// Copyright 2023 The Fuchsia Authors // // Licensed under a BSD-style license <LICENSE-BSD>, Apache License, Version 2.0 // <LICENSE-APACHE or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>, or the MIT // license <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. // This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to // those terms.
use core::{
fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
marker::PhantomData,
};
/// Module used to gate access to [`Ptr`]'s fields. mod def { #[cfg(doc)] usesuper::super::invariant; usesuper::*;
/// A raw pointer with more restrictions. /// /// `Ptr<T>` is similar to [`NonNull<T>`], but it is more restrictive in the /// following ways (note that these requirements only hold of non-zero-sized /// referents): /// - It must derive from a valid allocation. /// - It must reference a byte range which is contained inside the /// allocation from which it derives. /// - As a consequence, the byte range it references must have a size /// which does not overflow `isize`. /// /// Depending on how `Ptr` is parameterized, it may have additional /// invariants: /// - `ptr` conforms to the aliasing invariant of /// [`I::Aliasing`](invariant::Aliasing). /// - `ptr` conforms to the alignment invariant of /// [`I::Alignment`](invariant::Alignment). /// - `ptr` conforms to the validity invariant of /// [`I::Validity`](invariant::Validity). /// /// `Ptr<'a, T>` is [covariant] in `'a` and invariant in `T`. /// /// [`NonNull<T>`]: core::ptr::NonNull /// [covariant]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/subtyping.html pubstruct Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
{ /// # Invariants /// /// 0. `ptr` conforms to the aliasing invariant of /// [`I::Aliasing`](invariant::Aliasing). /// 1. `ptr` conforms to the alignment invariant of /// [`I::Alignment`](invariant::Alignment). /// 2. `ptr` conforms to the validity invariant of /// [`I::Validity`](invariant::Validity). // SAFETY: `PtrInner<'a, T>` is covariant in `'a` and invariant in `T`.
ptr: PtrInner<'a, T>,
_invariants: PhantomData<I>,
}
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
{ /// Constructs a new `Ptr` from a [`PtrInner`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that: /// /// 0. `ptr` conforms to the aliasing invariant of /// [`I::Aliasing`](invariant::Aliasing). /// 1. `ptr` conforms to the alignment invariant of /// [`I::Alignment`](invariant::Alignment). /// 2. `ptr` conforms to the validity invariant of /// [`I::Validity`](invariant::Validity). pub(crate) unsafefn from_inner(ptr: PtrInner<'a, T>) -> Ptr<'a, T, I> { // SAFETY: The caller has promised to satisfy all safety invariants // of `Ptr`. Self { ptr, _invariants: PhantomData }
}
/// Converts this `Ptr<T>` to a [`PtrInner<T>`]. /// /// Note that this method does not consume `self`. The caller should /// watch out for `unsafe` code which uses the returned value in a way /// that violates the safety invariants of `self`. pub(crate) fn as_inner(&self) -> PtrInner<'a, T> { self.ptr
}
}
}
#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // This is a false positive on our MSRV toolchain. pubuse def::Ptr;
/// External trait implementations on [`Ptr`]. mod _external { usesuper::*;
/// SAFETY: Shared pointers are safely `Copy`. `Ptr`'s other invariants /// (besides aliasing) are unaffected by the number of references that exist /// to `Ptr`'s referent. The notable cases are: /// - Alignment is a property of the referent type (`T`) and the address, /// both of which are unchanged /// - Let `S(T, V)` be the set of bit values permitted to appear in the /// referent of a `Ptr<T, I: Invariants<Validity = V>>`. Since this copy /// does not change `I::Validity` or `T`, `S(T, I::Validity)` is also /// unchanged. /// /// We are required to guarantee that the referents of the original `Ptr` /// and of the copy (which, of course, are actually the same since they /// live in the same byte address range) both remain in the set `S(T, /// I::Validity)`. Since this invariant holds on the original `Ptr`, it /// cannot be violated by the original `Ptr`, and thus the original `Ptr` /// cannot be used to violate this invariant on the copy. The inverse /// holds as well. impl<'a, T, I> Copy for Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Aliasing = Shared>,
{
}
/// SAFETY: See the safety comment on `Copy`. impl<'a, T, I> Clone for Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Aliasing = Shared>,
{ #[inline] fn clone(&self) -> Self {
*self
}
}
impl<'a, T, I> Debug for Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
{ #[inline] fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result { self.as_inner().as_non_null().fmt(f)
}
}
}
/// Methods for converting to and from `Ptr` and Rust's safe reference types. mod _conversions { usesuper::*;
/// `&'a T` → `Ptr<'a, T>` impl<'a, T> Ptr<'a, T, (Shared, Aligned, Valid)> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ptr` from a shared reference. #[doc(hidden)] #[inline] pubfn from_ref(ptr: &'a T) -> Self { let inner = PtrInner::from_ref(ptr); // SAFETY: // 0. `ptr`, by invariant on `&'a T`, conforms to the aliasing // invariant of `Shared`. // 1. `ptr`, by invariant on `&'a T`, conforms to the alignment // invariant of `Aligned`. // 2. `ptr`'s referent, by invariant on `&'a T`, is a bit-valid `T`. // This satisfies the requirement that a `Ptr<T, (_, _, Valid)>` // point to a bit-valid `T`. Even if `T` permits interior // mutation, this invariant guarantees that the returned `Ptr` // can only ever be used to modify the referent to store // bit-valid `T`s, which ensures that the returned `Ptr` cannot // be used to violate the soundness of the original `ptr: &'a T` // or of any other references that may exist to the same // referent. unsafe { Self::from_inner(inner) }
