but /// not the cart to be lost. Use this method only if the yokeable object cannot contain its /// own information. /// /// # Example /// /// Good example: the yokeable object is only a reference, so no information can be lost. /// /// ``` /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let local_data = "foo".to_owned(); /// let yoke = Yoke::<&'static str, Box<String>>::attach_to_zero_copy_cart( /// Box::new(local_data), /// ); /// assert_eq!(*yoke.get(), "foo"); /// /// // Get back the cart /// let cart = yoke.into_backing_cart(); /// assert_eq!(&*cart, "foo"); /// ``` /// /// Bad example: information specified in `.with_mut()` is lost. /// /// ``` /// use std::borrow::Cow; /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let local_data = "foo".to_owned(); /// let mut yoke = /// Yoke::<Cow<'static, str>, Box<String>>::attach_to_zero_copy_cart( /// Box::new(local_data), /// ); /// assert_eq!(yoke.get(), "foo"); /// /// // Override data in the cart /// yoke.with_mut(|cow| { /// let mut_str = cow.to_mut(); /// mut_str.clear(); /// mut_str.push_str("bar"); /// }); /// assert_eq!(yoke.get(), "bar"); /// /// // Get back the cart /// let cart = yoke.into_backing_cart(); /// assert_eq!(&*cart, "foo"); // WHOOPS! /// ``` pubfn into_backing_cart(self) -> C { self.cart
}
/// Unsafe function for replacing the cart with another /// /// This can be used for type-erasing the cart, for example. /// /// # Safety /// /// - `f()` must not panic /// - References from the yokeable `Y` should still be valid for the lifetime of the /// returned cart type `C`. /// /// For the purpose of determining this, `Yoke` guarantees that references from the Yokeable /// `Y` into the cart `C` will never be references into its stack data, only heap data protected /// by `StableDeref`. This does not necessarily mean that `C` implements `StableDeref`, rather that /// any data referenced by `Y` must be accessed through a `StableDeref` impl on something `C` owns. /// /// Concretely, this means that if `C = Option<Rc<T>>`, `Y` may contain references to the `T` but not /// anything else. /// - Lifetimes inside C must not be lengthened, even if they are themselves contravariant. /// I.e., if C contains an `fn(&'a u8)`, it cannot be replaced with `fn(&'static u8), /// even though that is typically safe. /// /// Typically, this means implementing `f` as something which _wraps_ the inner cart type `C`. /// `Yoke` only really cares about destructors for its carts so it's fine to erase other /// information about the cart, as long as the backing data will still be destroyed at the /// same time. #[inline] pubunsafefn replace_cart<C2>(self, f: impl FnOnce(C) -> C2) -> Yoke<Y, C2> {
Yoke {
yokeable: self.yokeable,
cart: f(self.cart),
}
}
/// Mutate the stored [`Yokeable`] data. /// /// See [`Yokeable::transform_mut()`] for why this operation is safe. /// /// # Example /// /// This can be used to partially mutate the stored data, provided /// no _new_ borrowed data is introduced. /// /// ```rust /// # use yoke::{Yoke, Yokeable}; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # use std::mem; /// # fn load_from_cache(_filename: &str) -> Rc<[u8]> { /// # // dummy implementation /// # Rc::new([0x5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]) /// # } /// # /// # fn load_object(filename: &str) -> Yoke<Bar<'static>, Rc<[u8]>> { /// # let rc: Rc<[u8]> = load_from_cache(filename); /// # Yoke::<Bar<'static>, Rc<[u8]>>::attach_to_cart(rc, |data: &[u8]| { /// # // A real implementation would properly deserialize `Bar` as a whole /// # Bar { /// # numbers: Cow::Borrowed(bincode::deserialize(data).unwrap()), /// # string: Cow::Borrowed(bincode::deserialize(data).unwrap()), /// # owned: Vec::new(), /// # } /// # }) /// # } /// /// // also implements Yokeable /// struct Bar<'a> { /// numbers: Cow<'a, [u8]>, /// string: Cow<'a, str>, /// owned: Vec<u8>, /// } /// /// // `load_object()` deserializes an object from a file /// let mut bar: Yoke<Bar, _> = load_object("filename.bincode"); /// assert_eq!(bar.get().string, "hello"); /// assert!(matches!(bar.get().string, Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// assert_eq!(&*bar.get().numbers, &[0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]); /// assert!(matches!(bar.get().numbers, Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// assert_eq!(&*bar.get().owned, &[]); /// /// bar.with_mut(|bar| { /// bar.string.to_mut().push_str(" world"); /// bar.owned.extend_from_slice(&[1, 4, 1, 5, 9]); /// }); /// /// assert_eq!(bar.get().string, "hello world"); /// assert!(matches!(bar.get().string, Cow::Owned(_))); /// assert_eq!(&*bar.get().owned, &[1, 4, 1, 5, 9]); /// // Unchanged and still Cow::Borrowed /// assert_eq!(&*bar.get().numbers, &[0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]); /// assert!(matches!(bar.get().numbers, Cow::Borrowed(_))); /// /// # unsafe impl<'a> Yokeable<'a> for Bar<'static> { /// # type Output = Bar<'a>; /// # fn transform(&'a self) -> &'a Bar<'a> { /// # self /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_owned(self) -> Bar<'a> { /// # // covariant lifetime cast, can be done safely /// # self /// # } /// # /// # unsafe fn make(from: Bar<'a>) -> Self { /// # let ret = mem::transmute_copy(&from); /// # mem::forget(from); /// # ret /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_mut<F>(&'a mut self, f: F) /// # where /// # F: 'static + FnOnce(&'a mut Self::Output), /// # { /// # unsafe { f(mem::transmute(self)) } /// # } /// # } /// ``` pubfn with_mut<'a, F>(&'a mutself, f: F) where