}
}
/// `&'a mut T` → `Ptr<'a, T>` impl<'a, T> Ptr<'a, T, (Exclusive, Aligned, Valid)> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ptr` from an exclusive reference. #[inline] pub(crate) fn from_mut(ptr: &'a mut T) -> Self { let inner = PtrInner::from_mut(ptr); // SAFETY: // 0. `ptr`, by invariant on `&'a mut T`, conforms to the aliasing // invariant of `Exclusive`. // 1. `ptr`, by invariant on `&'a mut T`, conforms to the alignment // invariant of `Aligned`. // 2. `ptr`'s referent, by invariant on `&'a mut T`, is a bit-valid // `T`. This satisfies the requirement that a `Ptr<T, (_, _, // Valid)>` point to a bit-valid `T`. This invariant guarantees // that the returned `Ptr` can only ever be used to modify the // referent to store bit-valid `T`s, which ensures that the // returned `Ptr` cannot be used to violate the soundness of the // original `ptr: &'a mut T`. unsafe { Self::from_inner(inner) }
}
}
/// `Ptr<'a, T>` → `&'a T` impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Alignment = Aligned, Validity = Valid>,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
{ /// Converts `self` to a shared reference. // This consumes `self`, not `&self`, because `self` is, logically, a // pointer. For `I::Aliasing = invariant::Shared`, `Self: Copy`, and so // this doesn't prevent the caller from still using the pointer after // calling `as_ref`. #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)] pub(crate) fn as_ref(self) -> &'a T { let raw = self.as_inner().as_non_null(); // SAFETY: This invocation of `NonNull::as_ref` satisfies its // documented safety preconditions: // // 1. The pointer is properly aligned. This is ensured by-contract // on `Ptr`, because the `I::Alignment` is `Aligned`. // // 2. If the pointer's referent is not zero-sized, then the pointer // must be “dereferenceable” in the sense defined in the module // documentation; i.e.: // // > The memory range of the given size starting at the pointer // > must all be within the bounds of a single allocated object. // > [2] // // This is ensured by contract on all `PtrInner`s. // // 3. The pointer must point to a validly-initialized instance of // `T`. This is ensured by-contract on `Ptr`, because the // `I::Validity` is `Valid`. // // 4. You must enforce Rust’s aliasing rules. This is ensured by // contract on `Ptr`, because `I::Aliasing: Reference`. Either it // is `Shared` or `Exclusive`. If it is `Shared`, other // references may not mutate the referent outside of // `UnsafeCell`s. // // [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/struct.NonNull.html#method.as_ref // [2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety unsafe { raw.as_ref() }
}
}
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
{ /// Reborrows `self`, producing another `Ptr`. /// /// Since `self` is borrowed immutably, this prevents any mutable /// methods from being called on `self` as long as the returned `Ptr` /// exists. #[doc(hidden)] #[inline] #[allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)] // Allows us to name the lifetime in the safety comment below. pubfn reborrow<'b>(&'b mutself) -> Ptr<'b, T, I> where 'a: 'b,
{ // SAFETY: The following all hold by invariant on `self`, and thus // hold of `ptr = self.as_inner()`: // 0. SEE BELOW. // 1. `ptr` conforms to the alignment invariant of // [`I::Alignment`](invariant::Alignment). // 2. `ptr` conforms to the validity invariant of // [`I::Validity`](invariant::Validity). `self` and the returned // `Ptr` permit the same bit values in their referents since they // have the same referent type (`T`) and the same validity // (`I::Validity`). Thus, regardless of what mutation is // permitted (`Exclusive` aliasing or `Shared`-aliased interior // mutation), neither can be used to write a value to the // referent which violates the other's validity invariant. // // For aliasing (0 above), since `I::Aliasing: Reference`, // there are two cases for `I::Aliasing`: // - For `invariant::Shared`: `'a` outlives `'b`, and so the // returned `Ptr` does not permit accessing the referent any // longer than is possible via `self`. For shared aliasing, it is // sound for multiple `Ptr`s to exist simultaneously which // reference the same memory, so creating a new one is not // problematic. // - For `invariant::Exclusive`: Since `self` is `&'b mut` and we // return a `Ptr` with lifetime `'b`, `self` is inaccessible to // the caller for the lifetime `'b` - in other words, `self` is // inaccessible to the caller as long as the returned `Ptr` // exists. Since `self` is an exclusive `Ptr`, no other live // references or `Ptr`s may exist which refer to the same memory // while `self` is live. Thus, as long as the returned `Ptr` // exists, no other references or `Ptr`s which refer to the same // memory may be live. unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(self.as_inner()) }
}
}
/// `Ptr<'a, T>` → `&'a mut T` impl<'a, T> Ptr<'a, T, (Exclusive, Aligned, Valid)> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
{ /// Converts `self` to a mutable reference. #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)] pub(crate) fn as_mut(self) -> &'a mut T { letmut raw = self.as_inner().as_non_null(); // SAFETY: This invocation of `NonNull::as_mut` satisfies its // documented safety preconditions: // // 1. The pointer is properly aligned. This is ensured by-contract // on `Ptr`, because the `ALIGNMENT_INVARIANT` is `Aligned`. // // 2. If the pointer's referent is not zero-sized, then the pointer // must be “dereferenceable” in the sense defined in the module // documentation; i.e.: // // > The memory range of the given size starting at the pointer // > must all be within the bounds of a single allocated object. // > [2] // // This is ensured by contract on all `PtrInner`s. // // 3. The pointer must point to a validly-initialized instance of // `T`. This is ensured by-contract on `Ptr`, because the // validity invariant is `Valid`. // // 4. You must enforce Rust’s aliasing rules. This is ensured by // contract on `Ptr`, because the `ALIASING_INVARIANT` is // `Exclusive`. // // [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/struct.NonNull.html#method.as_mut // [2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety unsafe { raw.as_mut() }
}
}
/// `Ptr<'a, T>` → `Ptr<'a, U>` impl<'a, T: ?Sized, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
I: Invariants,
{ pub(crate) fn transmute<U, V, R>(self) -> Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Unaligned, V)> where
V: Validity,
U: TransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, V, R> + SizeEq<T> + ?Sized,
{ // SAFETY: // - `SizeEq::cast_from_raw` promises to preserve address, // provenance, and the number of bytes in the referent // - If aliasing is `Shared`, then by `U: TransmuteFromPtr<T>`, at // least one of the following holds: // - `T: Immutable` and `U: Immutable`, in which case it is // trivially sound for shared code to operate on a `&T` and `&U` // at the same time, as neither can perform interior mutation // - It is directly guaranteed that it is sound for shared code to // operate on these references simultaneously // - By `U: TransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, V>`, it is // sound to perform this transmute. unsafe { self.transmute_unchecked(SizeEq::cast_from_raw) }
}
#[doc(hidden)] #[inline(always)] #[must_use] pubfn recall_validity<V, R>(self) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, V)> where
V: Validity,
T: TransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, V, R>,
{ // SAFETY: // - This cast is a no-op, and so trivially preserves address, // referent size, and provenance // - It is trivially sound to have multiple `&T` referencing the same // referent simultaneously // - By `T: TransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, V>`, it is // sound to perform this transmute. let ptr = unsafe { self.transmute_unchecked(SizeEq::cast_from_raw) }; // SAFETY: `self` and `ptr` have the same address and referent type. // Therefore, if `self` satisfies `I::Alignment`, then so does // `ptr`. unsafe { ptr.assume_alignment::<I::Alignment>() }
}
/// Casts to a different (unsized) target type without checking interior /// mutability. /// /// Callers should prefer [`cast_unsized`] where possible. /// /// [`cast_unsized`]: Ptr::cast_unsized /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `u = cast(p)` is a pointer cast with the /// following properties: /// - `u` addresses a subset of the bytes addressed by `p` /// - `u` has the same provenance as `p` /// - If `I::Aliasing` is [`Shared`], it must not be possible for safe /// code, operating on a `&T` and `&U` with the same referent /// simultaneously, to cause undefined behavior /// - It is sound to transmute a pointer of type `T` with aliasing /// `I::Aliasing` and validity `I::Validity` to a pointer of type `U` /// with aliasing `I::Aliasing` and validity `V`. This is a subtle /// soundness requirement that is a function of `T`, `U`, /// `I::Aliasing`, `I::Validity`, and `V`, and may depend upon the /// presence, absence, or specific location of `UnsafeCell`s in `T` /// and/or `U`. See [`Validity`] for more details. #[doc(hidden)] #[inline] pubunsafefn transmute_unchecked<U: ?Sized, V, F>( self,
cast: F,
) -> Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Unaligned, V)> where
V: Validity,
F: FnOnce(PtrInner<'a, T>) -> PtrInner<'a, U>,
{ let ptr = cast(self.as_inner());
// SAFETY: // // The following safety arguments rely on the fact that the caller // promises that `cast` returns a `PtrInner` which addresses a // prefix of the bytes of `*self`, and so properties that hold of // `*self` also hold of `*ptr`. // // 0. `ptr` conforms to the aliasing invariant of `I::Aliasing`: // - `Exclusive`: `self` is the only `Ptr` or reference which is // permitted to read or modify the referent for the lifetime // `'a`. Since we consume `self` by value, the returned pointer // remains the only `Ptr` or reference which is permitted to // read or modify the referent for the lifetime `'a`. // - `Shared`: Since `self` has aliasing `Shared`, we know that // no other code may mutate the referent during the lifetime // `'a`, except via `UnsafeCell`s, and except as permitted by // `T`'s library safety invariants. The caller promises that // any safe operations which can be permitted on a `&T` and a // `&U` simultaneously must be sound. Thus, no operations on a // `&U` could violate `&T`'s library safety invariants, and // vice-versa. Since any mutation via shared references outside // of `UnsafeCell`s is unsound, this must be impossible using // `&T` and `&U`. // - `Inaccessible`: There are no restrictions we need to uphold. // 1. `ptr` trivially satisfies the alignment invariant `Unaligned`. // 2. The caller promises that `ptr` conforms to the validity // invariant `V` with respect to its referent type, `U`. unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(ptr) }
}
}
/// `Ptr<'a, T, (_, _, _)>` → `Ptr<'a, Unalign<T>, (_, Aligned, _)>` impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
I: Invariants,