F: 'static + for<'b> FnOnce(&'b mut <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output),
{ self.yokeable.transform_mut(f)
}
/// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in an `Option<T>`. #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_option(self) -> Yoke<Y, Option<C>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(Some)
}
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>> Yoke<Y, ()> { /// Construct a new [`Yoke`] from static data. There will be no /// references to `cart` here since [`Yokeable`]s are `'static`, /// this is good for e.g. constructing fully owned /// [`Yoke`]s with no internal borrowing. /// /// This is similar to [`Yoke::new_owned()`] but it does not allow you to /// mix the [`Yoke`] with borrowed data. This is primarily useful /// for using [`Yoke`] in generic scenarios. /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// /// let owned: Cow<str> = "hello".to_owned().into(); /// // this yoke can be intermingled with actually-borrowed Yokes /// let yoke: Yoke<Cow<str>, ()> = Yoke::new_always_owned(owned); /// /// assert_eq!(yoke.get(), "hello"); /// ``` pubfn new_always_owned(yokeable: Y) -> Self { Self {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(yokeable),
cart: (),
}
}
/// Obtain the yokeable out of a `Yoke<Y, ()>` /// /// For most `Yoke` types this would be unsafe but it's /// fine for `Yoke<Y, ()>` since there are no actual internal /// references pubfn into_yokeable(self) -> Y { self.yokeable.into_inner()
}
}
// C does not need to be StableDeref here, if the yoke was constructed it's valid, // and new_owned() doesn't construct a yokeable that uses references, impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> Yoke<Y, Option<C>> { /// Construct a new [`Yoke`] from static data. There will be no /// references to `cart` here since [`Yokeable`]s are `'static`, /// this is good for e.g. constructing fully owned /// [`Yoke`]s with no internal borrowing. /// /// This can be paired with [`Yoke:: wrap_cart_in_option()`] to mix owned /// and borrowed data. /// /// If you do not wish to pair this with borrowed data, [`Yoke::new_always_owned()`] can /// be used to get a [`Yoke`] API on always-owned data. /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// /// let owned: Cow<str> = "hello".to_owned().into(); /// // this yoke can be intermingled with actually-borrowed Yokes /// let yoke: Yoke<Cow<str>, Option<Rc<[u8]>>> = Yoke::new_owned(owned); /// /// assert_eq!(yoke.get(), "hello"); /// ``` pubconstfn new_owned(yokeable: Y) -> Self { Self {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(yokeable),
cart: None,
}
}
/// Obtain the yokeable out of a `Yoke<Y, Option<C>>` if possible. /// /// If the cart is `None`, this returns `Ok`, but if the cart is `Some`, /// this returns `self` as an error. pubfn try_into_yokeable(self) -> Result<Y, Self> { // Safety: if the cart is None there is no way for the yokeable to // have references into it because of the cart invariant. matchself.cart {
Some(_) => Err(self),
None => Ok(self.yokeable.into_inner()),
}
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: CartablePointerLike> Yoke<Y, Option<C>> { /// Converts a `Yoke<Y, Option<C>>` to `Yoke<Y, CartableOptionPointer<C>>` /// for better niche optimization when stored as a field. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::borrow::Cow; /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let yoke: Yoke<Cow<[u8]>, Box<Vec<u8>>> = /// Yoke::attach_to_cart(vec![10, 20, 30].into(), |c| c.into()); /// /// let yoke_option = yoke.wrap_cart_in_option(); /// let yoke_option_pointer = yoke_option.convert_cart_into_option_pointer(); /// ``` /// /// The niche improves stack sizes: /// /// ``` /// use yoke::Yoke; /// use yoke::cartable_ptr::CartableOptionPointer; /// use std::mem::size_of; /// use std::rc::Rc; /// /// // The data struct is 6 words: /// # #[derive(yoke::Yokeable)] /// # struct MyDataStruct<'a> { /// # _s: (usize, usize, usize, usize), /// # _p: &'a str, /// # } /// const W: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>(); /// assert_eq!(W * 6, size_of::<MyDataStruct>()); /// /// // An enum containing the data struct with an `Option<Rc>` cart is 8 words: /// enum StaticOrYoke1 { /// Static(&'static MyDataStruct<'static>), /// Yoke(Yoke<MyDataStruct<'static>, Option<Rc<String>>>), /// } /// assert_eq!(W * 8, size_of::<StaticOrYoke1>()); /// /// // When using `CartableOptionPointer``, we need only 7 words for the same behavior: /// enum StaticOrYoke2 { /// Static(&'static MyDataStruct<'static>), /// Yoke(Yoke<MyDataStruct<'static>, CartableOptionPointer<Rc<String>>>), /// } /// assert_eq!(W * 7, size_of::<StaticOrYoke2>()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn convert_cart_into_option_pointer(self) -> Yoke<Y, CartableOptionPointer<C>> { matchself.cart {
Some(cart) => Yoke {
yokeable: self.yokeable,
cart: CartableOptionPointer::from_cartable(cart),
},
None => Yoke {
yokeable: self.yokeable,
cart: CartableOptionPointer::none(),
},
}
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: CartablePointerLike> Yoke<Y, CartableOptionPointer<C>> { /// Obtain the yokeable out of a `Yoke<Y, CartableOptionPointer<C>>` if possible. /// /// If the cart is `None`, this returns `Ok`, but if the cart is `Some`, /// this returns `self` as an error. #[inline] pubfn try_into_yokeable(self) -> Result<Y, Self> { ifself.cart.is_none() {
Ok(self.yokeable.into_inner())
} else {
Err(self)
}
}
}
/// This trait marks cart types that do not change source on cloning /// /// This is conceptually similar to [`stable_deref_trait::CloneStableDeref`], /// however [`stable_deref_trait::CloneStableDeref`] is not (and should not) be /// implemented on [`Option`] (since it's not [`Deref`]). [`CloneableCart`] essentially is /// "if there _is_ data to borrow from here, cloning the cart gives you an additional /// handle to the same data". /// /// # Safety /// This trait is safe to implement on `StableDeref` types which, once `Clone`d, point to the same underlying data and retain ownership. /// /// This trait can also be implemented on aggregates of such types like `Option<T: CloneableCart>` and `(T: CloneableCart, U: CloneableCart)`. /// /// Essentially, all data that could be referenced by a Yokeable (i.e. data that is referenced via a StableDeref) must retain the same /// pointer and ownership semantics once cloned. pubunsafetrait CloneableCart: Clone {}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] unsafeimpl<T: ?Sized> CloneableCart for Rc<T> {} #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] unsafeimpl<T: ?Sized> CloneableCart for Arc<T> {} unsafeimpl<T: CloneableCart> CloneableCart for Option<T> {} unsafeimpl<'a, T: ?Sized> CloneableCart for &'a T {} unsafeimpl CloneableCart for () {}
/// Clone requires that the cart type `C` derefs to the same address after it is cloned. This works for /// Rc, Arc, and &'a T. /// /// For other cart types, clone `.backing_cart()` and re-use `.attach_to_cart()`; however, doing /// so may lose mutations performed via `.with_mut()`. /// /// Cloning a `Yoke` is often a cheap operation requiring no heap allocations, in much the same /// way that cloning an `Rc` is a cheap operation. However, if the `yokeable` contains owned data /// (e.g., from `.with_mut()`), that data will need to be cloned. impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: CloneableCart> Clone for Yoke<Y, C> where for<'a> YokeTraitHack<<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output>: Clone,
{ fn clone(&self) -> Self { let this: &Y::Output = self.get(); // We have an &T not a T, and we can clone YokeTraitHack<T> let this_hack = YokeTraitHack(this).into_ref();
Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { Y::make(this_hack.clone().0) }),
cart: self.cart.clone(),
}
}
}
#[test] fn test_clone() { let local_data = "foo".to_owned(); let y1 = Yoke::<alloc::borrow::Cow<'static, str>, Rc<String>>::attach_to_zero_copy_cart(
Rc::new(local_data),
);
// Test basic clone let y2 = y1.clone();
assert_eq!(y1.get(), "foo");
assert_eq!(y2.get(), "foo");
// Test clone with mutation on target letmut y3 = y1.clone();
y3.with_mut(|y| {
y.to_mut().push_str("bar");
});
assert_eq!(y1.get(), "foo");
assert_eq!(y2.get(), "foo");
assert_eq!(y3.get(), "foobar");
// Test that mutations on source do not affect target let y4 = y3.clone();
y3.with_mut(|y| {
y.to_mut().push_str("baz");
});
assert_eq!(y1.get(), "foo");
assert_eq!(y2.get(), "foo");
assert_eq!(y3.get(), "foobarbaz");
assert_eq!(y4.get(), "foobar");
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> Yoke<Y, C> { /// Allows one to "project" a yoke to perform a transformation on the data, potentially /// looking at a subfield, and producing a new yoke. This will move cart, and the provided /// transformation is only allowed to use data known to be borrowed from the cart. /// /// The callback takes an additional `PhantomData<&()>` parameter to anchor lifetimes /// (see [#86702](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/86702)) This parameter /// should just be ignored in the callback. /// /// This can be used, for example, to transform data from one format to another: /// /// ``` /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # /// fn slice(y: Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>>) -> Yoke<&'static [u8], Rc<[u8]>> { /// y.map_project(move |yk, _| yk.as_bytes()) /// } /// ``` /// /// This can also be used to create a yoke for a subfield /// /// ``` /// # use yoke::{Yoke, Yokeable}; /// # use std::mem; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # /// // also safely implements Yokeable<'a> /// struct Bar<'a> { /// string_1: &'a str, /// string_2: &'a str, /// } /// /// fn map_project_string_1( /// bar: Yoke<Bar<'static>, Rc<[u8]>>, /// ) -> Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>> { /// bar.map_project(|bar, _| bar.string_1) /// } /// /// # /// # unsafe impl<'a> Yokeable<'a> for Bar<'static> { /// # type Output = Bar<'a>; /// # fn transform(&'a self) -> &'a Bar<'a> { /// # self /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_owned(self) -> Bar<'a> { /// # // covariant lifetime cast, can be done safely /// # self /// # } /// # /// # unsafe fn make(from: Bar<'a>) -> Self { /// # let ret = mem::transmute_copy(&from); /// # mem::forget(from); /// # ret /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_mut<F>(&'a mut self, f: F) /// # where /// # F: 'static + FnOnce(&'a mut Self::Output), /// # { /// # unsafe { f(mem::transmute(self)) } /// # } /// # } /// ``` // // Safety docs can be found below on `__project_safety_docs()` pubfn map_project<P, F>(self, f: F) -> Yoke<P, C> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