{ /// Converts a `Ptr` an unaligned `T` into a `Ptr` to an aligned /// `Unalign<T>`. pub(crate) fn into_unalign( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, crate::Unalign<T>, (I::Aliasing, Aligned, I::Validity)> { // SAFETY: // - This cast preserves provenance. // - This cast preserves address. `Unalign<T>` promises to have the // same size as `T`, and so the cast returns a pointer addressing // the same byte range as `p`. // - By the same argument, the returned pointer refers to // `UnsafeCell`s at the same locations as `p`. // - `Unalign<T>` promises to have the same bit validity as `T`. By // invariant on `Validity`, the set of bit patterns allowed in the // referent of a `Ptr<X, (_, _, V)>` is only a function of the // validity of `X` and of `V`. Thus, the set of bit patterns // allowed in the referent of a `Ptr<T, (_, _, I::Validity)>` is // the same as the set of bit patterns allowed in the referent of // a `Ptr<Unalign<T>, (_, _, I::Validity)>`. As a result, `self` // and the returned `Ptr` permit the same set of bit patterns in // their referents, and so neither can be used to violate the // validity of the other. let ptr = unsafe { self.transmute_unchecked(PtrInner::cast_sized) };
ptr.bikeshed_recall_aligned()
}
}
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Validity = Valid>,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
{ /// Reads the referent. #[must_use] #[inline] pubfn read_unaligned<R>(self) -> T where
T: Copy,
T: Read<I::Aliasing, R>,
{
(*self.into_unalign().as_ref()).into_inner()
}
/// Views the value as an aligned reference. /// /// This is only available if `T` is [`Unaligned`]. #[must_use] #[inline] pubfn unaligned_as_ref(self) -> &'a T where
T: crate::Unaligned,
{ self.bikeshed_recall_aligned().as_ref()
}
}
}
/// State transitions between invariants. mod _transitions { usesuper::*; usecrate::pointer::transmute::TryTransmuteFromPtr;
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
{ /// Returns a `Ptr` with [`Exclusive`] aliasing if `self` already has /// `Exclusive` aliasing, or generates a compile-time assertion failure. /// /// This allows code which is generic over aliasing to down-cast to a /// concrete aliasing. /// /// [`Exclusive`]: crate::pointer::invariant::Exclusive #[inline] pub(crate) fn into_exclusive_or_pme( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (Exclusive, I::Alignment, I::Validity)> { // NOTE(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/131625): We do this // rather than just having `Aliasing::IS_EXCLUSIVE` have the panic // behavior because doing it that way causes rustdoc to fail while // attempting to document hidden items (since it evaluates the // constant - and thus panics). trait AliasingExt: Aliasing { const IS_EXCL: bool;
}
impl<A: Aliasing> AliasingExt for A { const IS_EXCL: bool = {
const_assert!(Self::IS_EXCLUSIVE); true
};
}
assert!(I::Aliasing::IS_EXCL);
// SAFETY: We've confirmed that `self` already has the aliasing // `Exclusive`. If it didn't, either the preceding assert would fail // or evaluating `I::Aliasing::IS_EXCL` would fail. We're *pretty* // sure that it's guaranteed to fail const eval, but the `assert!` // provides a backstop in case that doesn't work. unsafe { self.assume_exclusive() }
}
/// Assumes that `self` satisfies the invariants `H`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `self` satisfies the invariants `H`. unsafefn assume_invariants<H: Invariants>(self) -> Ptr<'a, T, H> { // SAFETY: The caller has promised to satisfy all parameterized // invariants of `Ptr`. `Ptr`'s other invariants are satisfied // by-contract by the source `Ptr`. unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(self.as_inner()) }
}
/// Helps the type system unify two distinct invariant types which are /// actually the same. pub(crate) fn unify_invariants<
H: Invariants<Aliasing = I::Aliasing, Alignment = I::Alignment, Validity = I::Validity>,
>( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, H> { // SAFETY: The associated type bounds on `H` ensure that the // invariants are unchanged. unsafe { self.assume_invariants::<H>() }
}
/// Assumes that `self` satisfies the aliasing requirement of `A`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `self` satisfies the aliasing requirement /// of `A`. #[inline] pub(crate) unsafefn assume_aliasing<A: Aliasing>( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (A, I::Alignment, I::Validity)> { // SAFETY: The caller promises that `self` satisfies the aliasing // requirements of `A`. unsafe { self.assume_invariants() }
}
/// Assumes `self` satisfies the aliasing requirement of [`Exclusive`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `self` satisfies the aliasing requirement /// of `Exclusive`. /// /// [`Exclusive`]: crate::pointer::invariant::Exclusive #[inline] pub(crate) unsafefn assume_exclusive( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (Exclusive, I::Alignment, I::Validity)> { // SAFETY: The caller promises that `self` satisfies the aliasing // requirements of `Exclusive`. unsafe { self.assume_aliasing::<Exclusive>() }
}
/// Assumes that `self`'s referent is validly-aligned for `T` if /// required by `A`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `self`'s referent conforms to the alignment /// invariant of `T` if required by `A`. #[inline] pub(crate) unsafefn assume_alignment<A: Alignment>( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, A, I::Validity)> { // SAFETY: The caller promises that `self`'s referent is // well-aligned for `T` if required by `A` . unsafe { self.assume_invariants() }
}
/// Checks the `self`'s alignment at runtime, returning an aligned `Ptr` /// on success. pub(crate) fn try_into_aligned( self,
) -> Result<Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, Aligned, I::Validity)>, AlignmentError<Self, T>> where
T: Sized,
{ iflet Err(err) = crate::util::validate_aligned_to::<_, T>(self.as_inner().as_non_null())
{ return Err(err.with_src(self));
}
// SAFETY: We just checked the alignment.