F: for<'a> FnOnce(
<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> <P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
{ let p = f(self.yokeable.into_inner().transform_owned(), PhantomData);
Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart,
}
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::map_project`], however it does not move /// [`Self`] and instead clones the cart (only if the cart is a [`CloneableCart`]) /// /// This is a bit more efficient than cloning the [`Yoke`] and then calling [`Yoke::map_project`] /// because then it will not clone fields that are going to be discarded. pubfn map_project_cloned<'this, P, F>(&'this self, f: F) -> Yoke<P, C> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
C: CloneableCart,
F: for<'a> FnOnce(
&'this <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> <P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
{ let p = f(self.get(), PhantomData);
Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart.clone(),
}
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::map_project`], however it can also bubble up an error /// from the callback. /// /// ``` /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::str::{self, Utf8Error}; /// # /// fn slice( /// y: Yoke<&'static [u8], Rc<[u8]>>, /// ) -> Result<Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>>, Utf8Error> { /// y.try_map_project(move |bytes, _| str::from_utf8(bytes)) /// } /// ``` /// /// This can also be used to create a yoke for a subfield /// /// ``` /// # use yoke::{Yoke, Yokeable}; /// # use std::mem; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use std::str::{self, Utf8Error}; /// # /// // also safely implements Yokeable<'a> /// struct Bar<'a> { /// bytes_1: &'a [u8], /// string_2: &'a str, /// } /// /// fn map_project_string_1( /// bar: Yoke<Bar<'static>, Rc<[u8]>>, /// ) -> Result<Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>>, Utf8Error> { /// bar.try_map_project(|bar, _| str::from_utf8(bar.bytes_1)) /// } /// /// # /// # unsafe impl<'a> Yokeable<'a> for Bar<'static> { /// # type Output = Bar<'a>; /// # fn transform(&'a self) -> &'a Bar<'a> { /// # self /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_owned(self) -> Bar<'a> { /// # // covariant lifetime cast, can be done safely /// # self /// # } /// # /// # unsafe fn make(from: Bar<'a>) -> Self { /// # let ret = mem::transmute_copy(&from); /// # mem::forget(from); /// # ret /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_mut<F>(&'a mut self, f: F) /// # where /// # F: 'static + FnOnce(&'a mut Self::Output), /// # { /// # unsafe { f(mem::transmute(self)) } /// # } /// # } /// ``` pubfn try_map_project<P, F, E>(self, f: F) -> Result<Yoke<P, C>, E> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
F: for<'a> FnOnce(
<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> Result<<P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output, E>,
{ let p = f(self.yokeable.into_inner().transform_owned(), PhantomData)?;
Ok(Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart,
})
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::try_map_project`], however it does not move /// [`Self`] and instead clones the cart (only if the cart is a [`CloneableCart`]) /// /// This is a bit more efficient than cloning the [`Yoke`] and then calling [`Yoke::map_project`] /// because then it will not clone fields that are going to be discarded. pubfn try_map_project_cloned<'this, P, F, E>(&'this self, f: F) -> Result<Yoke<P, C>, E> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
C: CloneableCart,
F: for<'a> FnOnce(
&'this <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> Result<<P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output, E>,
{ let p = f(self.get(), PhantomData)?;
Ok(Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart.clone(),
})
} /// This is similar to [`Yoke::map_project`], but it works around older versions /// of Rust not being able to use `FnOnce` by using an explicit capture input. /// See [#1061](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/1061). /// /// See the docs of [`Yoke::map_project`] for how this works. pubfn map_project_with_explicit_capture<P, T>( self,
capture: T,
f: for<'a> fn(
<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
capture: T,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> <P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
) -> Yoke<P, C> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