Ok(unsafe { self.assume_alignment::<Aligned>() })
}
/// Recalls that `self`'s referent is validly-aligned for `T`. #[inline] // FIXME(#859): Reconsider the name of this method before making it // public. pub(crate) fn bikeshed_recall_aligned( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, Aligned, I::Validity)> where
T: crate::Unaligned,
{ // SAFETY: The bound `T: Unaligned` ensures that `T` has no // non-trivial alignment requirement. unsafe { self.assume_alignment::<Aligned>() }
}
/// Assumes that `self`'s referent conforms to the validity requirement /// of `V`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `self`'s referent conforms to the validity /// requirement of `V`. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] pubunsafefn assume_validity<V: Validity>( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, V)> { // SAFETY: The caller promises that `self`'s referent conforms to // the validity requirement of `V`. unsafe { self.assume_invariants() }
}
/// A shorthand for `self.assume_validity<invariant::Initialized>()`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises to uphold the safety preconditions of /// `self.assume_validity<invariant::Initialized>()`. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] pubunsafefn assume_initialized( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, Initialized)> { // SAFETY: The caller has promised to uphold the safety // preconditions. unsafe { self.assume_validity::<Initialized>() }
}
/// A shorthand for `self.assume_validity<Valid>()`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises to uphold the safety preconditions of /// `self.assume_validity<Valid>()`. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] pubunsafefn assume_valid(self) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, Valid)> { // SAFETY: The caller has promised to uphold the safety // preconditions. unsafe { self.assume_validity::<Valid>() }
}
/// Recalls that `self`'s referent is initialized. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] // FIXME(#859): Reconsider the name of this method before making it // public. pubfn bikeshed_recall_initialized_from_bytes( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, Initialized)> where
T: crate::IntoBytes + crate::FromBytes,
I: Invariants<Validity = Valid>,
{ // SAFETY: The `T: IntoBytes + FromBytes` bound ensures that `T`'s // bit validity is equivalent to `[u8]`. In other words, the set of // allowed referents for a `Ptr<T, (_, _, Valid)>` is the set of // initialized bit patterns. The same is true of the set of allowed // referents for any `Ptr<_, (_, _, Initialized)>`. Thus, this call // does not change the set of allowed values in the referent. unsafe { self.assume_initialized() }
}
/// Recalls that `self`'s referent is initialized. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] // FIXME(#859): Reconsider the name of this method before making it // public. pubfn bikeshed_recall_initialized_immutable( self,
) -> Ptr<'a, T, (Shared, I::Alignment, Initialized)> where
T: crate::IntoBytes + crate::Immutable,
I: Invariants<Aliasing = Shared, Validity = Valid>,
{ // SAFETY: Let `O` (for "old") be the set of allowed bit patterns in // `self`'s referent, and let `N` (for "new") be the set of allowed // bit patterns in the referent of the returned `Ptr`. `T: // IntoBytes` and `I: Invariants<Validity = Valid>` ensures that `O` // cannot contain any uninitialized bit patterns. Since the returned // `Ptr` has validity `Initialized`, `N` is equal to the set of all // initialized bit patterns. Thus, `O` is a subset of `N`, and so // the returned `Ptr`'s validity invariant is upheld. // // Since `T: Immutable` and aliasing is `Shared`, the returned `Ptr` // cannot be used to modify the referent. Before this call, `self`'s // referent is guaranteed by invariant on `Ptr` to satisfy `self`'s // validity invariant. Since the returned `Ptr` cannot be used to // modify the referent, this guarantee cannot be violated by the // returned `Ptr` (even if `O` is a strict subset of `N`). unsafe { self.assume_initialized() }
}
/// Checks that `self`'s referent is validly initialized for `T`, /// returning a `Ptr` with `Valid` on success. /// /// # Panics /// /// This method will panic if /// [`T::is_bit_valid`][TryFromBytes::is_bit_valid] panics. /// /// # Safety /// /// On error, unsafe code may rely on this method's returned /// `ValidityError` containing `self`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn try_into_valid<R, S>( mutself,
) -> Result<Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, I::Alignment, Valid)>, ValidityError<Self, T>> where
T: TryFromBytes
+ Read<I::Aliasing, R>
+ TryTransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, Valid, S>,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
I: Invariants<Validity = Initialized>,
{ // This call may panic. If that happens, it doesn't cause any soundness // issues, as we have not generated any invalid state which we need to // fix before returning. if T::is_bit_valid(self.reborrow().forget_aligned()) { // SAFETY: If `T::is_bit_valid`, code may assume that `self` // contains a bit-valid instance of `T`. By `T: // TryTransmuteFromPtr<T, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, Valid>`, so // long as `self`'s referent conforms to the `Valid` validity // for `T` (which we just confired), then this transmute is // sound.
Ok(unsafe { self.assume_valid() })
} else {
Err(ValidityError::new(self))
}
}
/// Forgets that `self`'s referent is validly-aligned for `T`. #[doc(hidden)] #[must_use] #[inline] pubfn forget_aligned(self) -> Ptr<'a, T, (I::Aliasing, Unaligned, I::Validity)> { // SAFETY: `Unaligned` is less restrictive than `Aligned`. unsafe { self.assume_invariants() }
}
}
}
/// Casts of the referent type. mod _casts { usesuper::*;
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants,
{ /// Casts to a different (unsized) target type without checking interior /// mutability. /// /// Callers should prefer [`cast_unsized`] where possible. /// /// [`cast_unsized`]: Ptr::cast_unsized /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `u = cast(p)` is a pointer cast with the /// following properties: /// - `u` addresses a subset of the bytes addressed by `p` /// - `u` has the same provenance as `p` /// - If `I::Aliasing` is [`Shared`], it must not be possible for safe /// code, operating on a `&T` and `&U` with the same referent /// simultaneously, to cause undefined behavior /// /// `cast_unsized_unchecked` guarantees that the pointer passed to /// `cast` will reference a byte sequence which is either contained /// inside a single allocated object or is zero sized. In either case, /// this means that its size will fit in an `isize` and it will not wrap /// around the address space. #[doc(hidden)] #[inline] pubunsafefn cast_unsized_unchecked<U, F: FnOnce(PtrInner<'a, T>) -> PtrInner<'a, U>>( self,
cast: F,
) -> Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Unaligned, I::Validity)> where
U: 'a + CastableFrom<T, I::Validity, I::Validity> + ?Sized,
{ // SAFETY: // - The caller promises that `u = cast(p)` is a pointer which // satisfies: // - `u` addresses a subset of the bytes addressed by `p` // - `u` has the same provenance as `p` // - If `I::Aliasing` is [`Shared`], it must not be possible for // safe code, operating on a `&T` and `&U` with the same // referent simultaneously, to cause undefined behavior // - By `U: CastableFrom<T, I::Validity, I::Validity>`, // `I::Validity` is either `Uninit` or `Initialized`. In both // cases, the bit validity `I::Validity` has the same semantics // regardless of referent type. In other words, the set of allowed // referent values for `Ptr<T, (_, _, I::Validity)>` and `Ptr<U, // (_, _, I::Validity)>` are identical. As a consequence, neither // `self` nor the returned `Ptr` can be used to write values which // are invalid for the other. // // `transmute_unchecked` guarantees that it will only pass pointers // to `cast` which either reference a zero-sized byte range or // reference a byte range which is entirely contained inside of an // allocated object. unsafe { self.transmute_unchecked(cast) }
}
/// Casts to a different (unsized) target type. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises that `u = cast(p)` is a pointer cast with the /// following properties: /// - `u` addresses a subset of the bytes addressed by `p` /// - `u` has the same provenance as `p` #[doc(hidden)] #[inline] pubunsafefn cast_unsized<U, F, R>( self,
cast: F,
) -> Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Unaligned, I::Validity)> where
T: MutationCompatible<U, I::Aliasing, I::Validity, I::Validity, R>,
U: 'a + ?Sized + CastableFrom<T, I::Validity, I::Validity>,
F: FnOnce(PtrInner<'a, T>) -> PtrInner<'a, U>,
{ // SAFETY: Because `T: MutationCompatible<U, I::Aliasing, R>`, one // of the following holds: // - `T: Read<I::Aliasing>` and `U: Read<I::Aliasing>`, in which // case one of the following holds: // - `I::Aliasing` is `Exclusive` // - `T` and `U` are both `Immutable` // - It is sound for safe code to operate on `&T` and `&U` with the // same referent simultaneously // // The caller promises all other safety preconditions. unsafe { self.cast_unsized_unchecked(cast) }
}
}
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + KnownLayout + ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Validity = Initialized>,
{ /// Casts this pointer-to-initialized into a pointer-to-bytes. #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)] #[must_use] #[inline] pubfn as_bytes<R>(self) -> Ptr<'a, [u8], (I::Aliasing, Aligned, Valid)> where
T: Read<I::Aliasing, R>,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
{ // SAFETY: `PtrInner::as_bytes` returns a pointer which addresses // the same byte range as its argument, and which has the same // provenance. let ptr = unsafe { self.cast_unsized(PtrInner::as_bytes) };
ptr.bikeshed_recall_aligned().recall_validity::<Valid, (_, (_, _))>()
}
}
impl<'a, T, I, const N: usize> Ptr<'a, [T; N], I> where
T: 'a,
I: Invariants,
{ /// Casts this pointer-to-array into a slice. #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)] pub(crate) fn as_slice(self) -> Ptr<'a, [T], I> { let slice = self.as_inner().as_slice(); // SAFETY: Note that, by post-condition on `PtrInner::as_slice`, // `slice` refers to the same byte range as `self.as_inner()`. // // 0. Thus, `slice` conforms to the aliasing invariant of // `I::Aliasing` because `self` does. // 1. By the above lemma, `slice` conforms to the alignment // invariant of `I::Alignment` because `self` does. // 2. Since `[T; N]` and `[T]` have the same bit validity [1][2], // and since `self` and the returned `Ptr` have the same validity // invariant, neither `self` nor the returned `Ptr` can be used // to write a value to the referent which violates the other's // validity invariant. // // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.81.0/reference/type-layout.html#array-layout: // // An array of `[T; N]` has a size of `size_of::<T>() * N` and the // same alignment of `T`. Arrays are laid out so that the // zero-based `nth` element of the array is offset from the start // of the array by `n * size_of::<T>()` bytes. // // ... // // Slices have the same layout as the section of the array they // slice. // // [2] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.81.0/reference/types/array.html#array-types: // // All elements of arrays are always initialized unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(slice) }
}
}
/// For caller convenience, these methods are generic over alignment /// invariant. In practice, the referent is always well-aligned, because the /// alignment of `[u8]` is 1. impl<'a, I> Ptr<'a, [u8], I> where
I: Invariants<Validity = Valid>,
{ /// Attempts to cast `self` to a `U` using the given cast type. /// /// If `U` is a slice DST and pointer metadata (`meta`) is provided, /// then the cast will only succeed if it would produce an object with /// the given metadata. /// /// Returns `None` if the resulting `U` would be invalidly-aligned, if /// no `U` can fit in `self`, or if the provided pointer metadata /// describes an invalid instance of `U`. On success, returns a pointer /// to the largest-possible `U` which fits in `self`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller may assume that this implementation is correct, and may /// rely on that assumption for the soundness of their code. In /// particular, the caller may assume that, if `try_cast_into` returns /// `Some((ptr, remainder))`, then `ptr` and `remainder` refer to /// non-overlapping byte ranges within `self`, and that `ptr` and /// `remainder` entirely cover `self`. Finally: /// - If this is a prefix cast, `ptr` has the same address as `self`. /// - If this is a suffix cast, `remainder` has the same address as /// `self`. #[inline(always)] pub(crate) fn try_cast_into<U, R>( self,
cast_type: CastType,
meta: Option<U::PointerMetadata>,
) -> Result<
(Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Aligned, Initialized)>, Ptr<'a, [u8], I>),
CastError<Self, U>,
> where
I::Aliasing: Reference,
U: 'a + ?Sized + KnownLayout + Read<I::Aliasing, R>,
{ let (inner, remainder) = self.as_inner().try_cast_into(cast_type, meta).map_err(|err| {
err.map_src(|inner| // SAFETY: `PtrInner::try_cast_into` promises to return its // original argument on error, which was originally produced // by `self.as_inner()`, which is guaranteed to satisfy // `Ptr`'s invariants. unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(inner) })
})?;