{ let p = f( self.yokeable.into_inner().transform_owned(),
capture,
PhantomData,
);
Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart,
}
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::map_project_cloned`], but it works around older versions /// of Rust not being able to use `FnOnce` by using an explicit capture input. /// See [#1061](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/1061). /// /// See the docs of [`Yoke::map_project_cloned`] for how this works. pubfn map_project_cloned_with_explicit_capture<'this, P, T>(
&'this self,
capture: T,
f: for<'a> fn(
&'this <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
capture: T,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> <P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
) -> Yoke<P, C> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
C: CloneableCart,
{ let p = f(self.get(), capture, PhantomData);
Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart.clone(),
}
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::try_map_project`], but it works around older versions /// of Rust not being able to use `FnOnce` by using an explicit capture input. /// See [#1061](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/1061). /// /// See the docs of [`Yoke::try_map_project`] for how this works. #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)] pubfn try_map_project_with_explicit_capture<P, T, E>( self,
capture: T,
f: for<'a> fn(
<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
capture: T,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> Result<<P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output, E>,
) -> Result<Yoke<P, C>, E> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
{ let p = f( self.yokeable.into_inner().transform_owned(),
capture,
PhantomData,
)?;
Ok(Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart,
})
}
/// This is similar to [`Yoke::try_map_project_cloned`], but it works around older versions /// of Rust not being able to use `FnOnce` by using an explicit capture input. /// See [#1061](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/1061). /// /// See the docs of [`Yoke::try_map_project_cloned`] for how this works. #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)] pubfn try_map_project_cloned_with_explicit_capture<'this, P, T, E>(
&'this self,
capture: T,
f: for<'a> fn(
&'this <Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output,
capture: T,
PhantomData<&'a ()>,
) -> Result<<P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output, E>,
) -> Result<Yoke<P, C>, E> where
P: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>,
C: CloneableCart,
{ let p = f(self.get(), capture, PhantomData)?;
Ok(Yoke {
yokeable: KindaSortaDangling::new(unsafe { P::make(p) }),
cart: self.cart.clone(),
})
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: 'static + Sized> Yoke<Y, Rc<C>> { /// Allows type-erasing the cart in a `Yoke<Y, Rc<C>>`. /// /// The yoke only carries around a cart type `C` for its destructor, /// since it needs to be able to guarantee that its internal references /// are valid for the lifetime of the Yoke. As such, the actual type of the /// Cart is not very useful unless you wish to extract data out of it /// via [`Yoke::backing_cart()`]. Erasing the cart allows for one to mix /// [`Yoke`]s obtained from different sources. /// /// In case the cart type `C` is not already an `Rc<T>`, you can use /// [`Yoke::wrap_cart_in_rc()`] to wrap it. /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// use std::rc::Rc; /// use yoke::erased::ErasedRcCart; /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let buffer1: Rc<String> = Rc::new(" foo bar baz ".into()); /// let buffer2: Box<String> = Box::new(" baz quux ".into()); /// /// let yoke1 = /// Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer1, |rc| rc.trim()); /// let yoke2 = Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer2, |b| b.trim()); /// /// let erased1: Yoke<_, ErasedRcCart> = yoke1.erase_rc_cart(); /// // Wrap the Box in an Rc to make it compatible /// let erased2: Yoke<_, ErasedRcCart> = /// yoke2.wrap_cart_in_rc().erase_rc_cart(); /// /// // Now erased1 and erased2 have the same type! /// ``` pubfn erase_rc_cart(self) -> Yoke<Y, ErasedRcCart> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just // type-erased self.replace_cart(|c| c as ErasedRcCart)