// SAFETY: // 0. Since `U: Read<I::Aliasing, _>`, either: // - `I::Aliasing` is `Exclusive`, in which case both `src` and // `ptr` conform to `Exclusive` // - `I::Aliasing` is `Shared` and `U` is `Immutable` (we already // know that `[u8]: Immutable`). In this case, neither `U` nor // `[u8]` permit mutation, and so `Shared` aliasing is // satisfied. // 1. `ptr` conforms to the alignment invariant of `Aligned` because // it is derived from `try_cast_into`, which promises that the // object described by `target` is validly aligned for `U`. // 2. By trait bound, `self` - and thus `target` - is a bit-valid // `[u8]`. `Ptr<[u8], (_, _, Valid)>` and `Ptr<_, (_, _, // Initialized)>` have the same bit validity, and so neither // `self` nor `res` can be used to write a value to the referent // which violates the other's validity invariant. let res = unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(inner) };
// SAFETY: // 0. `self` and `remainder` both have the type `[u8]`. Thus, they // have `UnsafeCell`s at the same locations. Type casting does // not affect aliasing. // 1. `[u8]` has no alignment requirement. // 2. `self` has validity `Valid` and has type `[u8]`. Since // `remainder` references a subset of `self`'s referent, it is // also a bit-valid `[u8]`. Thus, neither `self` nor `remainder` // can be used to write a value to the referent which violates // the other's validity invariant. let remainder = unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(remainder) };
Ok((res, remainder))
}
/// Attempts to cast `self` into a `U`, failing if all of the bytes of /// `self` cannot be treated as a `U`. /// /// In particular, this method fails if `self` is not validly-aligned /// for `U` or if `self`'s size is not a valid size for `U`. /// /// # Safety /// /// On success, the caller may assume that the returned pointer /// references the same byte range as `self`. #[allow(unused)] #[inline(always)] pub(crate) fn try_cast_into_no_leftover<U, R>( self,
meta: Option<U::PointerMetadata>,
) -> Result<Ptr<'a, U, (I::Aliasing, Aligned, Initialized)>, CastError<Self, U>> where
I::Aliasing: Reference,
U: 'a + ?Sized + KnownLayout + Read<I::Aliasing, R>,
{ // FIXME(#67): Remove this allow. See NonNulSlicelExt for more // details. #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)] matchself.try_cast_into(CastType::Prefix, meta) {
Ok((slf, remainder)) => { if remainder.len() == 0 {
Ok(slf)
} else { // Undo the cast so we can return the original bytes. let slf = slf.as_bytes(); // Restore the initial alignment invariant of `self`. // // SAFETY: The referent type of `slf` is now equal to // that of `self`, but the alignment invariants // nominally differ. Since `slf` and `self` refer to the // same memory and no actions have been taken that would // violate the original invariants on `self`, it is // sound to apply the alignment invariant of `self` onto // `slf`. let slf = unsafe { slf.assume_alignment::<I::Alignment>() }; let slf = slf.unify_invariants();
Err(CastError::Size(SizeError::<_, U>::new(slf)))
}
}
Err(err) => Err(err),
}
}
}
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, core::cell::UnsafeCell<T>, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized,
I: Invariants<Aliasing = Exclusive>,
{ /// Converts this `Ptr` into a pointer to the underlying data. /// /// This call borrows the `UnsafeCell` mutably (at compile-time) which /// guarantees that we possess the only reference. /// /// This is like [`UnsafeCell::get_mut`], but for `Ptr`. /// /// [`UnsafeCell::get_mut`]: core::cell::UnsafeCell::get_mut #[must_use] #[inline(always)] pubfn get_mut(self) -> Ptr<'a, T, I> { // SAFETY: // - The closure uses an `as` cast, which preserves address range // and provenance. // - Aliasing is `Exclusive`, and so we are not required to promise // anything about the locations of `UnsafeCell`s. // - `UnsafeCell<T>` has the same bit validity as `T` [1]. // Technically the term "representation" doesn't guarantee this, // but the subsequent sentence in the documentation makes it clear // that this is the intention. // // By invariant on `Validity`, since `T` and `UnsafeCell<T>` have // the same bit validity, then the set of values which may appear // in the referent of a `Ptr<T, (_, _, V)>` is the same as the set // which may appear in the referent of a `Ptr<UnsafeCell<T>, (_, // _, V)>`. Thus, neither `self` nor `ptr` may be used to write a // value to the referent which would violate the other's validity // invariant. // // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.81.0/core/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html#memory-layout: // // `UnsafeCell<T>` has the same in-memory representation as its // inner type `T`. A consequence of this guarantee is that it is // possible to convert between `T` and `UnsafeCell<T>`. #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)] let ptr = unsafe { self.transmute_unchecked(|ptr| cast!(ptr)) };
// SAFETY: `UnsafeCell<T>` has the same alignment as `T` [1], // and so if `self` is guaranteed to be aligned, then so is the // returned `Ptr`. // // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.81.0/core/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html#memory-layout: // // `UnsafeCell<T>` has the same in-memory representation as // its inner type `T`. A consequence of this guarantee is that // it is possible to convert between `T` and `UnsafeCell<T>`. let ptr = unsafe { ptr.assume_alignment::<I::Alignment>() };
ptr.unify_invariants()
}
}
}
/// Projections through the referent. mod _project { usesuper::*;
impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, [T], I> where
T: 'a,
I: Invariants,
I::Aliasing: Reference,
{ /// Iteratively projects the elements `Ptr<T>` from `Ptr<[T]>`. pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Ptr<'a, T, I>> { // SAFETY: // 0. `elem` conforms to the aliasing invariant of `I::Aliasing` // because projection does not impact the aliasing invariant. // 1. `elem`, conditionally, conforms to the validity invariant of // `I::Alignment`. If `elem` is projected from data well-aligned // for `[T]`, `elem` will be valid for `T`. // 2. FIXME: Need to cite facts about `[T]`'s layout (same for the // preceding points) self.as_inner().iter().map(|elem| unsafe { Ptr::from_inner(elem) })
}
}
#[allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)] impl<'a, T, I> Ptr<'a, T, I> where
T: 'a + ?Sized + KnownLayout<PointerMetadata = usize>,
I: Invariants,
{ /// The number of slice elements in the object referenced by `self`. pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize { self.as_inner().meta().get()
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)] mod tests { use core::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};
usesuper::*; #[allow(unused)] // Needed on our MSRV, but considered unused on later toolchains. usecrate::util::AsAddress; usecrate::{pointer::BecauseImmutable, util::testutil::AU64, FromBytes, Immutable};
mod test_ptr_try_cast_into_soundness { usesuper::*;
// This test is designed so that if `Ptr::try_cast_into_xxx` are // buggy, it will manifest as unsoundness that Miri can detect.