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: 'static + Sized + Send + Sync> Yoke<Y, Arc<C>> { /// Allows type-erasing the cart in a `Yoke<Y, Arc<C>>`. /// /// The yoke only carries around a cart type `C` for its destructor, /// since it needs to be able to guarantee that its internal references /// are valid for the lifetime of the Yoke. As such, the actual type of the /// Cart is not very useful unless you wish to extract data out of it /// via [`Yoke::backing_cart()`]. Erasing the cart allows for one to mix /// [`Yoke`]s obtained from different sources. /// /// In case the cart type `C` is not already an `Arc<T>`, you can use /// [`Yoke::wrap_cart_in_arc()`] to wrap it. /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// use std::sync::Arc; /// use yoke::erased::ErasedArcCart; /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let buffer1: Arc<String> = Arc::new(" foo bar baz ".into()); /// let buffer2: Box<String> = Box::new(" baz quux ".into()); /// /// let yoke1 = /// Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer1, |arc| arc.trim()); /// let yoke2 = Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer2, |b| b.trim()); /// /// let erased1: Yoke<_, ErasedArcCart> = yoke1.erase_arc_cart(); /// // Wrap the Box in an Rc to make it compatible /// let erased2: Yoke<_, ErasedArcCart> = /// yoke2.wrap_cart_in_arc().erase_arc_cart(); /// /// // Now erased1 and erased2 have the same type! /// ``` pubfn erase_arc_cart(self) -> Yoke<Y, ErasedArcCart> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just // type-erased self.replace_cart(|c| c as ErasedArcCart)
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C: 'static + Sized> Yoke<Y, Box<C>> { /// Allows type-erasing the cart in a `Yoke<Y, Box<C>>`. /// /// The yoke only carries around a cart type `C` for its destructor, /// since it needs to be able to guarantee that its internal references /// are valid for the lifetime of the Yoke. As such, the actual type of the /// Cart is not very useful unless you wish to extract data out of it /// via [`Yoke::backing_cart()`]. Erasing the cart allows for one to mix /// [`Yoke`]s obtained from different sources. /// /// In case the cart type `C` is not already `Box<T>`, you can use /// [`Yoke::wrap_cart_in_box()`] to wrap it. /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* /// /// # Example /// /// ```rust /// use std::rc::Rc; /// use yoke::erased::ErasedBoxCart; /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let buffer1: Rc<String> = Rc::new(" foo bar baz ".into()); /// let buffer2: Box<String> = Box::new(" baz quux ".into()); /// /// let yoke1 = /// Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer1, |rc| rc.trim()); /// let yoke2 = Yoke::<&'static str, _>::attach_to_cart(buffer2, |b| b.trim()); /// /// // Wrap the Rc in an Box to make it compatible /// let erased1: Yoke<_, ErasedBoxCart> = /// yoke1.wrap_cart_in_box().erase_box_cart(); /// let erased2: Yoke<_, ErasedBoxCart> = yoke2.erase_box_cart(); /// /// // Now erased1 and erased2 have the same type! /// ``` pubfn erase_box_cart(self) -> Yoke<Y, ErasedBoxCart> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just // type-erased self.replace_cart(|c| c as ErasedBoxCart)
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> Yoke<Y, C> { /// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in a `Box<T>`. /// Can be paired with [`Yoke::erase_box_cart()`] /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_box(self) -> Yoke<Y, Box<C>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(Box::new)
}
} /// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in an `Rc<T>`. /// Can be paired with [`Yoke::erase_rc_cart()`], or generally used /// to make the [`Yoke`] cloneable. /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_rc(self) -> Yoke<Y, Rc<C>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(Rc::new)
}
} /// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in an `Rc<T>`. /// Can be paired with [`Yoke::erase_arc_cart()`], or generally used /// to make the [`Yoke`] cloneable. /// /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.* #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_arc(self) -> Yoke<Y, Arc<C>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(Arc::new)
}
}
}
impl<Y: for<'a> Yokeable<'a>, C> Yoke<Y, C> { /// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in an [`EitherCart`]. /// /// This function wraps the cart into the `A` variant. To wrap it into the /// `B` variant, use [`Self::wrap_cart_in_either_b()`]. /// /// For an example, see [`EitherCart`]. #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_either_a<B>(self) -> Yoke<Y, EitherCart<C, B>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(EitherCart::A)
}
} /// Helper function allowing one to wrap the cart type `C` in an [`EitherCart`]. /// /// This function wraps the cart into the `B` variant. To wrap it into the /// `A` variant, use [`Self::wrap_cart_in_either_a()`]. /// /// For an example, see [`EitherCart`]. #[inline] pubfn wrap_cart_in_either_b<A>(self) -> Yoke<Y, EitherCart<A, C>> { unsafe { // safe because the cart is preserved, just wrapped self.replace_cart(EitherCart::B)
}
}
}
/// # Safety docs for project() /// /// (Docs are on a private const to allow the use of compile_fail doctests) /// /// This is safe to perform because of the choice of lifetimes on `f`, that is, /// `for<a> fn(<Y as Yokeable<'a>>::Output, &'a ()) -> <P as Yokeable<'a>>::Output`. /// /// What we want this function to do is take a Yokeable (`Y`) that is borrowing from the cart, and /// produce another Yokeable (`P`) that also borrows from the same cart. There are a couple potential /// hazards here: /// /// - `P` ends up borrowing data from `Y` (or elsewhere) that did _not_ come from the cart, /// for example `P` could borrow owned data from a `Cow`. This would make the `Yoke<P>` dependent /// on data owned only by the `Yoke<Y>`. /// - Borrowed data from `Y` escapes with the wrong lifetime /// /// Let's walk through these and see how they're prevented. /// /// ```rust, compile_fail /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// fn borrow_potentially_owned(y: &Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>) -> Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>> { /// y.map_project_cloned(|cow, _| &*cow) /// } /// ``` /// /// In this case, the lifetime of `&*cow` is `&'this str`, however the function needs to be able to return /// `&'a str` _for all `'a`_, which isn't possible. /// /// /// ```rust, compile_fail /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # use yoke::Yoke; /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// fn borrow_potentially_owned(y: Yoke<Cow<'static, str>, Rc<[u8]>>) -> Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>> { /// y.map_project(|cow, _| &*cow) /// } /// ``` /// /// This has the same issue, `&*cow` is borrowing for a local lifetime. /// /// Similarly, trying to project an owned field of a struct will produce similar errors: /// /// ```rust,compile_fail /// # use std::borrow::Cow; /// # use yoke::{Yoke, Yokeable}; /// # use std::mem; /// # use std::rc::Rc; /// # /// // also safely implements Yokeable<'a> /// struct Bar<'a> { /// owned: String, /// string_2: &'a str, /// } /// /// fn map_project_owned(bar: &Yoke<Bar<'static>, Rc<[u8]>>) -> Yoke<&'static str, Rc<[u8]>> { /// // ERROR (but works if you replace owned with string_2) /// bar.map_project_cloned(|bar, _| &*bar.owned) /// } /// /// # /// # unsafe impl<'a> Yokeable<'a> for Bar<'static> { /// # type Output = Bar<'a>; /// # fn transform(&'a self) -> &'a Bar<'a> { /// # self /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_owned(self) -> Bar<'a> { /// # // covariant lifetime cast, can be done safely /// # self /// # } /// # /// # unsafe fn make(from: Bar<'a>) -> Self { /// # let ret = mem::transmute_copy(&from); /// # mem::forget(from); /// # ret /// # } /// # /// # fn transform_mut<F>(&'a mut self, f: F) /// # where /// # F: 'static + FnOnce(&'a mut Self::Output), /// # { /// # unsafe { f(mem::transmute(self)) } /// # } /// # } /// ``` /// /// Borrowed data from `Y` similarly cannot escape with the wrong lifetime because of the `for<'a>`, since /// it will never be valid for the borrowed data to escape for all lifetimes of 'a. Internally, `.project()` /// uses `.get()`, however the signature forces the callers to be able to handle every lifetime. /// /// `'a` is the only lifetime that matters here; `Yokeable`s must be `'static` and since /// `Output` is an associated type it can only have one lifetime, `'a` (there's nowhere for it to get another from). /// `Yoke`s can get additional lifetimes via the cart, and indeed, `project()` can operate on `Yoke<_, &'b [u8]>`, /// however this lifetime is inaccessible to the closure, and even if it were accessible the `for<'a>` would force /// it out of the output. All external lifetimes (from other found outside the yoke/closures /// are similarly constrained here. /// /// Essentially, safety is achieved by using `for<'a> fn(...)` with `'a` used in both `Yokeable`s to ensure that /// the output yokeable can _only_ have borrowed data flow in to it from the input. All paths of unsoundness require the /// unification of an existential and universal lifetime, which isn't possible. const _: () = ();
/// # Safety docs for attach_to_cart()'s signature /// /// The `attach_to_cart()` family of methods get by by using the following bound: /// /// ```rust,ignore /// F: for<'de> FnOnce(&'de <C as Deref>::Target) -> <Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output, /// C::Target: 'static /// ``` /// /// to enforce that the yoking closure produces a yokeable that is *only* allowed to borrow from the cart. /// A way to be sure of this is as follows: imagine if `F` *did* borrow data of lifetime `'a` and stuff it in /// its output. Then that lifetime `'a` would have to live at least as long as `'de` *for all `'de`*. /// The only lifetime that satisfies that is `'static` (since at least one of the potential `'de`s is `'static`), /// and we're fine with that. /// /// ## Implied bounds and variance /// /// The `C::Target: 'static` bound is tricky, however. Let's imagine a situation where we *didn't* have that bound. /// /// One thing to remember is that we are okay with the cart itself borrowing from places, /// e.g. `&[u8]` is a valid cart, as is `Box<&[u8]>`. `C` is not `'static`. /// /// (I'm going to use `CT` in prose to refer to `C::Target` here, since almost everything here has to do /// with C::Target and not C itself.) /// /// Unfortunately, there's a sneaky additional bound inside `F`. The signature of `F` is *actually* /// /// ```rust,ignore /// F: for<'de> where<C::Target: 'de> FnOnce(&'de C::Target) -> <Y as Yokeable<'de>>::Output /// ``` /// /// using made-up "where clause inside HRTB" syntax to represent a type that can be represented inside the compiler /// and type system but not in Rust code. The `CT: 'de` bond comes from the `&'de C::Target`: any time you /// write `&'a T`, an implied bound of `T: 'a` materializes and is stored alongside it, since references cannot refer /// to data that itself refers to data of shorter lifetimes. If a reference is valid, its referent must be valid for /// the duration of the reference's lifetime, so every reference *inside* its referent must also be valid, giving us `T: 'a`. /// This kind of constraint is often called a "well formedness" constraint: `&'a T` is not "well formed" without that /// bound, and rustc is being helpful by giving it to us for free. /// /// Unfortunately, this messes with our universal quantification. The `for<'de>` is no longer "For all lifetimes `'de`", /// it is "for all lifetimes `'de` *where `CT: 'de`*". And if `CT` borrows from somewhere (with lifetime `'ct`), then we get a /// `'ct: 'de` bound, and `'de` candidates that live longer than `'ct` won't actually be considered. /// The neat little logic at the beginning stops working. /// /// `attach_to_cart()` will instead enforce that the produced yokeable *either* borrows from the cart (fine), or from /// data that has a lifetime that is at least `'ct`. Which means that `attach_to_cart()` will allow us to borrow locals /// provided they live at least as long as `'ct`. /// /// Is this a problem? /// /// This is totally fine if CT's lifetime is covariant: if C is something like `Box<&'ct [u8]>`, even if our /// yoked object borrows from locals outliving `'ct`, our Yoke can't outlive that /// lifetime `'ct` anyway (since it's a part of the cart type), so we're fine. /// /// However it's completely broken for contravariant carts (e.g. `Box<fn(&'ct u8)>`). In that case /// we still get `'ct: 'de`, and we still end up being able to /// borrow from locals that outlive `'ct`. However, our Yoke _can_ outlive /// that lifetime, because Yoke shares its variance over `'ct` /// with the cart type, and the cart type is contravariant over `'ct`. /// So the Yoke can be upcast to having a longer lifetime than `'ct`, and *that* Yoke /// can outlive `'ct`. /// /// We fix this by forcing `C::Target: 'static` in `attach_to_cart()`, which would make it work /// for fewer types, but would also allow Yoke to continue to be covariant over cart lifetimes if necessary. /// /// An alternate fix would be to not allowing yoke to ever be upcast over lifetimes contained in the cart /// by forcing them to be invariant. This is a bit more restrictive and affects *all* `Yoke` users, not just /// those using `attach_to_cart()`. /// /// See https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/2926 /// See also https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/106431 for potentially fixing this upstream by /// changing how the bound works. /// /// # Tests /// /// Here's a broken `attach_to_cart()` that attempts to borrow from a local: /// /// ```rust,compile_fail /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let cart = vec![1, 2, 3, 4].into_boxed_slice(); /// let local = vec![4, 5, 6, 7]; /// let yoke: Yoke<&[u8], Box<[u8]>> = Yoke::attach_to_cart(cart, |_| &*local); /// ``` /// /// Fails as expected. /// /// And here's a working one with a local borrowed cart that does not do any sneaky borrows whilst attaching. /// /// ```rust /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// let cart = vec![1, 2, 3, 4].into_boxed_slice(); /// let local = vec![4, 5, 6, 7]; /// let yoke: Yoke<&[u8], &[u8]> = Yoke::attach_to_cart(&cart, |c| &*c); /// ``` /// /// Here's an `attach_to_cart()` that attempts to borrow from a longer-lived local due to /// the cart being covariant. It fails, but would not if the alternate fix of forcing Yoke to be invariant /// were implemented. It is technically a safe operation: /// /// ```rust,compile_fail /// use yoke::Yoke; /// // longer lived /// let local = vec![4, 5, 6, 7]; /// /// let backing = vec![1, 2, 3, 4]; /// let cart = Box::new(&*backing); /// /// let yoke: Yoke<&[u8], Box<&[u8]>> = Yoke::attach_to_cart(cart, |_| &*local); /// println!("{:?}", yoke.get()); /// ``` /// /// Finally, here's an `attach_to_cart()` that attempts to borrow from a longer lived local /// in the case of a contravariant lifetime. It does not compile, but in and of itself is not dangerous: /// /// ```rust,compile_fail /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// type Contra<'a> = fn(&'a ()); /// /// let local = String::from("Hello World!"); /// let yoke: Yoke<&'static str, Box<Contra<'_>>> = Yoke::attach_to_cart(Box::new((|_| {}) as _), |_| &local[..]); /// println!("{:?}", yoke.get()); /// ``` /// /// It is dangerous if allowed to transform (testcase from #2926) /// /// ```rust,compile_fail /// use yoke::Yoke; /// /// type Contra<'a> = fn(&'a ()); /// /// /// let local = String::from("Hello World!"); /// let yoke: Yoke<&'static str, Box<Contra<'_>>> = Yoke::attach_to_cart(Box::new((|_| {}) as _), |_| &local[..]); /// println!("{:?}", yoke.get()); /// let yoke_longer: Yoke<&'static str, Box<Contra<'static>>> = yoke; /// let leaked: &'static Yoke<&'static str, Box<Contra<'static>>> = Box::leak(Box::new(yoke_longer)); /// let reference: &'static str = leaked.get(); /// /// println!("pre-drop: {reference}"); /// drop(local); /// println!("post-drop: {reference}"); /// ``` const _: () = ();
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