// - If `size_of::<T>() == 0`, `N == 4` // - Else, `N == 4 * size_of::<T>()` // // Each test will be run for each metadata in `metas`. fn test<T, I, const N: usize>(metas: I) where
T: ?Sized + KnownLayout + Immutable + FromBytes,
I: IntoIterator<Item = Option<T::PointerMetadata>> + Clone,
{ letmut bytes = [MaybeUninit::<u8>::uninit(); N]; let initialized = [MaybeUninit::new(0u8); N]; for start in0..=bytes.len() { for end in start..=bytes.len() { // Set all bytes to uninitialized other than those in // the range we're going to pass to `try_cast_from`. // This allows Miri to detect out-of-bounds reads // because they read uninitialized memory. Without this, // some out-of-bounds reads would still be in-bounds of // `bytes`, and so might spuriously be accepted.
bytes = [MaybeUninit::<u8>::uninit(); N]; let bytes = &mut bytes[start..end]; // Initialize only the byte range we're going to pass to // `try_cast_from`.
bytes.copy_from_slice(&initialized[start..end]);
let bytes = { let bytes: *const [MaybeUninit<u8>] = bytes; #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)] let bytes = bytes as *const [u8]; // SAFETY: We just initialized these bytes to valid // `u8`s. unsafe { &*bytes }
};
// SAFETY: The bytes in `slf` must be initialized. unsafefn validate_and_get_len<
T: ?Sized + KnownLayout + FromBytes + Immutable,
>(
slf: Ptr<'_, T, (Shared, Aligned, Initialized)>,
) -> usize { let t = slf.recall_validity().as_ref();
let bytes = { let len = mem::size_of_val(t); let t: *const T = t; // SAFETY: // - We know `t`'s bytes are all initialized // because we just read it from `slf`, which // points to an initialized range of bytes. If // there's a bug and this doesn't hold, then // that's exactly what we're hoping Miri will // catch! // - Since `T: FromBytes`, `T` doesn't contain // any `UnsafeCell`s, so it's okay for `t: T` // and a `&[u8]` to the same memory to be // alive concurrently. unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(t.cast::<u8>(), len) }
};
// This assertion ensures that `t`'s bytes are read // and compared to another value, which in turn // ensures that Miri gets a chance to notice if any // of `t`'s bytes are uninitialized, which they // shouldn't be (see the comment above).
assert_eq!(bytes, vec![0u8; bytes.len()]);
mem::size_of_val(t)
}
for meta in metas.clone().into_iter() { for cast_type in [CastType::Prefix, CastType::Suffix] { iflet Ok((slf, remaining)) = Ptr::from_ref(bytes)
.try_cast_into::<T, BecauseImmutable>(cast_type, meta)
{ // SAFETY: All bytes in `bytes` have been // initialized. let len = unsafe { validate_and_get_len(slf) };
assert_eq!(remaining.len(), bytes.len() - len); #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)] let bytes_addr = bytes.as_ptr().addr(); #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)] let remaining_addr =
remaining.as_inner().as_non_null().as_ptr().addr(); match cast_type {
CastType::Prefix => {
assert_eq!(remaining_addr, bytes_addr + len)
}
CastType::Suffix => assert_eq!(remaining_addr, bytes_addr),
}
iflet Some(want) = meta { let got = KnownLayout::pointer_to_metadata(
slf.as_inner().as_non_null().as_ptr(),
);
assert_eq!(got, want);
}
}
}
iflet Ok(slf) = Ptr::from_ref(bytes)
.try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseImmutable>(meta)
{ // SAFETY: All bytes in `bytes` have been // initialized. let len = unsafe { validate_and_get_len(slf) };
assert_eq!(len, bytes.len());
iflet Some(want) = meta { let got = KnownLayout::pointer_to_metadata(
slf.as_inner().as_non_null().as_ptr(),
);
assert_eq!(got, want);
}
}
}
}
}
}
// Each test case becomes its own `#[test]` function. We do this because // this test in particular takes far, far longer to execute under Miri // than all of our other tests combined. Previously, we had these // execute sequentially in a single test function. We run Miri tests in // parallel in CI, but this test being sequential meant that most of // that parallelism was wasted, as all other tests would finish in a // fraction of the total execution time, leaving this test to execute on // a single thread for the remainder of the test. By putting each test // case in its own function, we permit better use of available // parallelism.
macro_rules! test {
($test_name:ident: $ty:ty) => { #[test] #[allow(non_snake_case)] fn $test_name() { const S: usize = core::mem::size_of::<$ty>(); const N: usize = if S == 0 { 4 } else { S * 4 };
test::<$ty, _, N>([None]);
// If `$ty` is a ZST, then we can't pass `None` as the // pointer metadata, or else computing the correct trailing // slice length will panic. if S == 0 {
test::<[$ty], _, N>([Some(0), Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)]);
test::<SliceDst<$ty>, _, N>([Some(0), Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)]);
} else {
test::<[$ty], _, N>([None, Some(0), Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)]);
test::<SliceDst<$ty>, _, N>([None, Some(0), Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)]);
}
}
};
($ty:ident) => {
test!($ty: $ty);
};
($($ty:ident),*) => { $(test!($ty);)* }
}
// If we didn't properly check for overflow, this would cause the // metadata to overflow to 0, and thus the cast would spuriously // succeed.
test!(Dst, 8, usize::MAX - 8 + 1, None);
}
}
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